Non-Conventional Energy sourcesLecture-1

Conventional & Non-Conventional Sources of EnergyIntroduction:The energy sources are classified in following way:1. Non commercial fuel or natural fuels which include wood, animal waste and agricultural waste.2. commercial fuel which include the fossil fuels(coal, oil, natural gas)3. Hydraulic energy(Energy obtained through the use of Potential energy water). Conventional energy sources:Non-Commercial fuel: These flue include woods, leaves ,agro waste, dung of animal etc.Commercial fuel: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas:

Commercial fuel1.Fossil fuels Atomic Fuel

Coal Uranium Petroleum Radium NaturalGas Plutonium

Hydraulic Energy: Hydraulic energy is also known as water power. When river water falls from the mountain, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy

The major potentials and limitations of the conventional sources of energy:1 Major portion of the energy requirement in the world today is met by the conventional sources of energy like coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic fuels.2 The conventional sources of energy exists in finite reserves in the world they are rapid ally depleting due to increase consumption of energy . they are likely to exhausted in future.3 There are always danger of fire and accidents during use of conventional sources of fuel.4 The conventional sources of fuel have great polluting effect on environments.5 Transportation and distribution of conventional sources of fuel are very costly.

The Non Conventional Sources of Energy are:

1. Tidal energy.

2. Energy from sea waves.

3. Geothermal energy or terrestrial heat energy.

4. Hydel energy using small size power plants.

5. Solar energy.

6. Wind energy

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesLecture-2

Renewable Sources of Energy such as Hydro, Solar, Wind, Biomass:Solar energy: The sun is the source of all sources of energy. Everyday large quantities of solar radiation are received on the earth from the sun. the sun is big nuclear reactor where hydrogen is converted into helium. As a result enormous quantity of heat and light energy are generated. They are available in the form of rays or radiation.Solar Application:

1. Heating water or air 6. Cooling or heating buildings,2. Making distilled water 7. Drying agricultural product,3. Running water pump 8. Running cold storage and refrigerator,4. Cooking 9. Solar cells,5. Solar furnaces, and 10. Dairy and industrial heating.

Limitation of solar energy:1 Concentration of solar energy per unit area is very small-around 400-600 calories per sq.

meter. Hence collection of solar energy needs large area.2 Concentration of solar energy also changes from hour to hour in a day. Due to straight rays

in the noon time, there is fairly good quantity of energy available, while it decreases considerable in the morning and evening time.

3 Due to day and night cycle, solar radiations are not available in time. They are also not available during cloudy weather.

4 The solar energy available on the specific region in the world is not uniform. the exact amount of scattering of solar energy and consequent attenuation depends upon the atmospheric condition which varies from place to place and at a given place depends on the time of day, the month of year and the local weather.

Wind Energy: Large amount of kinetic energy is existing in freely flowing winds. The kinetic energy can be converted into mechanical-electrical energy by running wind mills and wind turbines. Wind energy is an indirect form of solar energy, because winds are produced when air at certain place is heated up. The heated air goes up , because, it is comparatively lighter . the cold air from around rushes to fill the space vacated hot air and thus, forming convention by currents of wind. Limitations of wind:

1. Velocity and direction of winds are not steady and uniform.2. Winds are unpredictable, that is , when the wind will fall or start blowing is quite uncertain.3. For, generating electricity, it is necessary that the wind turbine generator must run at constant

speed, but winds are never blowing steadily. this nature of wind possesses many practical difficulties.

Tidal Energy: Tides are produced due to gravitational attraction from the moon. Tides are regular rise and fall of water level in the seas.They are taking place at regular interval, and at fixed time during regular intervals, and at fixed time during the day and night. due to attraction of the moon, water in the sea rushes from the sea shore to the mid seas. This is known as low tide or low tide or ebb tide; similarly when the attraction from the moon ceases, the water rushes towards shore and is known as high tides.Limitation of the tidal energy:

1 it is available only at certain favorable geographic places, not every where.2 Difference of high tide and low tide sea water level should be at least one meter; otherwise,

Electrical power cannot be generated.Biomass Energy: Trunks and twigs of tree leaves , husk forest and agricultural crop-residue, cow dung, excreta of animal and human beings are all included in biomass. Biomass is rejected waste of living organism. Biomass is also an important source of energy.Advantages of biomass energy:Geothermal Energy: This energy is available in following forms:

1 Hot water streams, and 2. Direct steam.Energy can be used for many applications such as power generation, cooking foods etc.

Lecture-3

Non-Conventional Energy sources Problems in using renewable energy sources:

1. Availability of renewable energy sources is not reliable, uniform and steady.2. Concentration of renewable energy source is very less3. Renewable energy can not be stored for future use4. Renewable energy sources are not available where they are badly needed5. Collection and utilization of renewable energy is very expensive.6. Is not yet put into practicable uses and not made widely accepted to the people.7. largely depends on favorable geographical conditions

Comparison between conventional and non conventional energy sources:Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy

1 They are available in fixed reserve2 Their prices are rapidly increasing due to

short supply3 They pollute atmosphere due to

combustion and chemical processes associated with it.

4 Transportation of conventional sources energy is costly

5 They have ownership of certain nations or individuals

6 There is a danger of explosion and accidents during their use.

7 They can be stored.

1 They are available in abundance

2 They are freely available3 These is no problem of pollution

4 They are available everywhere and there is no problem of transportation

5 They are freely available to every one and there is no problem of owner ship.

6 They are fairly safe.

7 They cannot be stored.

To discussed in the class:(See lecture no 3 for more detail) Advantages of renewable sources of energy:1. are never exhausting sources of energy2. available in many forms and they have unlimited supply3. the renewable energy sources are nonpolluting.4. are freely available to every body5. not going through the process of combustion so high temperature and pressure are not

produced during their use. Disadvantages :

1. not available at everywhere in uniform and steady supply.2. Energy concentration is very less.3. Not possible to store renewable energy sources.4. Equipments operating on renewable forms of energy are very expensive.5. are not very popular amongst their users due to high cost of exploitation.6. Energy from renewable sources is not available on very large scale and continuously as

in conventional sources.

Lecture-4

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesEnergy Crisis and Energy Demand projection.Energy crisis: we are now interested to know how much potential is existing in our country for the development of renewable energy sources. Conventional sources like coal, petrol, diesel etc. are becoming more and more costly due to their increasing demand day by day. This has led to the condition of what is popularly known as energy crisis.Reason for Energy crisis:

1. Rapid increase in per capita consumption of coal, petrol, electricity etc.2. Development of science and technology and rapid industrialization.3. Increase in population.4. Increase in transportation and communication cost.

