no conflicts of interest...“how to boost your immune system during pregnancy..”...

22
Allergy and Immunology: Cool cats and Hot topics Katherine Gundling, MD Professor Allergy and Immunology, UCSF December, 2015 No conflicts of interest

Upload: others

Post on 13-Sep-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Allergy and Immunology:Cool cats and Hot topics

Katherine Gundling, MDProfessor 

Allergy and Immunology, UCSFDecember, 2015

No conflicts of interest

Page 2: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Topics

The human female immune system

Mepolizumab

Sublingual immunotherapy

Chronic urticaria/angioedema

Dementia

“Immune Dysregulation in Women”

Page 3: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Immune Dysregulation in Women

The Magnificent Female Human Immune System

Why do I say that?

Our immune systems adapt amazingly to:Swings of multiple hormone levels

The development of a half alien inside our wombsThe simultaneous and somewhat opposite immunologic challenges of mother and fetus

Providing immune protection to the infant via breast milk and mother’s microbiota

Increased exposure to microbes via growing childrenMicrobial assaults from other humans and the natural world, tumorogenic triggers from within and from the 

environmentAnd sometimes we live more than 100 years!

Page 4: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Humans are born with a slight Th2 skewing –

The immune system is trained toward an appropriately balanced state with environmental exposures:

‐Microbes in the birth canal

‐Barn animals

‐Infections

‐Wide variety of antigens

The good news:

Women have a lower burden of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections most evident during reproductive years

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Adult males are most susceptible

Malaria

Adult males are most susceptible

Viral infections

Adult males are more susceptible to HIV, West Nile Virus, several hantaviruses

Page 5: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Estrogen can induce or repress the expression of key cell surface markers that are exploited by viruses; 

Sometimes this occurs only with certain genetic signatures

The challenges:

Women have more hypersensitivity

Women have more autoimmune disease

Pregnancy

We used to think that pregnancy was a state of “low immunity,” that the immune system was somehow downregulated or turned off in order to allow implantation and growth of the fetus.

In fact, pregnancy is a state of active, adaptable immunity, not passive “low” immunity

Page 6: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

The immunologic state of pregnancy

Dendritic cells 

Uterine NK cells 

‐regulate decidua stromal cell differentiation, helping to prepare for blastocyst implantation

Increased frequency of FoxP3‐expressing Treg cells in the blood of pregnant women (peaks second trimester)

Similar in mouse models, with pregnancy loss seen in Treg depleted states

Likely decreased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐12 and TNF‐alpha

The decidua and placenta are immunologically active and can affect the mother’s response to infection

Page 7: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Compared to non‐pregnant women, pregnant women are particularly susceptible to which organism?

A. Haemophilus influenzae

B. Listeria

C. Pseudomonas

D. Tuberculosis

Answer: B

The trade off for immunologic adjustment to the fetus is vulnerabilities of defense against some pathogens:

Listeria monocytogenes

Rubella

Influenza

Herpes simplex

Toxoplasma gondii (poor outcomes for the fetus)

Page 8: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

The trade off for immunologic adjustment to the fetus is vulnerabilities of defense against some pathogens:

Listeria monocytogenes

Rubella

Influenza

Herpes simplex

Toxoplasma gondii (poor outcomes for the fetus)

Pregnancy and Influenza

During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, pregnant women accounted for 5% of the deaths (and 1% of the population)

Emerging evidence of a more vigorous immune response than seen in non‐pregnant women, with T cells and NK cells producing a (perhaps too) robust cytokine response 

Kay A, et al. Enhanced natural killer‐cell and T cell responses to influenza A virus during pregnancy. PNAS 14506‐14511; October, 2014

Page 9: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..”

“naturally….”

“5 ways….”

“20 ways….”

“diet”

“exercise”

Summary

The human female immune system is amazing and versatile!

Pregnancy is a state of immunologic adjustment that requires balance between maintaining the fetus and protecting the mother. 

Influenza virus may be more deadly during pregnancy in part because of an elevated inflammatory response.

Administer the influenza vaccine!

Page 10: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Mepolizumab has recently been approved to treat which condition?

A. Eosinophilic esophagitis

B. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

C. Nasal polyposis/chronic sinusitis

D. Severe asthma

Answer: D

Compared to men, women tend to have more hypersensitivity disorders

Page 11: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Asthma prevalence

Prepubertal

Boys have asthma about twice as often as girls of the same age

Young adulthood

By age 40 women are twice as likely to suffer asthma as men of the same age

Post‐menopausal

– Levels out slightly

Asthma in women:

More severe

More hospitalizations

Greater chance of death

Observations:

Estrogen is associated with increased airway inflammation

Testosterone is associated with reduced airway activity

Sex specific differences in regulation and expression of genes associated with asthma

Page 12: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Hypotheses

Genetic differences in lung mechanicsDiagnostic and therapeutic biasVariable allergen exposure, and response to the allergens (women also have more allergic rhinitis, drug allergy and anaphylaxis)

Is there a gender specific response to histamine? 

Mepolizumab“Anti‐ IL‐5” 

IL‐5 is the main cytokine responsible for maturation and differentiation of eosinophils

Part of the “TH2” immune response

Mepolizumab has just been approved for use in patients 12 years and older, who have refractory asthma of the eosinophilic phenotype.Administration is a once monthly injection in the officePregnancy registry in progress

Ortega H, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. NEJM 2014; 371:1198‐1207

Page 13: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Summary

Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody just approved for treatment of severe asthma, and is appropriate for the “High TH2” phenotype.

