non governmental sector
TRANSCRIPT
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Romania 2010.
Non-governmental Sector- Prole, Tendencies, Challenges -
Summary
Bucharest
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Civil Society Development Foundation
Registered ofce: 2k Splaiul Independenei, entrance 1, 4th oor, 3rd District, Bucharest, Romania
Correspondence address: Strada Orzari nr. 86A, Sector 2, Bucureti, Romnia
P.O. Box 22-219, Bucureti, Romnia
Tel: +40-21-310 01 81 Fax: +40-21-310 01 80
E-mail: [email protected]
web site: www.dsc.ro; www.stiriong.ro
This material was perormed within the project Romanian NGO Directory implemented by Civil Society Development Foundation
and unded by Trust or Civil Society in Central & Eastern Europe
All rights on this paper are reserved by Civil Society Development Foundation (FDSC). Any integral or partial reproduction,
irrespective o the used technical means, without written consent rom FDSC, is prohibited. Parts o this publication can bereproduced or non-commercial purposes, only i speciying the source.
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The report Romania 2010. Non-governmental Sector - Prole, Tendencies, Challenges aims
to give an overall evaluation o the non-governmental sector development, oering in the
same time an in-depth image o the sector, as it is at present and rom various perspectives.It oers structured inormation related to the dimension o the sector, its dynamics, various
sub-sector evolutions and activity elds related analyses, oering at the same time a series o
recommendations or actions which may oster the development o the non-governmental
sector. The report was produced in the period October 2008 September 2010, within the
project Romanian NGO Directory, implemented by Civil Society Development Foundation and
unded by Trust or Civil Society in Central & Eastern Europe.
This study is the most complex study o this kind perormed during the latest 10 years in
Romania. It has become even more necessary as, during the adhesion process to the
European Union, the non-governmental sector, as part o the Romanian society, sueredimportant transormations and is still undergoing substantial changes. It is important,
both or the practitioners and or the public, to understand the origins, dimension and
perspectives o these changes. At the same time, as part o a European democratic system that
Romania is trying to internalize, the non-governmental sector is a very important actor who
needs to be better known and dened in order to carry on strengthening and developing. Not
least, the report ocuses on the important economic and social role o the non-governmental
sector, especially in the context o economic crisis and o the current institutional reorms.
The report targets an audience o proessionals in the NGO eld, political decision makers, the
business sector, journalists and, generally, to all the persons interested in this sphere, genericallylabelled civil society.
The collection and analysis o comprehensive inormation on the non-governmental sector
present substantial challenges. The methodology o this study attempted to respond to
these challenges by using a diversied range o instruments. The research methods have
included: quantitative data analysis (balance sheet data o the non-governmental
organizations or the scal years 2006, 2007, 2008 according to the Ministry o Public Finances,
the database o the National Institute o Statistics with the addresses o the non-governmental
organizations which submitted tax returns in 2007, the Civil Society Directory database
with active non-governmental organizations in Romania, available online within the
portal www.stiriong.ro); Omnibus research (conducted on a nal ocus group o 1196 persons,
typical or the adult population o Romania); national online survey amongst the representatives
o NGOs in Romania (Barometer o NGO Leaders); 6 thematic ocus-groups; 22 interviews; public
inormation requests on the grounds o Law 544/2001; analysis o more than 90 reports, studies,
researches and reerence works or the non-governmental sector.
The report tries to dene the non-governmental sector rom a wide range o perspectives:
starting rom the legal status o various non-governmental entities, their unctions, structure and
organizational types, geographic areas and elds o intervention, type and volume o humanand nancial resources they use, type o services and public goods they produce, to the public
image o the non-governmental sector and the relation with the other actors o the public space
(public authorities, business sector, other actors in the civil society) and rst o all, the citizen.
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The non-governmental organizations remain rather less visible and known in the
domestic public landscape.
Despite an impressive dynamics o the non-governmental sector in Romania there are
registered nowadays in Romania more than 62,000 organizations, with more than 21,000 active
organizations the non-governmental organizations remain a quite little visible and know actorin the domestic public landscape. Nonetheless or twenty years in Romania, non-governmental
organizations have re-entered the public arena under various orms. Many o the Romanian
citizens attend proessional training courses organized by non-governmental organizations;
they go to universities which operate as non-governmental organizations, use social services
provided or managed by such organizations, spend their spare time in cultural or sports events
organized by prole associations.