5. Unstable political and socio economical conditions, wars, etc. In petroleum rich countries.

6. Price escalations and restricted ownership of the sources of energy.Solutions for energy crisis ((To be discussed in the classed.))

1. Economy in consumption of energy:2. Application of renewable energy sources:3. Energy Plantation:

Development of renewable energy sources in India(To be discussed in the classed.)

Solar Energy:

Wind Energy:

Biomass Energy:

Tidal energy:

Geothermal energy:

Ref. Books:

1. Non Conventional Sources of Energy By J.K. Bagga.2. Solar Energy Utilization By G.D. Rai Khanna Publishers.3. Principle of thermal collection and Utilization byS.P. Sukhatme.

Ref. Website:

1. www.222.222.12.110/index1.php 2. www.wikipedia.com

Lecture-5

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesIntroduction Solar Radiation. The sun is the prime souce of all the forms of energy on the earth

Solar power: The Sun provides 1,366 watts/meter² at the distance of the Earth's orbit, but less at ground level.

Solar Constant: Isc is defined as, the rate at which energy is received from the sun on a unit area perpendicular to the rays of the sun at average earth sun distancejust out side the earh’s atmosphere. Its value is 1353W/m².

Due to the variation of in the earth sun distance , rate of Extra-terrestrial incident solar radiation perpendicular to the rays of the sun Io varies. The value of Io on any day can be closely approximated by the equation: Io = Isc[1+0.033coss(360n/365)].

Global solar energy resources:The colors in the map show the local solar energy, averaged over three years from 1991

to 1993 (24 hours a day, also applying the cloud coverage reported from weather satellites). The scale is in watts per square meter.(see the fig in lecnote no-5 Ref.www.wikipedia.com )Advantages(To be discussed in the class.)

1. Solar power is relatively pollution free, although the impact of environmental pollution during manufacture and construction should not be neglected.

2. Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup. 3. Solar power is becoming more and more economical as costs associated with production

decreases, the technology becomes more effective in energy conversion, and the costs of other energy source alternatives increase.

4. Solar power can be viewed as a local resource because of regional climatic variances. 5. Some countries, regions, etc (such as island communities, desolate regions and ocean-going

vessels) are harvesting solar power as a viable energy resource due in part to comparative costs associated with purchasing energy from other sources.

Disadvantages(To be discussed in the class.)

Lecture-6Solar Radiation measuring instrumentsIt is necessary to determine the amount of solar radiation received on the surface of the earth. this information is require for 1 Proper utilization of solar energy2 Energy balance studies.Principle of solar radiation.1. Principle of thermocouple. When the junction of two dissimilar metal are formed and one of the it is heated , e.m.f. if generated on the ends of open junction. This is known as thermoelectric Phenomenon. This e.m.f. is produced is proportional to the difference of the temp. between two ends.2. Photovoltaic Principle: When the solar radiation fall on the photovoltaic cell the electrons are released in such a way as to set up emf in the circuit. The electrical energy is proportional to intensity of solar radiation. This gives direct measurement of solar radiation.Measuring Instruments of Solar radiations: Two basic type of instruments are employed for solar radiation measuring.Pyranometers: These may use a thermopile or a solar cell. most commonly used is the one

Non-Conventional Energy sourceswith thermopiles. In this sensing element, there is a black metal surface. This is placed horizontally as under a single or double glass hemisphere which protects the surface and prevent the loss of heat. Glass is grand transparent to solar radiation. i.e. it permits solar radiation to enter inside. after reacting inside, it gets converted into low temp. radiation. Glass does not permit low temp. radiation to go out. thus it prevent to heat loss. A set of thermocouple is attached to underside of the black surface and working as hot junction. The cold junction of the thermopile are either connected to white surface adjacent to the black surface or to an electronic cold junction inside the instrument.

Pyrheliometer: This is used to measure only direct beam radiations.It is consists of cylindrical collimating tube which can be adjusted , and kept in such a way that it remains parallel to in coming solar radiations. Hence, only direct beam radiation are received on sensor plate. Aperture of the collimating tube makes acceptance come of 5.8o. Black surface is mounted behind the collimating tube.

Sun Shine Recorder: The duration of bright sun shine is measured by means of a sun shine recorder. The sun shine recorder is consists of a glass provided with a bowl under it. The bowl of a hemispherical shape and provided with grooves in which specially treated paper is kept. The sun shine recorder is normally fixed on a concrete plat form out.The sun shine recorder is kept in open where direct sun rays are falling on glass sphere. The solar rays after passing through the glass sphere are concentrated at a point, and fall on the specially treated paper. The concentrated solar rays being power full enough to make burning marks on the paper kept in the groves of bowl When the sun moves east to west , the corresponding burn marks are left on the paper. The length of the mark indicates the period for which there was a clear sunshine.

Lecture-7Various Methods of solar energy utilizationIntroduction:Utilization of solar energy:Direct Utilization of solar Energy: stated before solar energy converted into useful energy directly. Conversion of solar energy is done by

(1) Thermal energy conversion, and(2) Photovoltaic conversion.

Thermal Energy conversion: In this method, solar energy is directly absorbed by the absorber or thermal collector, and the working medium is heated. There are many applications of this method:

(a) Solar water heating(b) Solar Air heating(c) Solar space heating(d) Solar cooker(e) Solar drier(f) Solar cold storage(g) Solar pumping(h) Solar refrigeration(i) Solar furnace(j) Wood seasoning(k) Solar stills for distillation of water, and (l) Solar power generation.

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesPhotovoltaic conversion: In this method , solar energy is converted into electrical –DC power, and then it is used for different application. For this purpose, solar cells are used. They are electronic devices made up of Semi conductor-material. When the sunlight falls on solar cells, they convert it into electricity. This conversion is used for following application:

(a) Solar collectors,(b) Watches(c) Solar tube lights(d) Photovoltaic pump(e) Battery charging(f) For radio, tap recorder and TV(g) For communication(h) Navigation aid(i) Railway signals(j) Domestic electrical appliances(k) Electricity for space craft, etc.

Indirect Utilization of solar energy:(1) wind energy (2)Tidal energy (3)Sea waves energy(4) Geothermal energy (5)Biomass energy. (6)Hydrolic energy.

