Nomadic ChallengesCHAPTER 14

Years• 907-1118 1235-1279• 1037-1194 1236-1240• 1115-1234 1240-1241• 1126 1253• 1206 1260-1294• 1215 1271-1295• 1219-1223 1271-1368• 1227 1290’s• 1234 1336-1405

Years• 907-1118 1235-1279• 1037-1194 1236-1240• 1115-1234 1240-1241• 1126 1253• 1206 1260-1294• 1215 1271-1295• 1219-1223 1271-1368• 1227 1290’s• 1234 1336-1405

Years Quiz• Chinggis Chan 1206

• Khitan in N China 907-1118• 1037-1194 Seljuk Turks• 1115-1234 Jurchens (Qin dynasty) rules n China• 1126 Song Dynasty flees to S China

Mongols• 1215 Mongols first attack N China• First invade Russia and Islamic world

• 1227 Chinngis Khan dies• Mongols take N China• Mongols take S China• Mongols take Russia• Mongols invade western Europe• Mongols conquer Seljuk Turks

Mongols• 1260-1294 Kublai Khan’s reign

• 1271-1295 Marco Polo

• 1271-1368 Reign of Yuan (Mongols) in China

• 1290’s Guns

• 1336-1405 Life of Timur

Mongolian life

• Nomadic WHY?• What did children learn?• What advantages does this give the Mongols?• Tribes divided into clans• Men gained political power through courage and

diplomacy• Free men voted on leaders (held office as long as you

could)• Women had high authority in the household

Genghis Khan

• Chinggis Khan (Temujin)• Father died he was

abandoned and captured• Experiences help him gain

fame• Elected supreme Mongol

ruler in 1206• Builds his capital at

Karakorum (Mongolia)

Military• Boys are taught to:

• Ride, hunt and fight

• Weapons• Powerful short bows• Hatchets• Canons (bronze)

• Entirely cavalry (speed and mobility)• Army is divided• Tumen (10,000 men)• Heavy and light cavalry• Spies

• IF YOU WERE IN CHARGE OF AN ARMY HOW WOULD YOU FIGHT? • WHAT WOULD YOU DO AFTER YOU CONQUER PEOPLE?

Conquest• Start by conquering• Tangut Kingdom• Qin Kingdom (Jurchens)• What gave the Mongol invaders an advantage?

• Tactics• Pretended to flee WHY?• Cities that resist are totally destroyed WHY?• Inhabitants are killed or made slaves

• You submit before war you survive and have to pay tribute

Death of Chinggis Khan

• Under his rule • Shamanism was main religion • But open to others

• Build an administrative structure and legal code (never finished)

• Devise a Mongolian script• Trade was encouraged

• Dies in 1227• Kingdom divided among 3 sons and a grandson• Ogedei chosen as grand Khan

After Genghis• Golden Horde• Start invading Russia

• Ilkhan Khanate• Invades Muslim heartland

Russia• Mongols used Russia as practice on way to W

Europe• At time of invasion• Divided into small kingdoms after decline of Kiev• Why is this a disadvantage?

• How were they able to carry out the only successful winter invasion of Russia?

• Russians called this Mongol-Turkic group Tartars (Tatars)

Rise of Russia• Peasants suffer greatly• WHY?• Many Princes gain wealth from trade• Particularly Moscow• Trade exceeded tribute and it was a tribute collector• Helped lead to decline of Golden Horde• After the death of Ogedei, expansion into W Europe is

stopped WHY?

Mongol effects on Russia

• Allowed Orthodox religion to flourish

• Helped Moscow rise to power

• Protected them from European invaders

• Cut off Russia from Western transformations that led to movements like the Renaissance and the Reformation

Muslim assault

• Genghis Khan some thought was Prester John• Europeans at first were happy WHY?

• Hulegu (Genghis grandson) • Defeat Seljuk Turks 1243• Sacks Baghdad 1258 (Fall of Abbasid Dynasty)

• 1260 Mamluks in Egypt• Defeat Mongols

Kublai Khan• Becomes khan in

1260• Leads campaign

against the Song Dynasty

• 1271• Changes name of

Mongol dynasty in China to YUAN

Yuan control• Chinese scholars can’t learn Mongol script WHY?

• No intermarriage

• Military (Chinese and Mongol) kept apart WHY?

• Only women from nomadic families chosen for harem WHY?

• Discontinued the use of the exam system WHY?

Yuan Admin• Mongol women• Remained independent • Rights of property continue• Don’t adopt foot binding

• Merchants and artisans• Benefit from Yuan rule WHY?

• Open to new ideas and fascinated with learning

• Marco Polo welcomed

Ming Dynasty• Kublai Khan dies 1294• Mongol Empire collapses

• Ju Yuanzhang (peasant)• Leads revolt • Founded Ming Dynasty

Timur• Turk that conquered Eurasia (1370-1405)• Fertile Crescent• S Russia• India

• Worse than the Mongols• Covered less territory• Didn’t increase trade• Provided no peace