no slide title cycles ppt...n2 into compounds useful for plants and animals importance of nitrogen....
TRANSCRIPT
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The Hydrological Cycle
Precipitation toland
Transpirationfrom plants
RunoffSurface runoff
(rapid)
Evaporation
from land Evaporationfrom ocean Precipitation to
ocean
Ocean storage
Surface
runoff(rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Rain cloudsCondensation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Precipitation
Precipitation
Infiltration andPercolation
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The Hydrological Cycle
from plants
Surface runoff
(rapid) Precipitation to
ocean
Ocean storage
Surface
runoff(rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Rain cloudsCondensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Precipitation
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Diffusion between
atmosphere and ocean
Carbon dioxide
dissolved in
ocean water
Marine food webs
Producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Marine sediments, including
formations with fossil fuels
Combustion of fossil fuels
incorporation
into sediments
death, sedimentation
uplifting over geologic time
sedimentation
photosynthesis aerobic respiration
THE CARBON CYCLE
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Diffusion between
atmosphere and ocean
Marine food webs
Producers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Marine sediments, including
formations with fossil fuels
incorporation
into sediments
death, sedimentation
uplifting over geologic time
sedimentation
photosynthesis aerobic respiration
THE CARBON CYCLE
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photosynthesisaerobic
respirationTerrestrial
rocks
Soil water(dissolved
carbon)
Land food websproducers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Atmosphere(most carbon is in carbon
dioxide)
Peat,fossil fuels
combustion of wood (for clearing land; or
for fuel
sedimentation
volcanic action
death, burial, compaction over geologic time
leaching runoff
weathering
The Carbon Cycle (continued)
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photosynthesis aerobic respirationTerrestrial
rocks
Soil water(dissolved
carbon)
Land food websproducers, consumers,
decomposers, detritivores
Atmosphere(most carbon is in carbon
dioxide)
Peat,fossil fuels
combustion of wood (for clearing land; or
for fuel
sedimentation
volcanic action
death, burial, compaction over geologic time
leaching runoff
weathering
Figure 4-29b
Page 79
Combustion of fossil
fuels
The Carbon Cycle (continued)
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Click to view
animation.
Carbon cycle animation.
Animation
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Why Carbon
• Building block for all living organisms
• .037% of atmosphere
• Earths thermostat – we need greenhouse
gases – life wouldn’t exist without!
– Remove cool
– Add heat
– Slight changes in carbon cycle affect climate
Importance of Carbon
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Carbon cycle
• Main Reservoirs
– Marine sediments, terrestrial rocks ( CaCO3 )
– Dissolved in water ( HCO3- ) ( CO3
-2 )
– In atmosphere ( CO2 )
CO2 diffuses between ocean and atmosphere
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CO2
• In Atmosphere
• Dissolves in sea water
• Reacts with seawater – CO3 and HCO3
• Warmer water more CO2 returns to atmosphere
• Marine organisms take up dissolve CO2,CO3,or HCO3 react with Ca+2
shells and skeletons
• Organisms die shells, and skeleton settle to ocean floor remaining for a long time
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CO2
Marine food web
• Incorporated into the food web during
photosynthesis
• Released into the water during cellular
respiration
CO2
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Land – Food
Web
• Terrestrial species remove CO2 from
atmosphere
CO2 (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) C6H12O6
• Species add CO2 to atmosphere
C6H12O6(AEROBIC RESPIRATION) CO2
• Organism death- add C to soil stores as
fossil fuels
Carbon Cycle
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Effects of Human Activities
on Carbon Cycle
• We alter the carbon cycle by adding excess CO2 to the atmosphere through:– Burning fossil fuels.
– Clearing vegetation faster than it is replaced.
– Excess in ocean H2CO3 (changing pH killing marine organisms
Figure 3-28
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Excess in ocean H2CO3 (changing pH, killing marine organisms, prevention of coral reef building)
(Called - Ocean Acidification)
Excess in atmosphere enhance natural greenhouse effect that helps warm the lower atmosphere and the earths’ surface
Resulting in global warming
*This is a positive feedback loop – Why?