Lecture-8Solar Thermal Collector.

Introduction: Solar thermal collector is the direct method of solar energy utilization.There are two type :

1 Liquid flat plate collector.2 Solar air heater.

Flat-plate Collectors: A flat-plate collector consists of an absorber, a transparent cover, a frame, and insulation. Usually an iron-poor solar safety glass is used as a transparent cover, as it transmits a great amount of the short-wave light spectrum. Construction and working of solar liquid flat plate collector:

Advantages and Disadvantages of LFPC:Uses of flat plate collector:Types of Absorber Plate:

1. Tubes bound on the surface of the absorber plate.

Non-Conventional Energy sources2. Tubes fitted in grooved absorber plate.3. Tubes in absorber plate.4. Roll Bend aluminum absorber plate.5. Corrugated sheets fastened together.

Evacuated (or vacuum) tubes panel.Evacuated tube collectors are made of a series of modular tubes, mounted in parallel, whose number can be added to or reduced as hot water delivery needs change. This type of collector consists of rows of parallel transparent glass tubes, each of which contains an absorber tube.

Lecture-9Solar Air heater:Introduction: We have discussed in the previous lesson that flat plate liquid collectors are used fro heating water. Solar air heater are used for heating air. Heated air is used for many purposes such as space heating, air drying etc.

Construction and working of solar air heater:The air heater are similar to liquid flat plate collector

(a) Principle: When the solar radiation fall on the black surface, they are absorbed by the absorber plate. The air passing close to it , is heated up.

(b) Construction:the air heater has following important parts():1. Absorber Plate:2. Air passage:

3. Transparent cover:4. Insulation:5. Casing:Working:Non-porous absorber collector

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesPorous absorber plateTypes of solar Air heatera. Simple Flat plate collector:b. Finned Plate Absorber air

Heater:c. Corrugated Plate air heater :

d. Overlapped Glass Plate Air Heater:

Porous air heaters1 Matrix Air heater:2 Honey Comb porous Air

Heater:Comparison between Liquid flat plate collector and Air heater:Liquid collector Air Heater

Water to be heated up is passing through the water tubes.

Leakage of water stops the functioning of collector.

Absorber plates and cooling water tubes are integral to each other. No fins are provided.

There is a problem of corrosion.

Due to smaller dia. of cooling water tubes there is large increase in temp.

In cold countries water in the collector may get frozen and damage the tubes.

Heat transfer value for a surface and liquid is much higher than for air. This results in higher collector efficiency.

There are no tubes . Usually air passages through space between absorber plate and insulation.

Leakage of air does not stop the working of collector. It reduces the its efficiency.

Usually an air passage around matrix of honey comb or fins are provided to increase heat transfer.

There is usually no problem of corrosion.

The space through which the air is circulated is large hence it is difficult to obtain higher temp.

No such problem in this type of collector.

Heat transfer rate for a surface and air is much lower than for liquid. This results in lower collector efficiency. Special arrangements to increase heat transfer coefficient are required.

Lecture-10Solar Concentrating type collector

Working principles of solar concentration: Two types of optical principle are used in solar concentrators:

Non-Conventional Energy sources1. Reflection principle: The incident solar radiation is reflected from the concave surface

of mirrors and collected at its focus. The working fluid or any material to be heated is kept at focus, it can be heated to very high temp.

2. Refraction Principle: The incident solar radiation is directed by an arrangement of lenses at the focus after refraction. This also gives very high temp. of working fluids.

Tracking and Non tracking Collectors:Types of Concentrating collectors:

1 Fresnel lens collector: 2 Flat Plate collector augmented with mirrors:3 Compound parabolic collector(CPC) or Wiston Collector:

4 Parabolic Collector: 5. Cylindrical Parabolic Collector: 6. Heliostat Collector:

Compression between flat plate collector and concentrating type collector:

Lecture-11Application of solar energy

Solar water heating systemsSolar water heaters can b e classified as

Non-circulating type Circulating type Circulating type can be further classified as

1) Natural or thermo siphon circulation and2) Pumped or forced circulation.

Solar cooking:

Non-Conventional Energy sources

Solar Cooker: Types of solar cooker:

1. Box type: (a)With ought Reflector (b) With Reflector2. Paraboloidal Concentrator.

The important parts of a hot box solar cooker include the outer box, inner cooking box or tray, the double glass lid, thermal insulator, mirror and cooking containers.Merits & Demerits of solar cookingSolar Space Heating:

1. Active heating system2. Passive heating system.

Space heating system using liquid flat plate collector:

Space Heating system using solar air heaters:

Passive Heating System:

Lecture-12Application of Solar Energy

Water distillation:

Basin type solar still: Portable solar still:

Non-Conventional Energy sources

Solar Water thermal Pumping:

Solar Thermal Pumping: Following are the main component:

1. Boiler2. Turbine3. Condenser4. feed Pump.

(b) Solar Photovoltaic Pimping:Solar Drying:

(a) Direct drying:1. Solar portable drier

2. Natural Convection solar dryer.(b) Indirect Drying:

Power Generation:(a) Solar Thermal electric conversion1 Low temp. Rankine cycle2 Medium Temp. Rankine cycle3 High temp. Rankine cycle

Central Tower system Distributed collector system. Direct Convention:

Lecture-13Solar Cell. Material of Solar Cell.

Solar Cell: It was invented in USA in 1954. it is made up of N-type and P-type semiconductors crystals.Properties of silicon: Silicon is most suited for manufacturing solar cells.Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic conversion

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesUses of Solar cells:

N-type silicon P-type silicon

Semi Conductors: These are materials like silicon, germanium, cadmium, copper sulfide etc. Whose electrical conductivity much less than those of metals but higher than non metallic bad conductor. the characteristic properties of semiconductor materials give variety of application in the field of electronics. Following are some other properties of semi conductors.

1. their resistance to electricity increases with increase in temperature for materials resistance increase with increase in temperature.

2. If semi conducting material is mixed with small amount of certain suitable metallic properties their property of carrying electricity strikingly changed. This process is called doping of semi conductor in various devices such as transistors, Amplifiers, oscillators including solar cells which we will be discussing.

PN Junction: Photovoltaic Cells – Generating electricity

Lecture-14Utilization of Wind Energy:

Introduction: The origin of wind is simple. The earth is unevenly heated by the sun resulting in the poles receiving less energy from the sun than the equator does. Also the dry land heats up (and cools down) more quickly than the seas do. The differential heating powers a global atmospheric convection system reaching from the earth's surface to the stratosphere which acts as a virtual ceiling.

