noise pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting

8/8/2019 Noise Pollution is a Type of Energy Pollution in Which Distracting

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Noise pollution is a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating,or damaging sounds are freely audible. As with other forms of energypollution (such as heat and light pollution), noise pollution contaminants are

not physical particles, but rather waves that interfere with naturally-occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment. Thus, the

definition of noise pollution is open to debate, and there is no clear border asto which sounds may constitute noise pollution. In the most narrow sense,

sounds are considered noise pollution if they adversely affect wildlife, human

activity, or are capable of damaging physical structures on a regular,repeating basis. In the broadest sense of the term, a sound may be

considered noise pollution if it disturbs any natural process or causes humanharm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis.

The prevailing source of artificial noise pollution is from transportation. In

rural areas, train and airplane noise can disturb wildlife habits, therebyaffecting the manner in which animals in areas around train tracks and

airports hunt and mate. In urban areas, automobile, motorcycle, and evenentertainment noise can cause sleep disruption in humans and animals,

hearing loss, heart disease (as a result of stress), and in severe cases evenmental instability. A notable exception to the rule is the electric, or hybrid-

electric, automobile. Hybrid vehicles are so quite, in fact, that legislation is

pending to actually make them louder. This is in response to numerousinjuries in which pedestrians, unaware of a hybrid vehicle's presence, have

been struck by such vehicles in parking lots and pedestrian crosswalks.

Although most developed nations have government agencies responsiblefor the protection of the environment, no nation has a single body that

regulates noise pollution. In the United States, regulation of noise pollution

was stripped from the federal Environmental Protection Agency and passedon the the individual states in the early 1980's. Although two noise-control

bills passed by the EPA are still in effect, the agency can no longer formrelevant legislation. In the United States, Canada, Europe, and most other

developed parts of the world, different types of noise are managed byagencies responsible for the source of the noise. Transportation noise isusually regulated by the relevant transportation ministry, health-related

work noise is often regulated by health ministries and worker's unions, andentertainment noise such as loud music is a criminal offense in many areas.

As the bodies responsible for noise pollution reduction usually view noise as

an annoyance rather than a problem, and reducing that noise often hurts the
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industry financially, little is currently being done to reduce noise pollution indeveloped countries.

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Effects of Noise

pollution

The extent of the noise problem is large. In the EU countries about 40

% of the population are exposed to road traffic noise with an LAeq,T

exceeding 55 dB daytime and 20 % are exposed to levels exceeding 65

dB (Lambert & Vallet, 1994). Taking all exposure to transportation

noise together about half of the EU citizens are estimated to live in

zones which do not ensure acoustic comfort to residents. More than 30

% are exposed at night to noise levels exceeding 55 dB LAeq whichare disturbing to sleep. It is no surprise that annoyance to community

noise is widespread among citizens: in some EU-countries 20-25 % are

being annoyed by road traffic, 2-15 % by aircraft, and 2-4 % by railway

noise (Lambert & Vallet, 1994).

Until now the introduction of noise emission standards for vehicles

have had limited impact on the exposure to road traffic noise

(Sandberg, 1993). Traffic planning and correction policies may

diminish the number of people exposed to the very high community

noise levels (>70 dB LAeq) but the number exposed to moderately highlevels (55-65 dB LAeq) continues to increase in industrialized

countries.

A substantial growth in air transport in Europe is expected in the

future; in the U.K. by 50-80 % in passenger movements over ten years.

General aviation noise at regional airports will increase (Large &


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House, 1989). However, at the same time jet aircrafts may become 8

to 12 dB quieter due to regulation. An outlook for exposure to noise

has been made by OECD (1991). The number of noise sources is

expected to increase and is likely to be accompanied by a

deterioration of the noise environment. At the same time, it isexpected that the public will become more aware of noise pollution

and also be protected from noise problem. The OECD (1991) identifies

the following four factors of increasing importance in the future: (1)

Expanding use of increasingly numerous and powerful sources of

noise.

(2) Wider geographical dispersion of noise sources together with

greater individual mobility and spread of leisure activities.

(3) Increasing spread of noise over time particularly in the early

morning, evenings and weekends.

(4) Increasing public expectations which are closely linked to

increases in incomes and in education levels.

The OECD (1991) report forecasts (a) a strengthening of present noise

abatement policies and their applications, (b) a further sharpening of

emission standards, (c) a coordination of noise abatement measures

and transport planning, particularly designed to reduce mobility, and

(d) a coordination of noise abatement measures with urban planning.

High-level noise exposures giving rise to noise-induced hearing deficits

are by no means restricted to occupational situations. Such levels can

also occur in concerts, discotheques, motor sports, shooting ranges,

and leisure activities. Other sources are also important such as music

played back in headphones and impulse noise from toys and fireworks.