Human Influences on Carbon
Cycle
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NO3 –
in soil
2. Nitrogen
Fixationby industry for
agriculture
Fertilizers
Food Webs
On Land
NH3, NH4+
in soil
3. Nitrification
bacteria convert NH4+
to nitrate (NO2–)
loss by
leaching
uptake by
autotrophs
6. excretion,
death,
decomposition
5. uptake by
autotrophs
1. Nitrogen Fixationbacteria convert N2 to
ammonia (NH3) ; this
dissolves to form ammonium
(NH4+)
loss by
leaching
7. Ammonificationbacteria, fungi convert the
residues to NH3 , this
dissolves to form NH4+
4. Nitrification
bacteria convert NO2- to
nitrate (NO3-)
8. Denitrificationby bacteria
Nitrogenous Wastes,
Remains In Soil
Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)
in Atmosphere
NO2–
in soil
The Nitrogen Cycle
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NO3 –
in soil
Fertilizers
Food Webs
On Land
NH3, NH4+
in soil
loss by
leaching
uptake by
autotrophs
excretion,
death,
decomposition
loss by:
________
Nitrogenous Wastes,
Remains In Soil
Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)
in Atmosphere
NO2–
in soil
The Nitrogen Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
6.
8.
5.
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Nitrogen
• Makes up 78% of earths atmosphere
• Most abundant gas
• Cannot be absorbed and metabolized
directly by multicellular organisms
– Lightning N2 + O2 2NO
– Bacteria in soil and aquatic systems convert
N2 into compounds useful for plants and
animals
Importance of Nitrogen
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N2 can enter
food web
Lighting N2 + O2 2NO
NO used by organisms
Importance of Nitrogen
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• How Bacteria in soil and aquatic systems
convert N2 into compounds useful for
plants and animals
Importance of Nitrogen
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Nitrogen
fixation-
• Bacteria convert gaseous (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
– N2 + H2 2NH3
– Some NH3 NH4+
– Cyanobacteria in soil
– Rhizobium bacteria –in nodules on root systems of a wide variety of plant species
– Ammonia, Ammonium used by plants
The Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrification
Ammonia not taken up by plants
Aerobic bacteria converts-
NH3NO2-
or
NH3 NO3-
The Nitrogen Cycle
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• Ammonia , ammonium ion, nitrate ions in
soil water
• Plants absorb these dissolved substances
by assimilation
• Plants – use of nitrogen to make DNA,
amino acids, and proteins
• Animals- get nitrogen from ingesting plants
or plant eating animals
The Nitrogen Cycle
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Returning N to
soil
• Plants and animals die
– Denitrification
– Specialized bacteria ( mostly anaerobic
bacteria in waterlogged soil and sediments of
lakes, oceans, swamps and bogs)
– Convert NH3, and NH4 NO2- and NO3-
N2 and N2O released into atmosphere
The Nitrogen Cycle
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• We alter the nitrogen cycle by:
– Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.
• NO2 + H2O HNO3
– Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through
farming practices
• Anaerobic bacteria converts livestock wastes and
inorganic fertilizers into N2O
• N2O reaches stratosphere and enhances natural
greenhouse effect , also contributes to depletion of
earth’s ozone
How Do Humans Influence The Nitrogen Cycle?
(Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen)
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Cont..
• Harvesting nitrogen rich crops , irrigating crops, burning or clearing grasslands and forests before planting crops– Nitrogen is removed from topsoil
• Destruction of wetlands and forests– Releases large quantities of Nitrogen that has
been stored in the soil and plants
• Agriculture runoff, discharge from municipal sewage – Add nitrogen compounds to aquatic systems
which….
How Do Humans Influence The Nitrogen Cycle?
(Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen)
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Effects of Human Activities
on the Nitrogen Cycle
• Human activities
such as
production of
fertilizers now fix
more nitrogen
than all natural
sources
combined.