Wind energy available :

Non-Conventional Energy sources An estimated 1 to 3% of energy from the Sun that hits the earth is converted into wind

energy. This is about 50 to 100 times more energy than is converted into biomass by all the

plants on earth through photosynthesis. Most of this wind energy can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds

of over 160 km/h (100 mph) occur. Eventually, the wind energyDefinition of Windmill: Windmill is defined as a machine which converts wind power into mechanical power.Terms used in wind speed:(1) Swept area: The projected area of wind turbine rotor is called swept area. If D is rotor diameter the swept area of horizontal shaft windmill is π/4D2 .(2) Cut in speed: The speed of wind at which the wind mill starts, producing useful power is called cut in speed.(3) Cut out speed: The speed of the wind at which, it is dangerous to operate the generator is known as cut out speed. When this speed is reached, generated is automatically cut out by suitable mechanism in the blades.(4) Rated wind speed: The speed of the wind at the hub height which gives rated from generators.(5) Maximum Designed wind speed: It is the maximum speed of the wind which can be tolerated windmill and its various parts, like rotor, structure, blades etc.(6) Efficiency of Wind mill: It is the ration of the power generated by the wind mill to the kinetic energy available on the swept area of wind turbine rotor. The maximum efficiency of the wind mill is up to 60 % only. This is because the design limitations of wind turbine rotor and presence of friction in the moving components of windmill.Advantages of Wind power :

1. Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy.2. Wind power can be easily converted into mechanical power or electrical power.3. Wind power system are pollution free.4. equipments working on wind energy are not dangerous or hazardous like nuclear

reactor or boiler furnace.5. wind energy is almost continuously available. It has not day or night cycles like solar

energy.6. many wind mill can be installed in wind farm and electrical power can be generated.

Lecture-15Mean Wind Speed ,Velocity of wind, measurement and Instruments used.Introduction: For obtaining energy from wind effectively, it is essential to know the data regarding velocity of wind and its direction but velocity and direction of wind are continuously changing at every minute.Average velocity per hour: Average velocity of wind in one hour of the day is a useful parameter for designing the various components of the wind mill.Average velocity of wind per month: It is the mean value of variations of the velocity of wind during the month. This information gives us an idea about the period in a year which will give highest and lowest power generation.Different uses-of wind map:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesWind Data Table :Measurement of wind velocity and wind direction:

(a) Wind Velocity: it is the vector quantity which includes speed of wind as well as direction of wind. It is defined as the distance traveled by the wind in a given direction per unit time. It is expressed in m/sec or km/hr.

(b) Wind speed: it is a scalar quantity. It is not related with direction of wind . it is defined as the rate of movement of air in any direction. It is expressed in m/sec and km/hr.

Instruments used in measurement of wind:Wind Vane:Anemometer:Gustiness and its Units:

a. Gustiness or Turbulence :Wind blowing at any location are never steady i.e. of constant speed. The wind changes both in magnitude and direction. Rapidity and intensity of changes of wind characterize property of wind, which is called, Gustiness.

b. Gust:It is defined as the deviation in the speed of wind from the average speed, which is not maintained for more than two minutes.

c. Positive GustPositive change in the wind speed of more than ten knots within the period of ten minutes is called positive gust.

d. Negative GustNegative change in the wind speed of more than ten knots within the period of ten minutes is called positive gust.

Calculation of Gustiness: Suppose Vmax is maximum velocity and Vmin is minimum Velocity within the period of ten minutes. The gustiness is calculated by:

G= Vmax -- VminVmean

Lecture-16Wind mills & Types of Wind Mills.How it works

Non-Conventional Energy sources

Classification of windmill:1) Horizontal axis type windmills are further classified as: a)Singlebladed b)Doublebladed c)Multibladed d)Bicyclemultibladedtype e)Sailtype f)Wingtype

2) Vertical axis type windmills are further classified as: a)Savonius type machines b) Darius type machines 3) According to direction of rotor blades with reference to winds and supporting structure(tower)a) Up wind rotor wind mill- blades are in front of the tower.b) Down wind rotor windmill- blades are behind the tower.4) According to number of blades a) Single blade wind millb) Double blade wind millc) Multi blade wind mill5) According to use of wind milla) Water pumping wind millb) D.C./A.C. wind generator.c) Aero generator.

Lecture-17Horizontal Axis type wind mill:

1 Dutch type wind mill:

Non-Conventional Energy sources2 Propeller Type Windmill:3 American Multi Blade Windmill:4 Sail Wind Type windmill:5 Magnus Windmill Turbine:6 Fan Type Windmills:

Aero generators: Wind turbine rotor Gear Box: Generator: Control system: Tower:

Application of Aero generator:1 To generator electricity. Wind generator having capacity ganging from 55 to

3000kv it can be destroyed which can replace diesel generators in suitable cases.

2 As a small capacity generator 4KVA to 20 KVA for rural electrification.3 To run water pump for irrigation purposes.4 Large number of aero generators can be installed in wind farms to generate

electricity which can be supplied into state grid lines.

Lecture-18Application as water pumping motors:Commonly used water pumping wind mill has following components.

1. Rotor:It is multiplied American design with 8 to 12 number of iron blades with a hub fitted on a windmill shaft. Rotary converts kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

2. crank:a crank is fitted on windmill shaft. A transmission rod is connected to crank shaft with crank pin. Rotary motion of rotorcraft is converted into reciprocating motion of transmission rod of pump shaft.

3. Transmission rod :Transmission rod connects windmill shaft and water pump plunger and supplied reciprocating motion.

4. Water pump :It is made up of plunger and cylinder and fitted on the ground level. Due to reciprocating motion pimp sucks water from the pipe fitted into the ground. The water sucked by pump comes out through delivery pipe.

5. wind wanewind vane adjusts the wind mill in such a way that its axis is always in the direction of wind. Hence the wind mill is running at maximum possible speed.Factors affecting pumping performance :

1. starting torque:wind mill rotor blade should be so designed that it requires minimum starting torque.