The conusion on what actually denes the term NGOs is also increased by the act that they
are grouped under various names, such as the non-governmental, non-prot sector or civil
society, or more recently, social entrepreneurship and social economy. Due to the variety oobjectives and instruments they use in order to perorm their mission, the non-governmental
organizations orm a sometimes disordering assembly o entities organizations with very
diverse preoccupations human rights, proessional organizations, day care centres, groups or
the environment protection, sports clubs, proessional training centres, universities, and many
others. The legislative ramework which regulates the non-governmental organizations (in this
case, associations, oundations and ederations) experienced an evolution which, on the one
hand, contributed to dening the non-governmental sector and to institutionalize it (without
settling however important issues as regulating the statute o public utility or the legal and
scal treatment o donations, sponsorships and contributions or the non-governmental sector),
yet, on the other hand, it maintains another series o excessive procedures (especially related
to their registration). The obligations instituted by law together with the obligation to ollow
a rather complex judicial procedure bring an excess o solemnity and control o legality or an
action which, by its civic character which is available to any citizen, should be simple to ull by
any interested person.
Partly because o the legal procedures needed or the registration, but especially due to the
concentration o the human and nancial capital in the urban environment, in Romania,
non-governmental organizations remain a mainly urban phenomena (87% o NGOs are
registered and operate in the urban environment), even though the urban-rural developmentgap remains one o the major issues o the countries. There can be noticed a major presence
o national organizations constituted in large cities and in Bucharest, with a national mission,
compared to organizations exclusively ocused on working on issues o the communities they
belong to.
The economic and social dimension o the non-governmental sector in Romania is
impressive, despite dicult access to resources.
The non-governmental organizations are active in wide range o elds (environment, social,
human rights etc.). From a statistic point o view, according to the number o registered legalpersons, the most important elds are sport and recreational activities (18.8%), education (7.5%)
and social services (7.3%). From the perspective o the employed sta and o annual incomes,
the most important eld is education, ollowed by sport and recreational activities and those
related to the social eld. The most dynamic sectors are: education with a growth o 38%, sport
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and recreational activities with 26%. Within the context o continuous reorm o the educational
system and o budgetary resources which constantly represented an issue, the contribution o
non-governmental organizations as suppliers o educational services is considerable.
At the level of the year 2009, the Romanian non-governmental organizations are
registered as initiators and main nancers o more than 750 private pre-academicteaching units.
The weight estimated from the total courses of initiation, qualication, improvement or
proessional specialization supplied by accredited non-governmental organizations is o
25% o the total accredited training programs during the period 2005 2009.
The non-governmental organizations represent 49% of the accredited suppliers of
social services and almost 50% o the accredited services in Romania.
The capacity of private suppliers to oer social services is marked out by the diversity
and number o accredited services, the non-prot private suppliers (associations and
oundations) accrediting 7776 dierent services, approx. 50% o the total accredited
services in Romania. NGO supplies 25% of alternative services for child protection in Romania, but the
weight o NGOs within the providers o such services decreases.
The NGOs serve 41% of the beneciaries of homecare services and more than 58% of
the old persons each month, using their own unding sources,. A monthly average
number o 10,192 old persons receive attendance at their domicile rom
non-governmental organizations.
According to the data of the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, the
balance cost-eciency and the preerences o the beneciaries are avourable to NGOs.
Besides the important volume o work carried out as volunteering whose value is dicult to
assess in monetary terms, the non-governmental sector in Romania is an important employer,
which provides a large number o jobs.
In the year 2008, the total number of jobs in the non-governmental sector was of 89,450
or a total number o 21,319 organizations, decreasing compared to 2006 and 2007.
For the year 2007, the number of jobs in the non-governmental sector was higher than
the number o jobs in other sectors such as nancial intermediations (97,000 employees)
or the mining industry (84,000 employees).
The number of jobs in the non-governmental sector in Romania is small compared tothe occupation capacity o the sector in other European countries.
NGOs largely operate based on volunteering, 68% of the active organizations
exclusively operating with volunteer work orce.