Figure 3-30
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Figure 4-32
Page 811920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Glo
bal n
itro
gen
(N
) fi
xati
on
(tri
llio
n g
ram
s)
0
50
100
150
200
Year
Nitrogen fixation by natural processes
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GUANO
FERTILIZER
ROCKS
LAND
FOOD
WEBS
DISSOLVED
IN OCEAN
WATER
MARINE
FOOD
WEBS
MARINE SEDIMENTS
weathering
agriculture
uptake by
autotrophs
death,
decomposition
sedimentation settling out weathering
leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN
SOIL WATER,
LAKES, RIVERS
uptake by
autotrophs
death,
decomposition
miningmining
excretionexcretion
uplifting over
geologic time
The Phosphorus Cycle
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weathering
agriculture
uptake by
autotrophs
death,
decomposition
sedimentation settling out weathering
leaching, runoff
uptake by
autotrophs
death,
decomposition
miningmining
excretionexcretion
uplifting over
geologic time
The Phosphorus Cycle
Slide 35Slide 35Slide 35Fig. 3-31, p. 77
Dissolvedin Ocean
Water
Marine Sediments Rocks
uplifting over
geologic time
settling out weatheringsedimentation
LandFoodWebs
Dissolvedin Soil Water,Lakes, Rivers
death,
decomposition
uptake by
autotrophs
agriculture
leaching, runoff
uptake by
autotrophs
excretion
death,
decomposition
mining Fertilizer
weathering
Guano
MarineFoodWebs
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Phosphorous
• Phosphorous circulates through water, living organisms, earth’s crust
• Very little phosphorous circulates in atmosphere because earth’s normal temperature and pressure P and its compounds are not gases
• May be found in atmosphere as small particles of dust
• P cycle is slow
• Human time scale – most P flows from land to ocean
The Phosphorus Cycle
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• Phosphates settle out of ocean water and
accumulate as marine sediments
• Over millions of years movement of crustal
plates uplifts seafloor and the phosphates
become exposed as terrestrial rock
• Weathering of rocks releases PO4 -3
The Phosphorus Cycle
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PO4-3
• Land plants take up dissolved phosphates
from water and soil
• Herbivores get PO4-3 from plants
• Carnivores get PO4-3 from herbivores
• Decomposers get PO4-3 from eating
herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
– Decomposers release PO4-3 to soil where
available to plants once again
The Phosphorus Cycle
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Ocean cycle
• PO4-3 taken up by plankton which form the base of
the ocean food webs
• Death and decomposition of marine organisms release some phosphates to the water
• Phosphorous rich shells or other hard parts fall to ocean floor and become part of marine sediments
• Excretions from some oceanic birds is another P rich resource
– Guano droppings through weathering returns PO4-3
to sea
The Phosphorus Cycle
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• We remove large amounts of phosphate from
the earth to make fertilizer.
• We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by
clearing forests.
• We add excess phosphates to aquatic
systems from runoff of animal wastes and
fertilizers.
How Do Humans Influence The Phosphorus Cycle?
(Anthropogenic Sources of Phosphorus)
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Figure 4-34
Page 83
Sulfur
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfate salts
Plants
Acidic fog and precipitation
Ammonium sulfate
Animals
Decaying matterMetallic
sulfide deposits
Ocean
Dimethyl sulfide
Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acidWater
Ammonia
Oxygen
Volcano
Industries
The Sulfur Cycle
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Figure 4-34
Page 83
Sulfur
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfate salts
Plants
Acidic fog and precipitation
Animals
Decaying matterMetallic
sulfide deposits
Ocean
Water
Ammonia
Oxygen
Volcano
Industries
The Sulfur Cycle
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Sulfur
• Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3CH3S)release into
atmosphere by
• Marine algae
• H2S is released into atmosphere by
– volcanoes ,
– hot springs and
– anaerobic decay by bacteria ( swamps, bogs,
tidal flats)
The Sulfur Cycle
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• SO2 + H2O H2SO4
• H2SO4 + NH3 NH4SO4
– Rains
– NH4SO4 becomes part of soil
– Plants get SO4-2 from soil
The Sulfur Cycle
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• S plus living things proteins
• Plants and animals decompose
– Aerobic bacteria
– S H2S or SO2
– H2S and SO2 return to atmosphere
– Anaerobic bacteria
– Break down H2S S + H2
The Sulfur Cycle
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Human activities
• Burning of sulfur containing coal and oil to
produce electric power
• Refining of sulfur containing petroleum to
make gasoline, heating oil, and other
products
• Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of
metallic minerals into free metals such as
copper, lead, and zinc
• All of these release SO2 into atmosphere
How Do Humans Influence The Sulfur Cycle?
(Anthropogenic Sources of Sulfur)