2. Matching of pump speed, windmill speed, and wind speed:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesAverage speed of wind determines the normal speed of windmill. The speed of wind

mill gives idea about matching speed of pump. Hence the speed of pump should always match the corresponding speed of windmill.3. Size of rotor , lift of pump and discharge

the size of rotor wind mill should be such that it gives sufficient power for lifting water from the ground level.4. Cut in speed: pump stroke should be such selected that it gives maximum discharge at given cut in speed.Important criteria for site selection:

1. Windmill should be installed at places where average annual wind speed is more then 14 km per hour.

2. Windmill should be installed where continues steady winds are blowing thought the year.

3. Windmill should be installed near high rise building ,trees and mountain peaks.4. Wind mill should not be installed at places where frequent thunderstorms and heavy

rainfall are taking place.5. Windmill should be installed near sea shore where steady winds are blowing with ought

any obstruction.6. Windmills should be near the load centre.

Lecture-19Concept of Wind Farm and its Applications.

Concept of wind farm: At suitable places where continuous high speed winds are blowing, number of wind turbine generators are installed in large number i.e. 25,50 or 100 windmills to generate electricity.

In Kachchha district near mandvi a wind farm has been installed. There are 24 wind mills and generate 1.1MW electric power.

Advantages of wind farm:1. wind power can be easily converted into electrical power.2. Maintenance and operation of wind power generation are very simple and less expensive in comparison with steam power plant or diesel power plant.3. Minimum requirement of technical staff.4. Modern microprocessor and computerized control system has made wind power

generation possible.5. Wind farms are not causing any pollution.6. Less hazardous and dangerous in comparison with thermal power plant.

Lecture-20Bio-mass as source of energy.

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesWhat is Biomass?: Biomass is the name given to any recent organic matter that has been derived from plants as a result of the photosynthetic conversion process. Biomass energy is derived from plant and animal material, such as wood from forests, residues from agricultural and forestry processes, and industrial, human or animal wastes.

Equation for photosynthesis

Biomass as sources of energyBiomass: the material plants and animal is called biomass.It is organic carbon based on material that reacts with oxygen in combustion and natural metabolic process to release heat. In this unit we have to study two main features

i) Energy plantationii) bio-gas technology.

Lecture-20

Biomass Resources

Agricultural CropsAgricultural ResiduesAnimal WasteBlack LiquorSugar Industry WastesForestry CropsForestry ResiduesIndustrial WasteMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Biomass resources, types of biomass, Energy Plantation.Categories of biomass:There are three main categories of biomass.a) Biomass in its traditional “solid” form

1) terrestrial crops(those grown on land)such as: sugar crops, sweat sorghum, harbasius crops: non woody plants.

2) Aquatic plants(those grown in water)Such as water hyacinth, marine algae, see weeds atc.

3) oil yielding plants:such as uforbia, lathyris, copaiba, hohoba etc.

b) Biomass in its non traditional “liquid form”.

Traditional solid biomass is converted in to liquid fuel by chemical process, eg. Ethanol(ethyle alcohol), methanol (methyl alcohol) are produced by “pyrolysis” process. ethanol and methanol are used as liquid fuels in engines.

c) Biomass in its non traditional gas form:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcestraditional solid form is converted into gas form called “biogas” by anaerobic

digestion during which fermentation of biomass takes place.Advantages and disadvantages of using biomass:Application of biomass:1) for heating2) cooking and lighting purpose3) as synthetic fuel in combustion engine4) can b used in agricultural engines, there by saving 80% diesel.

Lecture-21

Definition of energy plantation:Energy plantation means growing the selected plants ,trees, etc. scientifically

Need of energy plantation:

Advantage of energy plantation :

CATAGORIES OF ENERGY PLATNS:

Biomass Conversion Techniques Pyrolysis process.Definition “ biomass conversion”:Different methods of biomass conversion process.Describe

(1) Thermo chemical and(2) Biological process

Describe pyrolisis process- Describe

(i) Hydro gasification and (ii) Hydro generation

DIFFERENT METHODS OF BIO-MASS CONVERSION(A) Thermo chemical process:

During this process, biomass is converted into fuels like methanol(methyl alcohol) or ethanol (ethyl alcohol) by heating it to high temperature. Biomass used should be in dry form. Different types of thermo chemical processes are:(1) Direct combustion(2) Pyrolisis(3) Hydro gasification, and(4) Hydro generation.

(B) Biological of Biochemical Process:During this process, biomass is treated by micro organism (bacteria) at low

temperature and at atmosphere pressure and converted into fuel (gas form). Biomass is used in wet condition. (1) Aerobic treatment of alcoholic treatment(2) Anaerobic treatment of anaerobic digestion and (3) Chemical reduction

Lecture-22

Non-Conventional Energy sources

Classification of biomass conversion techniques and Anaerobic Fermentation:Biomass Conversion Processes:Biomass can be converted in the useful energy by different processes. Mainly the processes can be classifies in two categories.

1. Thermo-chemical conversion2. Bio-chemical conversion

Thermo-chemical Processes:Direct Combustion:Biochemical Processes

1. Fermentation 2.Aerobic Digestion 3.Anaerobic Digestion2. Fermentation :Fermentation is a biological process in which complex hydro-carbon

compounds like sugars are converted to alcohol by the action of micro-organisms, usually yeast. The resulting alcohol is ethanol (C2H3OH) rather than methanol (CH3OH).

1. Aerobic Digestion: Some microorganisms are activated in the presence of oxygen. These microorganisms are known as aerobic microorganism. If the biomass is allowed to decay in the condition open to air, this type of microorganisms will be activated and will convert the biomass in to the simple molecules of the hydro-carbon and during this process gases like methane, carbon dioxide etc will be released.

2. Anaerobic Digestion: Anaerobic digestion is a biological process that produces a gas principally composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) otherwise known as biogas. These gases are produced from organic wastes such as livestock manure, food processing waste, etc.

The process of anaerobic digestion consists of three steps.

1. Hydrolysis or fermentation2. Acid genesis or acid generation3. Methanogenesis or methane generation

Thermo-chemical Process Bio-chemical Process

• Biomass is used in dry condition • Biomass is used in wet condition

• Process is done at high temperature • Process is done at ambient temperature

• After the thermochemical reaction the end products will be either solid, liquid or gaseous fuel depending upon the temperature and pressure condition

• End product will be biogas.

Residues after the process will be char • Residues after the process will be good

biological fertilizer.