Allergic Rhinitis/Asthma/Conjunctivitis Inhaled Allergens

Categories of Management options:

1. Maximal preventive measures

2. Treatment of symptoms

3. Retraining of the immune system

Page 14: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Sublingual Immunotherapy

Approved for use in the US in 2014, for allergy symptoms caused by environmental exposure to pollens of rye grass family, and ragweed. 

New for 2015:

Dust mite SLIT has received approval for use in Europe and Japan

Unclear when it will be approved in the US

Sublingual Immunotherapy

SLIT‐tablets 

– Rapidly dissolving tablet held under the tongue until dissolved

– Self‐administered, once daily

SLIT‐drops (approved in Europe but not the US)

– Extract of allergen held under the tongue, then swallowed

– Self‐administered, once daily

Page 15: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Mechanism of Action

Changes to both humoral and cellular immunity

Antigen uptake by mucosal dendritic cells

Presentation to T cells in the draining lymph nodes

Activation of T regulatory cells

Upregulation of IL‐10

Increasing levels of specific IgG4

Downregulation of mucosal mast cells/effector cells

Blunting of seasonal increases of specific IgE

Increased CD8+ T cells

Advantages of SLIT

Can be self‐administered at home (for the most part)Probably safer than SCIT

Disadvantages of SLIT

Limited kinds of antigens (allergens) May not work quite as well as SCITLong‐term benefit of SCIT is better known

Page 16: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Adverse effects/contraindications of SLIT

>/= 5%  experience itching/pain of the oropharynx Cough Risk of systemic reactions Not for pts with severe, uncontrolled asthma Prescribe epinephrine and train in appropriate use

Approved for use in Europe in 2008 and authorized in 31 countriesMore than 20 million doses have been given to more than 110,000 pts.‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Summary

Sublingual immunotherapy is worth considering for some patients:

1. Limited specific allergic triggers

2. Asthma of concerning severity

3. Unable to devote the time to SCIT

?dust mite SLIT approval in the next year.

Page 17: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Urticaria

Acute urticaria is frequently due to allergy

Chronic urticaria (>6 weeks) is seldom due to allergy.

Think “autoimmune” etiology

Chronic urticaria is about twice as common in women as men

It typically begins in the 3rd to 5th decades of life

Mast cell Degranulation

Image: Wikipedia

Page 18: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Mechanism of chronic urticaria:

Not fully elucidated, but IgG antibodies probably trigger degranulation of mast cells and basophils by attaching to:

IgE

Fc epsilon RI (cell receptor)

Fc epsilon RII (cell receptor)

Kapan, AP. Chronic urticaria: pathogenesis and treatment. 

J All Clin Immunol 2004; 114(3):465‐74

News Flash!

Omalizumab (Xolair) ‐anti IL‐4, previously approved for for severe asthma, is now approved for use in chronic urticaria

Significant improvement after just 1‐2 doses in 60‐70% of patients. 

Page 19: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Clinical Pearl

There is nothing magical about diphenhydramine (sedating, short acting)

The vast majority of patients do fine with non‐sedating, long acting antihistamines, and the price has dropped significantly. 

Loratidine and cetirizine are Pregnancy category B, they last closer to 24 hours, and are much less sedating

Fexofenadine, non‐sedating, is still category C

Another news flash!

Page 20: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Significant cumulative exposure to which medication has recently been associated with 

the development of dementia? 

A. Aspirin

B. Chlorpheniramine

C. Montelukast

D. Ranitidine

Answer: B

Gray, S, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(3):401‐407.

Anticholinergics:

‐tricyclic antidepressants

‐first generation antihistamines

‐bladder anti‐muscarinics

‐others

The relevant medications to Allergy/Immunology are the antihistamines

Page 21: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

3,434 patients over 65

No dementia at the start of the study

Followed for an average of 7.3 years

Generally white and well‐educated cohort

______________________________________________

• 23% developed dementia (80% possible/probable Alzheimers)

• A 10 year cumulative dose response relationship was noted, with a statistically significant increased risk for dementia or AD in the highest exposure category, compared with “no use.” 

• In patients with the heaviest use, the timing of the use within the 10 year window was not important

• The effect was seen across medication classes

None 1‐90 91‐365 366‐1095 >1095

Age 73 74.7 74.5 75.1 74.7

%Male 51.5 43.8 38.7 33.4 25.5

College 66.4 73.0 65.4 65.7 65.1

Obesity 21.9 23.8 25.8 26.8 32.0

Characteristics of participants at study entry

Cumulative anticholinergic medication use in 10 years before study entry

Page 22: No conflicts of interest...“How to BOOST YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM during pregnancy..” “naturally….” “5 ways….” “20 ways….” “diet” “exercise” Summary The human

Summary

Second generation antihistamines are recommended for chronic urticaria; omalizumab (anti‐IgE) is now approved for refractory urticaria/angioedema.

There is increasing evidence of a correlation between consumption of high dose anticholinergic agents (including 1st generation antihistamines) and dementia.

Recommendation:

When an antihistamine is indicated, consider recommending cetirizine or fexofenadine, which have essentially no anticholinergic effects.