Along with the integration in the European Union, Romania maniested more and more interest
or the development o the social economy eld. A signicant part o the European economy is
not organized only or making prot or the investors. Social economy, including cooperatives,
the mutual aid companies, non-prot associations, oundations and social enterprises, supplies
a wide range o products and services in all Europe and generates millions o jobs. It represents
an opportunity or the non-governmental sector in Romania to reposition through certainsectors inside the Romanian society. However, despite the debates within the
non-governmental sector on the need to nd a viable alternative, independent solutions to und
their own activities, and despite the increasing popularity o and interest or the social economy,
there has never been noticed an obvious tendency o the non-governmental organizations in
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Romania to adopt entrepreneurship strategies.
On the grounds of the balance sheet data of NGO, one can nd that more than 8000
non-governmental organizations annually declare in their balance an economical
activity. Their number registered a decrease in 2008.
The incomes from economic activities of the non-governmental organizations2006-2008 increase in a slow rhythm and have an approximately constant weight o 17%
in the total incomes o the organizations, these incomes being acquired with a
propor tionally larger sta compared to the incomes rom activities without lucrative
purpose. These data can be the result o either a higher productivity o activities without
lucrative purpose and a higher economical eciency, or o a lower economic
perormance o economic activities.
The basis o nancial resources o the non-governmental sector remains ragile. The nancial
resources o 2/3 o the non-governmental organizations are low and very low, which limits their
action capacity.
In 2008, NGOs had total assets of RON 8,213,926,246 and in the same scal year, they
registered incomes o RON 5,339,855,854 (that is, about EUR 1.25 billion)
For the period 2006-2008, one can nd a constant increase of the assets and incomes
o the non-governmental sector the increase o assets being more accentuated than
o other incomes.
In the year 2008, 26.66% of the organizations had not registered any income for the
concerned scal year. 66.58% o the organizations either had no income, or had incomes
lower than RON 40,000.
Although the income sources o the non-governmental organizations have diversied, ew
o them receive support rom the public authorities. The most important income sources or
NGO remain those rom abroad, that is, grants rom the European Union and rom oreign or
international oundations.
Depending on the weight of funding sources in the incomes of the organizations,
oreign unds (the European Union and oundations or international or oreign
governmental institutions) remain the most important unding source or more than a
third o the organizations (35.2%). The national philanthropy (donations from companies, foundations and individuals) is
an important source o income or almost 18% o the organizations, and the public
sources (including directing the 2% o the tax) or almost 19% o the organizations.
The economic activities are the most important income source for 5.5% of the
organizations.
The mechanism 2% determined the transfer of EUR 57,480,987 (calculated at the
average exchange rate o the National Bank o Romania or the year when the transer
was perormed) or the tax years 2004 2008, the amount signicantly increasing every
year. Out o the total tax on income owed to the state budget, or the year 2008 the
taxpayers transerred 0.84%, almost hal o the amount available to be transerred bythe mechanism 2%.
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The civic involvement, citizens mobilization within the actions o non-governmental
organizations and volunteering, represent insuciently developed sources or the
sustainability o the non-governmental sector.
The public trust in NGOs has a slow, however constant, ascending trend. The opinion surveys
perormed in various moments, along more than a decade, indicate an ascending trend (slow,but constant) o the public image related to the non-governmental sector. According to the data
in March 2010, 32% o the Romanians trust much or very much the NGOs.
Nevertheless the public participation proportion o citizens in the activities o NGOs remains
low, due as well to the insucient preoccupation o the NGOs to choose their members and
volunteers.
There are no active policies amongst non-governmental organizations to attract new members.
Usually, the organizations preserve the original number o ounding members. The Barometer o
NGO Leaders showed that most o the organizations have below 10 members (49.6%). Amongstthe organizations with a high number o members, most o them are proessional organizations.
Volunteering keeps being an insuciently and ineciently promoted and exploited resource.
The public would rather make donations (especially or the church - 52% o the Romanian
citizens) than work as volunteers or the benet o the community, within an NGO (3.7%
o the Romanian citizens). However, the Barometer o NGO Leaders shows that most o the
non-governmental organizations (90%) works with volunteers, most o them declare not to have
any problems regarding volunteers involvement in their organizations and more than a hal
consider that the number o volunteers constantly involved in the activity o their organizations
is enough when compared to the needs o the organization.
The participation to drating and monitoring public policies or the beneft o the
citizens is one o the roles taken over by the NGO sector, in a context considered quite
unavourable.
A third o the NGOs in Romania declare to be involved in activities or infuencing public policies,
both at a national and local level. As well, only approx. 30% o the leaders o non-governmental
organizations are satised with the capacity o their organization to infuence public policy.