Lecture-23

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesFactors affecting process of anaerobic digestion:

Raw Materials : Raw materials may be obtained from a variety of sources - livestock and poultry wastes, night soil, crop residues, food processing and paper wastes, and materials such as aquatic weeds, water hyacinth, filamentous algae, and seaweed.Influent Solids Content Production of biogas is inefficient if fermentation materials are too dilute or too concentrated, resulting in, low biogas production and insufficient fermentation activity, respectively.Loading The size of the digester depends upon the loading, which is determined by the influent solids content, retention time, and the digester temperature.Seeding Common practice involves seeding with an adequate population of both the acid-forming and methanogenic bacteria. Actively digesting sludge from a sewage plant constitutes ideal "seed" material.pH Low pH inhibits the growth of the methanogenic bacteria and gas generation and is often the result of overloading. A successful pH range for anaerobic digestion is 6.0 - 8.0; efficient digestion occurs at a pH near neutrality.Temperature With a mesophilic flora, digestion proceeds best at 30 - 40 C; with thermophiles, the optimum range is 50 - 60 C. The choice of the temperature to be used is influenced by climatic considerationsNutrients The maintenance of optimum microbiological activity in the digester is crucial to gas generation and consequently is related to nutrient availability. Two of the most important nutrients are carbon and nitrogen and a critical factor for raw material choice is the overall C/N ratio.Toxic Materials Wastes and biodegradable residue are often accompanied by a variety of pollutants that could inhibit anaerobic digestion.Retention TimeOther factors such as temperature, dilution, loading rate, etc., influence retention time. At high temperature bio-digestion occurs faster, reducing the time requirement. A normal period for the digestion of dung would be two to four weeks

Lecture-24Types of Biogas Plants- Their comparative status:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesBiogas plants:

1. Continuous digester2. Batch type digester

Features of continuous biogas plant:1. Continuous production of the biogas without any interruption

2. Operation and maintenance will be easier.3. Erection cost is comparatively low4. Better technology is involved compare to batch type plant

There are numerous models of biogas plant, mainly two types are in use.1. The floating gas holder type biogas plant, and2. Fixed dome digester type biogas plant.

Types of Biogas Plants- Their comparative status:1. Fixed Dom Type plant: In the fixed dome type plant the gas is collected in a masonry

dome build upon the digester

2. KVIC floating drum: This model was developed in the early sixties by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).

Lecture-25(3)KVIC plant with Ferro cement digester:(4)KVIC plant with Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Gas Holder:(5)FLEXI:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesComparison between fixed dome and floating gas holder type biogas plants:Following is the comparison between fixed dome and floating gas holder type biogas plants.

Floating Gas Holder Design

1. Initial cost of installation is more. 2. Repair and Maintenance cost during operation is

high. 3. Steel gas holder needs to be replaced due to

corrosion effect. 4. The life of digester is expected to be 30 years

and that of gas holder is 5-8 years. 5. Drum, which is exposed over the ground, does

not allow the use of space over the plant for other purposes.

6. Because of metallic gas holder the low temperature during winter effects gas production.

7. It is most suitable for dung the night soil; other organic materials may clog the inlet pipe.

8. The construction of digester is simple, and therefore no specially trained person is required but the fabrication of gas holder requires workshop facility.

9. Requires relatively less excavation work during   installation.

10. The location of defects in the gas holder and its repair is easy and can be done in workshop.

11. Release of gas is at constant pressure because of fixed weight of steel gas holder and hence the efficiency of plant is higher.

12. In areas having a high water table, horizontal plants could be installed.

Fixed Dome Design

1. Capital investment for the corresponding size of plant is less.

2. As there are no moving parts, the maintenance cost is minimum.

3. Steel gas holder is not required.4. The life of the plant is expected to be comparatively

more.5. As the unit is underground, the space above the

plant can be used for other purposes.

6. Effect of low temperature is less.

7. It could be easily modified and adopted for use of other types of organic wastes.

8. Construction of dome portion of the unit is a skilled job and only trained mason can do it

9. Requires more excavation work.10. Location of defects in the dome and repairing are

difficult.

11. Release of gas is at variable pressure and it may cause reduction in the efficiency of gas appliances.

12. Construction of the plant is difficult in high water table areas.

Biogas plant design:1. KVIC (Khadi and village industries commission) design.2. PRAD-(Planning research and action division) design that is also called

modification of Chinese design.3. ASTRA-(Application of science and Technology to rural areas) design.4. Murrugappa Chettiar research design.5. Tamilnadu Agricultural University dome type design.6. Kachcha Pacca Model of Punjab Agricultural University. Ludhiana design.

AFPRO(Action of ford Production ) design modules. The basic feature of all the plants is same as described earlier in the lessons.

Lecture-26Installation of BIOGAS Plant.(a)Layout:(b)Excavation:(c)Laying floor or Foundation:

Non-Conventional Energy sources(d)Wall: (e) Inlet Outlet chamber:(F)Slurry mixing tank:(g) drying bed and manure pit(h) Gas pipelines:

Construction material for Biogas plant

Gas Distribution System:Gas pipe:

Galvanized Iron pipe:Plastic pipe:HDP:

Hose Pipe:Gas tap:Gas cock:Water removal Devices:

(1) Tee Drain:(2) “U”- pipe drain:(3) Siphon:

Flame arrestor:Manometer and Safety Valve:

Lecture-27Operations of Biogas Plants:Introduction:

Checking of biogas plant: After completing the plant construction, checking of plant for correct construction and leakage is necessary. The biogas plant is also checked for air lightness

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesand strength to retain the material for successfully for required duration. Once the defect in the plant is located, it should be carefully repaired.

Operation of floating gas holder plant:1. starting the plant:2. Filling the digester: 3. Filling the gas holder and pipe line:4. Gas production and use:5. Operating the plant:

Precaution :

Maintenance and general Care:1. Daily 2. Weekly3. Annually

Operation of fixed dome plant:Testing:Starting the Plant: Feeding

Precaution:Maintenance and general Care:

1. Daily2. Monthly 3. Annually

Lecture-28Introduction to Tidal power:The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy.

Non-Conventional Energy sources

How it works: Tidal Barrages: A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.

The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe, which then turns a turbine.

Advantages Once you've built it, tidal power is free. It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste. It needs no fuel. It produces electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain. Tides are totally predictable. Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not ruinously expensive to build and do

not have a large environmental impact.

Disadvantages A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area -

the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages.

Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out.