It has also been argued that community noise exposure would be a

contributing factor to hearing deficits with increasing age. The

existence of such a sociacusis waits for final scientific verification

since so many other factors and agents are also influencing hearing.

The acoustics of a space designed for speech must primarily ensure

clarity and intelligibility. Therefore it is important to design spaces for

optimum reverberation time and spatial-temporal aspects including the

time delay between the direct and first reflected sound.

Planners need to know the likely effects on the noise pollution in a

community of introducing a new noise source as well as increasing the


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level of an existing source (Diamond & Rice, 1987). There are a

number of models to predict annoyance due to a combination of noise

sources, such as models of energy summation, of source addition, of

source difference, of response summation and response inhibition, and

of the (subjectively) dominant source (e.g., Vos, 1992a). Policy makers,when considering applications for new developments, must take into

account maximum levels, equivalent levels, frequency of occurrence,

and operating time of the major noise sources.

Noise Threatens HearingNoise is one of the leading causes of hearing loss in the 28 million

people with impaired hearing in the United States, and health

statistics suggest a trend that the incidence of hearing loss is

occurring at younger and younger ages. Noise-induced hearing loss,

though preventable, is permanent.

How Loud is Too Loud?To know if a sound is loud enough to cause damage to your ears, it is

important to know both the level of intensity and the length of

exposure to the sound. The unit used to measure environmental sound

intensity is the decibel (dBA).

Zero decibels is approximately the softest sound the healthy human

ear can hear. The scale increases logarithmically; that is, the level of

perceived loudness doubles every 10 decibels. Experts agree thatcontinued exposure to noise above 85 dBA, over time, will eventually

harm hearing. In general, the louder the sound, the less time required

before hearing will be affected.

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - How the Damage OccursLoud noise assaults the delicate hair cells of the inner ear. Noise-

induced hearing loss typically occurs gradually and without pain. After

exposure to loud noise, a person may experience ringing in the ears or

difficulty hearing. This is called a "temporary threshold shift". After a

few hours (or in some cases, a few days), this temporary shift inhearing returns to normal. With repeated exposure, however, this

temporary shift in hearing can become permanent. Once permanent

hearing damage has occurred, it is not possible to restore hearing.

Pay Attention to the Warning SignsNoise-induced hearing loss is cumulative across the life span. Often,


6/25

by the time a person realizes that there is hearing loss, it is too late.

But there are certain early warning signs to suggest that there may be

a problem. If you experience any of the following early warning signs,

have your hearing tested by a licensed audiologist, or have your ears

examined by an ear doctor. A ringing or buzzing (tinnitus) in the ears immediately after

exposure to noise.

A slight muffling of sounds after exposure making it difficult to

understand people when you leave a noisy area.

Difficulty understanding speech; that is, you can hear all the

words, but you can't understand all of them.

Protect Your HearingTo avoid noise-induced hearing loss, pay attention to the noisesaround you and turn down the volume whenever possible. Avoid or

limit time spent in noisy sports events, rock concerts and night clubs.

Wear adequate hearing protection, such as foam ear plugs or ear

muffs, when you must be in a noisy environment or when using loud

equipment.

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How to Prevent Noise Pollutionoriginated by:Anonymous,Flickety,Chuddy Crazee,Seagull (see all)

Article EditDiscussView HistoryTweet

Noise pollution is annoying, disruptive your emotional state, and sometimes even bad for your health. Noise

pollution can also affect animals and the environment.

editSteps

1. 1

Understand what causes noise pollution. As the world becomes more advanced, noise increases. The most

common form of noise pollution now is from transportation, mainly cars, motorbikes, and aircraft.

2.

2

You can avoid noise pollution yourself too:
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Do not use car horns unnecessarily. Areas like hospitals and campuses are silence zones and honking

is prohibited there.

Avoid loud music, which hurts your ears and others' ears.

Firecrackers are extremely loud. So don't try and burn them unnecessarily.

Motors, machines and vehicles also produce loud noises when not maintained properly. Proper

maintenance should be carried out for better performance.

If you are working in an area where there are loud noises, you must wear earplugs to prevent loss of

hearing.

When going to theme parks and such, avoid riding on the rides which produce a lot of noise. One

example is the ATV, which is like a huge motorbike.

Turn off the engine of your car or motorbike when you are not using it. It stops the annoying hum, and

reduces air pollution!

