non ferrous materials - avatar singh

7/17/2019 Non Ferrous Materials - Avatar Singh

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NON FERROUS MATERIALS

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Non-Ferrous

Non-ferrous metals and their alloys do not contain iron as aprinciple ingredient, although they may contain small

percentages.Al, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ti, Ni, Co, W, V

and their alloys all except of Fe and ferrous alloys (steels

and cast irons)


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INTRODUCTION

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Non-Ferrous M

aterials

Steel and other ferrous alloys are consumed in exceedingly

large quantities. o!e"er, they ha"e some distinctlimitations#

$ %o! corrosion resistance

$ igh density

$ igh temperature strength could &e &etter$ 'oor electrical conducti"ity.

Non-ferrousmetals are used &ecause of desira&le properties

such as lo! !eight (e.g. aluminium), higher conducti"ity

(e.g. copper), non-magnetic property or resistance tocorrosion (e.g. inc). Some non-ferrous materials are also

used in the iron and steel industries. For example, &auxite is

used as flux for &last furnaces.


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INTRODUCTION

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Non-Ferrous

luminum, &eryllium, and titanium are used in

structural applications.%ight metals such as lithium, magnesium, potassium,

and sodium also ha"e important engineering applications.

Nic*el and lead ha"e !idespread applications as doescopper !hich is often chosen for its high thermal and

electrical conducti"ity.+admium, tin, and inc are often used as coatings,

electrical applications, and for &earing surfaces.+o&alt and manganese are common alloying elements

in steels.


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CLASSIFICATION OF NON-

FERROUS MATERIALS

a) Density based:light metals and alloys < 5000 kg/m3(Mg, Al, Ti)medium metals and alloys = 5000...10000 kg/m3(Sn, Zn, Sb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu)

heavy metals and alloys >10000 kg/m3(Pb, Ag,

Au, Ta, W, Mo)

b) Melting temperature based:low melting point Tm< TmPb= 327 C (Sn, Pb, Bi)

medium melting point = 3271539 C (Al, Mg,Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Ag, Au)

refractory Tm> TmFe= 1539 C


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CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FERROUSMATERIALS

c) Pure metals and alloys:Pure Metals : Al, Cu, Cr, NiAlloys : Brass, Bronze

d)Heat treatment based:HT: annealing, hardening, aging

Non - heat treatable

Heat treatable (HT)


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HEAT TREATMENT OF NON

FERROUS MATERIALS

1.Annealing:

It consists of three stages:

(1) heating to the desired temperature,

(2) holding or soaking at that temperature,and

(3) cooling, usually to room temperature.Time is an important parameter in theseprocedures.

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ANNEALING

Process annealing:

Process annealing is a heat treatment that isused to negate the effects of cold work , that is, tosoften and increase the ductility of a previously

strain-hardened metal.

Recovery and recrystallization processes areallowed to occur.

Ordinarily a fine-grained microstructure isdesired, and therefore, the heat treatment isterminated before appreciable grain growth hasoccurred. !

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ANNEALING

Stress Relief:

Internal residual stresses may develop in metal pieces inresponse to the following:

(1) plastic deformation processes such as machining

(2) Non-uniform cooling of a piece that was processed orfabricated at an elevated temperature.

They may be eliminated by astress relief annealingheat treatment in which the piece is heated to the

recommendedtemperature, held there long enough toattain a uniform temperature, and finally cooled toroom temperature. "

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HEAT TREATMENT OF NON

FERROUS MATERIALS

2.PRECIPITATION HARDENING:

The strength and hardness of some metal alloys

may be enhanced by the formationof extremelysmall uniformly dispersed particles of a secondphase within the original phase matrix; Theprocess is calledprecipitation hardening.

Age hardening is also used to designate thisprocedure because the strength develops

with time, or as the alloy ages.

#

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PRECIPITATION HARDENING

Consider a hypothetical phase diagram for a

precipitation-hardenable alloy of composition Co.

1$

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Solution heat treatment :

The treatment consists of heating the alloy to atemperature within the phase fieldsayT0,andwaiting until all the phase that may have beenpresent is completely dissolved.

At this point, the alloy consists only of an phase ofcompositionC0.