Lecture-29

Non-Conventional Energy sources

Components of Tidal power plant:1. Dam Or Dyke:2. Basin or Sea water Reservoir:3. Sluice Gate:4. Power House:

TYPES OF TIDAL POWER PLANTS:A hydraulic turbine requires difference in level at inlet and exit called head for its operation. A number of ideas have been considered for using the head produced due to rise and fall of tides.Two types of power plants have been considered:

1 Single Basin Power Plant. Single Ebb cycle system Single tide cycle system Double cycle system.

2 Double Basin Power Plant.CRITERIA FOR SITE SELECTION FOR TIDAL POWER PLANTS

1. Tidal range difference of water level between high tide and low tide should not be less then 4 to 6 meter.

2. Basin should be large enough to store sufficient quantity of tidal power water and geographically suitable so that expenditure on construction of dam are minimum.

3. Opening of the basin should not be chocked up by the collection of salt; otherwise frequent dragging shall be required.

4. Tidal power plant should not obstruct the movement of steamer and fishing activities.

5. Many times flow of river affects the tidal phenomenon. Such site are not suitable for tidal power plant.

Lecture-30PROSPECTS OF TIDAL POWER PLANT IN INDIA:

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesBay of Cambay: On western side of India Gujarat, a mean tidal range of 8 to 10 m head is available. This is potential source of tidal power generation. Silt index (a measure of silt collection) is also minimum.Bay of Kachchh: In Kachchh creek, a mean range of 8 to 10 meter head is available and silt formation index is also minimum. Govt. of India is planning to install about 900MW capacity in deferent phases.

Micro Hydel Power Station. First moving water in rivers, canals and tidal contain considerable amount of kinetic energy. This kinetic energy can be made available for generation of electrical energy by using small turbine generator sets.Small scale hydel power plant can be categorized as:

1 Small discharge but high head.2 Large discharge but comparatively small head.

Turbine for small hydel power plants:A BULB OR CAPSULE TYPE TURBINE:

TUBE TURBINE:

Advantages :1. These power plants can be easily installed and the project can be easily

completed.2. Running expenditure of this power plants are extremely negligible.3. The operation and maintenance is simple.4. They do not pollute the atmosphere.5. There are no problems of accidents and hazards as in case of nuclear and

thermal power plants.6. These power plants can be easily installed near water streams.7. There are no problems related to environments, like submergence of villages

and farms and due to this , the problem of rehabilitation of human pollution. This problem is encountered in case of big hydro electric projects.

8. Initial investments are much lower because expenditures on civil works are absolutely minimum.

Lecture-31Geothermal Energy

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesCentre of the Earth is around 6000 degrees Celsius - hot enough to melt rock. Even a

few kilometers down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius. In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 meters you go down. In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface. Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating.

How it works:

Geothermal Energy Resources:1. Hot water resources:2. Wet Steam Resources:3. Dry Steam resources or Super Heated Steam:4. Hot dry Rocks:5. Magma Resources:6. Volcano:

Lecture-32Limitations and applications of Geothermal power plants.

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesGeothermal Power Plant: Geothermal power plant can be installed at places where dry or superheated steam at a pressure varying from 5 to 7 kg/cm^2 is continuously available.

Application of geothermal Energy:

1. It can be used where heating applications exits like domestic water heating, cooking food, space heating, wood seasoning, fish drying and in textiles industries where hot water and humidification is necessary.

2. It can also be used for electric power generation.

Advantages:

1. It is freely available from the crust of the earth.2. It can generate large amount of power in comparison with other non - conventional sources of

energy.3. Geothermal power plant gives higher load factor.4. They do not pollute the environment.5. Cost of power generation is less in comparison with other alternative source of energy.

Disadvantages:

1. They are not universal source of power. They available only at limited location.2. There is a possibility of land – settlement when large quantity of steam and water are removed

from the earth.3. Natural steam comes out with high noises.4. It is connected with seismic activity and there is a possibility of earthquakes.5. Natural steam id contaminated with gases like H2S, NH3 AND CO2 that are very

harmful.Is it renewable?Geothermal energy is renewable. The energy keeps on coming, as long as we don't pump too much cold water down and cool the rocks too much.

Lecture-33Conservation of Domestic application and industries.

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesNeed of energy conservation in domestic sector: As the source of energy available is limited like coal petroleum, natural gasses etc. it is certain that there will be the shortage of fuel . so we need to save energy.Aims of energy conservation are:

“Energy Conservation in domestic sector”:Fuel Saving in Improved cook stoves:

1 One pot stove:Fixed Two pot cook Stoves

Description of an improved cook stove :1 Furnace Door2 First Pot Hole:3 Second Pot hole:4 Tunnel:5 Damper:6 Chimney:

Advantages of Smokeless Chulha:Energy Saving tips in domestic cooking application:

1 Plan cooking of food well in advance ,Cleaning of rice dall etc. should be done in advance and socked in water, for some time. Vegetables should also be cleaned cut and made ready for preparation before lighting the chulha.

2 Use pressure cooker for boiling rice dall, vegetable etc.3 Keep rubber ring of pressure cooker clean and check that it properly rests on its seat

with ought any leakage of steam.4 Keep safety valve of pressure cooker clean and check that it properly rests on it seat

with ought any leakage of steam.5 Use solar cooker for boiling roasting and preheating.6 Replace gas rubber pipe at regular intervals. Keep it clean and free from oily

materials.7 Put off the gas chulha as soon as cooking is completed. 8 Over boiling, roasting and frying should be avoided.

Lecture-34Introduction to Need for energy conservation in Industry:Principles of energy conservation:

Non-Conventional Energy sources1. Maximum thermodynamic efficiency2. Maximum cost effectiveness

Energy Conservation measures in industry:1. The selection and process should be such that it involves efficient use of energy.2. The plant and equipment should be selected with special emphasis on reliability, maintainability and energy efficiency vis-à-vis quality and control of output.3. The location of plant and equipment should be such that energy costs of transportation of raw materials and finished products are minimum.4. The use of renewable sources of energy i.e. solar, wind, etc. should be encouraged to reduce the consumption of non-renewable source of energy i.e. electricity oil etc.5. The regular cleaning, inspection, and lubrication should be adhered with a view to eliminate unreliability in production and have a proper quantity quality to output.6. The production schedule and service should be planned and implemented with minimum use of resources i.e. labors, machine, materials etc.7. Expensive purchase of raw material and stocking of finished products should be avoided.8. The wastage in production and service must be kept at minimum.9. all motors, cables, switches, gears etc. of the production machines should be adequately loaded. Overloading and under loading should be avoided.10. The latest maintenance techniques and tools should be used to prolong the life of machines like preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance etc. based on requirements.11. The lighting in and around the factory area should be as per the standard and with minimum requirements.12. Use of waste heat from the process of plants should be effectively used. 13. The use of service facilities like air cooling, air conditioning, humidification, steam, water, compressed air etc. should be very efficiently and effectively used.14. The peak load of the electricity requirements should be kept as near the average load as possible to control the maximum demand i.e. to reduce loads factors.15. The power factor of the electrical load should be kept higher than 0.90 to 0.95

Energy Conservation measures in boilers:Effect of preheat air temp on fuel saving:Energy conservation in Transportation: The manufacturing unit should be located near source of raw material to minimize the transportation of raw material which is usually more than finished products.