The leaders o NGO generally consider the climate in Romania less avourable or ecient
debates o public policies. According to the report, the leaders o non-governmental
organizations are distrustul o the democratic instincts o the politicians in Romania, they
would rather consider mass media to be an ally in promoting public debates and civic dialogue
and most o them think there is an exclusion risk rom public unding or the organizations which
state too obviously their disagreement related to public policy initiatives, at central or local level.
Most o the NGOs (57%) show an interest or participating to public policy decision, by
attending public consultations and sending their observations on legislative instrumentssubmitted to public debate. The number o observations transmitted by non-governmental
organizations to various public authorities within consultative processes increased by more
than 5 during the period 2003-2007, that is, according to ocial statistics, rom 2058 in 2003 to
11761 in 2007. Nonetheless, since 2008 one can notice a regress o the participation o NGOs to
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this type o debate.
The non-governmental organizations were actively involved in the stage o pre-accession
o Romania to the European Union and are amongst the most dynamic actors in absorbing
European unds during the post-adhesion period.
Along with the accession, the non-governmental sector lost an important political support:
the support o the Delegation o the European Commission in Romania and o the Embassies
o the member states. Without this support, many o the initiatives in the eld o democracy,
transparency and Europeanization o the state lost the audience and interest o the
political class, while the European Commission is no longer in the same strong position to
pressure the political class to adopt these reorms, in return o the progresses related to the
adhesion negotiations.
The Romanian non-governmental organizations contacted the European ederative structures
and, within the context o the European integration o Romania, they commenced adoptingstrategies similar to European organizations. Along with the accession to the EU, ollowing
the European organizational model, discussion started also in Romania about the utility o
developing (national) platorm. This new type o association o the non-governmental
organizations comes rom the supranational and intergovernmental character o the EU
and rom the need to represent its interest on European level. The policies aecting the
non-governmental organizations are no longer produced only in Bucharest, but more and more
in Brussels. From now on, one can notice the need to be represented in relation to European
institutions. The capacity o non-governmental organizations in Romania to infuence European
policies remains however limited.
Around 18% of the Romanian non-governmental organizations are associates in
national NGO networks, 13% attend European networks and 10% are aliated to
international networks.
The European structural unds had the potential to create a positive impact on the
non-governmental sector, opening new opportunities or innovation and development. But
the delays in launching the calls or projects, the bureaucracy, the aulty pre-unding and
reimbursement mechanism lead to major diculties or the non-governmental organizations
unded by these programmes.
Within the Human Resources Development Program funded by the European Social
Fund 2007-2013, more than 30 % o the beneciaries were non-governmental
organizations.
For almost 20% of the non-governmental organizations in Romania, European funds
represent the main unding source.
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Facts and fgures
1997
8503
1998
-666
1999
1866
2000
870
2001
333
2002
10567
2003
-164
2004
-293
2005
18589
2006
6166
2007
4751
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
Unions
Federations
Foundations
Associations71%
27%
1%1%
71 %
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Sports andrecreational
activities
Culture
Social
Health
Education
Mutual aidcenters
Veterinary andanimal husbandry
activities
Activities ofemployees
associations
Activities ofreligious
organizations
Activities of
professionalorganizations
Activities of officialminorities
organizations
Activities ofeconomical and
syndicateorganizations
11,4
14,0
18,8
0,3
0,3
0,4
9,2
10,0
7,3
2,5
2,6
4,7
18,7
21,7
7,5
5,8
2,0
2,2
3,7
4,1
1,6
0,8
0,3
0,5
2,9
3,7
3,6
5,0
8,06,2
0,2
0,3
0,2
8,9
4,4
3,5
Weight on annual incomes (%)
Weight of the staff (%)
Weight of active legal persons (which submitted the balance on 31.12.2008) (%)
2 000 000 000
Fixed