Thisprocedure is followed by rapid cooling or quenchingto temperature which for many alloys is room temp., tothe extent that any diffusion and the accompanyingformation of any of the phase are prevented. 11

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Precipitation Heat Treating :

The supersaturated solid solutionis heated to anintermediate temperature T2(Figure1)at which temperaturediffusion rates become appreciable.

The precipitate phase begins to form as finely dispersedparticles of composition C, which process is termed aging.

After the appropriate aging time at T2 ,the alloy is cooled toroom temperature.

Thestrength and hardness of the alloy, depend on both theprecipitation temperature and the aging time at thistemperature.

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ALUMINIUM%ro&erties '"ery light!eight (a&out the mass of an equi"alent "olume of

steel or copper) &ut !ith alloying can &ecome "ery strong.

excellent thermal conductor.excellent electrical conductor (on a !eight-for-mass &asis,

aluminium !ill conduct more than t!ice as much electricity as

copper).highly corrosion resistant in air and !ater (including sea !ater)

highly !or*a&le and can &e formed into almost any structural

shape.

non-magnetic

highly reflecti"e to radiant energy in the electromagnetic

spectrum

non toxic.


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1(

ALUMINIUMA&&li)ations#/uilding 0 +onstruction 1ndustry#

door and !indo! frames!all cladding, roofing.

Manufacture of 2lectrical 'roducts#

high tension po!er lines, !ires, ca&les,

components for tele"ision ,refrigerators and air-conditioners

'ac*aging 0 +ontainers#

&e"erage cans, &ottle tops

foil !rap, foil semi-rigid containers

eronautical, "iation 0 utomoti"e 1ndustries#

propellers

airplane and "ehicle &ody sheet

COPPER


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COPPER

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Non-Ferrou

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%ro&erties #

3ood electrical conductor3ood thermal conducti"ity

+orrosion resistant

4uctile

5ough

Non magnetic

6ecycla&le

2asy to alloy

COPPER


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COPPER

1!

Non-Ferrou

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A&&li)ations#

rchitectureutomoti"e

2lectrical 2nergy 2fficiency

'o!er 7uality

5u&e, 'ipe 0 Fittings

Fuel 3as

+opper tu&e is an excellent choice for natural gas piping

systems.

1ndustrial

+opper ser"es as an essential material in a "ast num&er of

industries.


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BRONZE

1"

Non-Ferrou

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/rone is an alloy of copper and any other metal. luminum

&rones, tin &rones, phosphor &rones, nic*el &rones, andsilicon &rones are all examples of "arying alloys.

5he principle alloying element determines the nomenclature.

A&&li)ations '/earings

structural applications,

decorati"e usestransport and handling of items such as explosi"es, fuels, and

flamma&le materials.

/rones are often used in statues


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MAGNESIUM

1#

Non-Ferrou

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%ro&erties#

light material, lighter than aluminium.

Magnesium is a "ery acti"e metal.

3ood high temperature mechanical properties.

2xcellent corrosion resistant.

A&&li)ations#1t is used as an alloying element in steels and in

applications !hich require high strength-to-!eight ratios, such as

extension ladders, aircraft, space "ehicles, po!er tools, and

similar applications.

CHROMIUM


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CHROMIUM

2$

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%ro&erties#

5ough8ear resistant

+orrosion resistant

A&&li)ations#

+hromium is often used in decorati"e and corrosion-resistant

coatings. 1t is a ma9or alloying element in many steels, especially

stainless steels.


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TITANIUM

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Non-Ferrou

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%ro&erties#

igh strength

8ithstand moderately high temperatures !ithout creeping

igh crac* resistant

3ood corrosion resistant

A&&li)ations#

1t is an important metal for the aerospace industry.

1t is also used in the medical field for instruments and

artificial 9oint replacements.

5itanium is in aircraft, armor plating, na"al ships,

spacecraft, and missiles.


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ZINC

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Non-Ferrou

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%ro&erties#

Medium hardness

/rittle at lo! temperature

2xtremely ductile

3ood corrosion resistant

A&&li)ations #

:inc is commonly used as a plating material for steels. 5his

product is termed gal"anied steel.

1t is the familiar grayish coating seen on products such as nails

and sheets. :inc oxide is used in paints, glass, cements, andmedicines.


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non ferrous materials - avatar singh

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