Better off, walkorcycle to school! It does wonders to the environment, reduces the amount of air

pollution and noise, and makes youfit!

editTips

If you are exposed to too much noise pollution, your hearing might be damaged. That's why you

should avoid noise pollution.

editRelated wikiHows

How to Take Action to Prevent Noise Pollution

How to Sleep With Lots of Noise How to Reduce Noise Levels in Your Apartment

How to Create Urban Rainforests

How to Be a Kid Environmentalist

How to Live a More Environmentally Friendly Lifestyle

Articles for You to WriteHere is a list of suggested articles that have not yet been written. You can help by researching and writing oneof these articles. To get started writing one of these articles, click on the red link of a title below.

How to Prevent Air Pollution

How to Prevent Pollution

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wikiHow

Work World

Youth

wikiHow is acarbon neutral website

All text shared under aCreative Commons License.

Powered by Mediawiki.

Human HealthPublic health problems caused by environmental contamination and

emerging infectious diseases are a growing concern worldwide. These public

health threats are affected by the relationship between people and the

physical, chemical, and biological nature of our natural environments.

Population growth and the associated pressures of development are

increasing the difficulties associated with sustaining effective public health

practices and policies. Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, water

contamination, airborne contaminants, bioaccumulative contaminants in thefood chain, and environmental threats to public health the world over require

marshalling of all our scientific knowledge and know-how to develop new

solutions. Understanding environmental and ecological health is a

prerequisite to protecting public health. As the Nation's natural science

agency, USGS can play a significant role in providing scientific knowledge
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and information that will improve our understanding of the environmental

contributions to diseas

Public health and environment

HEALTH THROUGH A BETTER ENVIRONMENT

Proper environmental management is the key to avoiding the quarter of all preventable illnesses which are

directly caused by environmental factors. The environment influences our health in many ways throughexposures to physical, chemical and biological risk factors, and through related changes in our behaviour inresponse to those factors.

Thirteen million deaths annually are due to preventable environmental causes. Preventing environmental

risk could save as many as four million lives a year, in children alone, mostly in developing countries.

Do something for our planet, print this page only if needed. Even a small action can make anenormous difference when millions of people do it!Skip to content.Skip to navigation

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A clean environment is essential for human health and well-being. However, the interactionsbetween the environment and human health are highly complex and difficult to assess. Thismakes the use of the precautionary principle particularly useful. The best-known health impactsare related to ambient air pollution, poor water quality and insufficient sanitation. Much less isknown about the health impacts of hazardous chemicals. Noise is an emerging environment andhealth issue. Climate change, depletion of stratospheric ozone, loss of biodiversity, and landdegradation can also affect human health.

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Pharmaceuticals in the environment Result of an EEA workshop

13 Jan 2010

Ensuring quality of life in Europe's cities and towns

28 May 2009
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20/25

EU set to miss 2010 air pollutant limits

01 Oct 2009

Best way to get around: bicycle, car or on foot?

16 Sep 2009

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1st PAN AFRICAN CONFERENCE ON PHARMACEUTICALS IN THEENVIRONMENT-An Increasing Environmental Problem of our Time

05 Oct 2010 - 07 Oct 2010, Accra, Ghana

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The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels andreservoirs

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Issues in Scholarly Communication

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The coastal environment and human health:microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels andreservoirs

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Title:The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens,

sentinels and reservoirs

Author:

Stewart, Jill R.; Gast, Rebecca J.; Fujioka, Roger S.; Solo-Gabriele, Helena M.;

Meschke, Scott; Amaral-Zeettler, Linda A.; del Castillo, Erika; Polz, Martin F.;

Collier, Tracy K.; Strom, Mark S.; Sinigalliano, Christopher D.; Moeller, Peter

D. R.; Holland, A. Fredrick

Abstrac

t:

Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our

understanding of diseasecausing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel

techniques are elucidating the loading, transport and fate of pathogens in

coastal ecosystems, and identifying sources of contamination. This research

is facilitating improved risk assessments for seafood consumers and those

who use the oceans for recreation. A number of challenges still remain and

define future directions of research and public policy. Sample processing

and molecular detection techniques need to be advanced to allow rapid andspecific identification of microbes of public health concern from complex

environmental samples. Water quality standards need to be updated to

more accurately reflect health risks and to provide managers with improved

tools for decision-making. Greater discrimination of virulent versus harmless

microbes is needed to identify environmental reservoirs of pathogens and

factors leading to human infections. Investigations must include examination

of microbial community dynamics that may be important from a human

health perspective. Further research is needed to evaluate the ecology of

non-enteric water-transmitted diseases. Sentinels should also be established

and monitored, providing early warning of dangers to ecosystem health.

Taken together, this effort will provide more reliable information about

public health risks associated with beaches and seafood consumption, and

how human activities can affect their exposure to diseasecausing organisms

from the oceans.

URI:http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/S2/S3http://hdl.handle.net/1773/15790
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Date: 2008

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