1. Incase of agricultural products like cotton, fruits a primary processing may be done in the rural area, so that an intermediate product is only transported which is lesser height than the total produce.2. The service unit should be located near the consumer to reduce the unnecessary transportation cost.3. The proper quantity and packing of materials should be selected for economic transportation.4. The economic means transportation should be chosen from the various available means. i.e. ship, rail, truck, belt conveyor etc.5. The effective use of local resources in each area/zone should be encouraged with innovation rather than encouraging material consumption from large distances.6. Design the development and manufacturing of such transport vehicles which consume minimum fuel and lubricants.7. Design the development and manufacturing of such transport vehicles based on renewable source of energy.8. The operation of automobile should be so performed as to reduce the consumption of fuel and lubricants.

Lecture-35

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesUse Waste recycling: The large quantity of waste-material are generated from different sections of the society; like industries, commercial enterprise, domestic, agricultural etc. The waste material contain the following materials.1 Dust and cinder 2 Paper 3 Vegetable matter4 Metals 5 Glass 6 Plastic7 Rags 8 Unclassified debris

1. Material Recovery: The papers, glass, ferrous, nonferrous and plastics are being separated from waste and are processed again to form their respective materials. The paper is converted into boards and used for packaging . The sump-oils are reprocessed for use as low grade lubricants.

2. Energy Recovery: Domestic and commercial waste has a significant calorific value and this is increasing with changes in paper and plastic content. As a general guide, one tone of domestic waste has gross heat value of about 0.45 tones of coal or 0.25 tones of oil.

The waste may be burnt in the incinerator and the heat energy is used for various purposes like heating the water raising the steam etc. One tone of waste may raise 2.5 tones of steam. The steam may also be used to operated a steam turbine and electrical power generation.10 tones of steam per hour raising waste furnace can support a turbine of 1000kw output

3. Pyrolysis Process: The organic portion of the domestic refuse can be converted into low grade fuel oil process of pyrolysis. The research carried out in USA has indicated that about two barrels of low grade fuel could be produced from each tone of dry organic waste.

4. Composite process: The composite is not a new process. It has been carried out for generation for the purpose of returning waste organic materials to the land. The composite of the refuse will occur in the land fill areas under natural conditions. The waste can be composed than natural condition is mechanized plants where the process of composition can accelerated by the control of air and moisture supply.

Advantages of Waste recycling:1. Waste recycling process gives useful products such as fertilizer, fuels, animal feed, packing, and furniture materials.2. Disposal of waste material can be effectively carried out by waste recycling.3. Effect of pollution can be minimized by proper waste recycling.

Importance of waste recycling Process:1. Agricultural waste such as stalks, leaves, trees-branches, etc can be used in waste heat recovery boiler.2. Pulp and paper milk waste can be used in waste recycling process of produce ethane- methane gasses.3. Sugar mill waste and refuse can be used in waste heat boiler.4. Municipal sewage and refuse can be used refuse biogas plant to produce methane gas.5. Sewage water can be used for vegetable farms.

Non-Conventional Energy sourcesLecture-36

Energy demand management: The energy conservation can also be effectively controlled through energy demand management.Principle of energy demand management:

1. The end use of energy :The equipment/process/industry/sector should be carefully examined for the purpose of its energy use. The amount of extra use energy should be ascertained and action should be taken to reduce this demand of energy of that equipment/process/industry/sector.

2. Minimum cost concept: The equipment/process etc should be replaced or modified with a view to reduce demand of the energy.The energy management has three main components.

Management commitment to intimate and support the program. Energy audit and analysis. Implementation of energy saving program, thereby reducing its energy demand.

Energy Auditing: Energy auditing is similar to accounts auditing in any organization. The accounts audit is done to check the utilization of funds again the predetermined rules, procedures grants, sanction etc. Similarly energy audit of any manufacturing process/equipment is carried out to check the actual utilization of energy against the standard consumption, norms etc.

1. “Review of historical pattern of fuel and energize”: The historical data give indication of fuel types, cyclic trends, minimum and maximum energy use.

2. “Facility walk thronging survey”: The audit is performed by the experience or trained team, who will carry out the usual observation for information gathering and operational assessment. The team may collect about the kind of equipment, general hours conditioning of equipment, genera awareness of energy, operating and maintenance practice etc.

3. Primary Analysis, Review of drawing, data sheets, Equipment Specification: At this stage, the different available information is collected from the records, technical literature, supply orders, design etc.

4. Develop energy audit plans: The energy audit data sheets is prepared for the process or equipment. The data sheet will be used to provide the following information.

Description of equipment Specification/Name plate details. Hours of use per day.

Energy consumed per unit time. Total energy consumed for equipment/plant process period.

Output of the machine in terms of number weight volume length.5. Conduct Facility Energy Audit: The quantitative assessment of fuel and energy is the best

determined by actual measurement under operating conduct using portable installed meters and sensing devices. The device include light meter, ammeter, voltmeter, thermometer, air flow meter, steam flow meter etc.

6. Calculation of energy base on audit results: The usage of energy in terms of heat units electrical units etc are calculated based on audits observations.

7. Comparison with historical records: The comparison of audited results of energy use with that of historical consumption of energy data is carried out.

8. Analysis and Simulation: The energy provide some immediate opportunities to reduce the usage of energy, such as lighting in unoccupied areas equipments operating needlessly, etc. Further detailed analysis of the audit data may provide critical investigation of fuel wastage and potential.

9. Implementation: All this points ,goals for saving energy can be established more firmly and priorities set on the modification and alteration to equipment and processes programs should be implemented, reviewed and analyzed with regard to establishment goals.

Non-Conventional Energy sources