assets
total (RON)
Total incomes
(RON)
2007 2008
4 000 000 000
6 000 000 000
8 000 000 000
10 000 000 000
2006
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Weight incomes
More than 10 mil. RON 36,670,32
35,623,61
9,823,52
8,937,03
7,2318,94
1,7239,92
0,0026,66
1 000 000 9 999 999 RON
500 000 999 999 RON
200 000 499 999 RON
40 000 199 999 RON
Below 40 000 RON
0 RON
Weight organizations
0
Weight of staff regarding
the activities without
patrimonial purpose
Fixed assets total
Total incomes
No.employees
ThousandRON
Staff regarding
economical or
financial activities
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
02006 2007 2008
80 000
25 000
50 000
100 000
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Incomes from activities without patrimonial purpose
Incomes from activities with special destination
Incomes from economical activities
2006 2007 2008
3 078 242
659 640
843 196
882 195
3 746 4734 395 042
56 687
45 973
62 619
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
1 500 000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
3 000 000
8 511 125
14 777 871
29 825 125
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
19%
-65%
1 1 11 4 7 1
%05-%05- -51% -53%
13%
26% 29%31% 32%
High + a great deal
Low + very low
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23,5 %
16,2 %
11,8 %
15,3 %
33,2 %
Highly
In some extent
In small extent
Not at all
Non-answers
Actions performed one or several timesvolunteering
work for church
or community
volunteering work
for a non-govern-
mental organization
Sex%4%32Male
%4%51Female
Age%4%9years old92-81
%5%12years old44-03
%5%91years old95-54
%1%42years old and more06
Studies
%1%91Less than or equal to 8 grades%4%52Vocational School/10 grades
%5%51High School, Post-secondary
%5%51College, Faculty
Social
category
Department Managers and Private Undertakers 19 % 4 %
Civil Servants with Upper Studies and Skilled Staff 15 % 6 %
Skilled Workers and Civil Servants with average studies 17 % 3 %
Unskilled workers and other servants with minimum
studies
Income perhousehold
%3%82Low (below 1120 RON/month)
%6%71Average (1121-1960 RON/month)
%3%51High (more 1960 RON/month)
Historical
region
Transilvania, Banat, Criana, Maramure 20 % 4 %
%3%41aegorboD,ainetnuM,ainetlO
%3%82avodloM
%6%9Bucharest
Size of
locality
%3%8Cities with more than200K inhabitants
%5%31Towns 50-200K inhabitants
%4%51Towns sub 50K inhabitants
%4%82Rural localities
%4%91latoT
23 % 3 %
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At national level (laws,Governmental Decisions,orders, others)
At county level(decisions of thecounty council etc.)
At local level (decisionsof the local council etc.)
Yes, totally
Yes, in some extent
No
I do not know/answer
The organization did not formulateproposals for altering public decisionsNon-answers
2,5 9,9 15,3 4,2 38,2 29,9
3,435,149.34,213,56,2
4,4 11,6 12,5 3,7 38,3 29,5
Regression
Financial
Fund raising
Human resources
Volunteering
Corporate socialresponsibility (CSR)
Image
Participation to
European networks
Others
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70-10
-11 26,8 29,5
-10,4 31,9 20,5
-4,9 39 20,7
6,826,431,3-
-1,7 40,9 14,4
2,334,138,0-
2,23237,0-
-0,2 21 3,1
No impact Positive impact
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Associations
Foundations
Assistance public services
Specialized services at county level
Specialized services at local level
Religious cults
Social assistance units
Medico-social assistance units
Self-employed entities
29%
20%31%
3%
8%
4%3% 2%
0%
on-profitprivate
liers(associations
andfoundations)
Specialized
servicesat
countylevel
Specialized
servicesat
locallevel
Religious
cults
Social
assistance
units
Medico-social
assistanceunits
Assistance
public
services
7 776
1 132 1 018545 396 372
4 456
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Copii
979292
8391 444
7 318
10 192
6 994
2 765
Btrni Persoane cuhandicap Altele
Bugete locale
Bugete ONG
0
50
100
150
Occupation
quota
Quota of demand
timeout
87,8
93,4
21,6
53,1
95,4104,4
Local budgets
NGO budgets
Other sources
Statistic data in the field of
education (December 31, 2008)
1 EUR = 3.9852
Statistic data for the 28 accredited
private Universities (List according
to www.edu.ro, April 2010)
1 EUR = 3.9852
% altogether
Education
Field
RON EURO RON EURO
Fixed assets 1 021 049 990 256 210 476 727 554 035 182 563 996 71,26%
Incomes from AFSL 1 121 549 357 281 428 625 759 357 054 190 544 277 67,71%
Incomes from deeds
with special destination384 949 96 595
Incomes from
economical activities
67 091 686 16 835 212 5 298 815 1 329 623 7,90%
Total incomes 1 189 025 992 302 007 410 764 655 869 191 873 901 64,31%
Romania 2010