non-metalic elements. bulk elements trace elements for some species periodic table
TRANSCRIPT
Non-metalic ElementsNon-metalic Elements
bulk elements
trace elements
for some species
Periodic Table
Halogenes
Fluorine (F)
Source1 mg F-L seawater CaF2 Na3AlF6 in soil
Absorption passive diffusion
plasma 015-020 mgLtissues 03-05 mgkgbones accumulation ()increases resistance to dental caries
[Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]Ca(OH)2 + 2F- [Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]CaF2 + 2OH-
Hydroxyapatite Fluorapatite 95 5
enamel
Chlorine (Cl)
Cl- (predominant anion)- osmoregulation 115-120 mmolL- granulocytes
H2O2 + Cl - ClO - + H2O
H2O2 + ClO - 1O2 + H2O + Cl-
Iodine (I)
Uptake I - I2 Thyreoglobulineperoxydase
T4T3
-Hypothyreosis goiter
- Hyperthyreosis
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
bulk elements
trace elements
for some species
Periodic Table
Halogenes
Fluorine (F)
Source1 mg F-L seawater CaF2 Na3AlF6 in soil
Absorption passive diffusion
plasma 015-020 mgLtissues 03-05 mgkgbones accumulation ()increases resistance to dental caries
[Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]Ca(OH)2 + 2F- [Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]CaF2 + 2OH-
Hydroxyapatite Fluorapatite 95 5
enamel
Chlorine (Cl)
Cl- (predominant anion)- osmoregulation 115-120 mmolL- granulocytes
H2O2 + Cl - ClO - + H2O
H2O2 + ClO - 1O2 + H2O + Cl-
Iodine (I)
Uptake I - I2 Thyreoglobulineperoxydase
T4T3
-Hypothyreosis goiter
- Hyperthyreosis
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Halogenes
Fluorine (F)
Source1 mg F-L seawater CaF2 Na3AlF6 in soil
Absorption passive diffusion
plasma 015-020 mgLtissues 03-05 mgkgbones accumulation ()increases resistance to dental caries
[Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]Ca(OH)2 + 2F- [Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4]CaF2 + 2OH-
Hydroxyapatite Fluorapatite 95 5
enamel
Chlorine (Cl)
Cl- (predominant anion)- osmoregulation 115-120 mmolL- granulocytes
H2O2 + Cl - ClO - + H2O
H2O2 + ClO - 1O2 + H2O + Cl-
Iodine (I)
Uptake I - I2 Thyreoglobulineperoxydase
T4T3
-Hypothyreosis goiter
- Hyperthyreosis
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Chlorine (Cl)
Cl- (predominant anion)- osmoregulation 115-120 mmolL- granulocytes
H2O2 + Cl - ClO - + H2O
H2O2 + ClO - 1O2 + H2O + Cl-
Iodine (I)
Uptake I - I2 Thyreoglobulineperoxydase
T4T3
-Hypothyreosis goiter
- Hyperthyreosis
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Iodine (I)
Uptake I - I2 Thyreoglobulineperoxydase
T4T3
-Hypothyreosis goiter
- Hyperthyreosis
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
I
O CH2 C
H
NH3+
COO-HO
I I
II
Thyroid hormones
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
NONMETALLIC ELEMENTS
Boron (B)
Borates in plants
- normal growth- infection resistance-accumulated in algae in sponges
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic (III) oxide - poison carcinogenic
Organic form of arsenic compounds are less toxic
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Sulfur (S)
Summary of sulfur functions
1 Good attacking and leaving group as RndashS(-) (catalysis)
2 Polymerizes to ndashSndashSndash
3 As a base RS(-) S2- forms complexes with transition metals
4 Thioethers cyclic thioether formation
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Selenium (Se)
Oxidation states -2 -1 0 +2 +4 +6
Similar to S
1 Toxic (accumulation in plants)2 Protective function Pb2+ Hg2+ Cd2+
3 Essential microelementGlutation peroxydase EndashSendashH
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
E ndash Se- E ndash SeOH
E ndash Se ndash S ndash G
ROH
G ndash SH
H2OG ndash SH
H+ G ndash S ndash S ndash G
ROOH H+
The catalytic cycle of GSH peroxidase
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Deficiency symptoms
- muscular degeneration
- Keshan disease weakness of heart muscle
Glutathion peroxidase
ROOH + 2G SH G S S G + H2O + ROH
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Silicon (Si)
Terrestrial distribution
The most abundant element (next to oxygen)
In vivo distribution
Data on its physiology are LIMITED
Trace element in - most higher animals- man
Major element in - many unicellular org- in plants (grasses)
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Si
HO
O
OH
OOH
OH
HO
HO
Si
OHOH
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
hellip ndash Gly ndash Ser ndash Ser ndash hellip
SILICOSIS (lungs) possible cross-linking of proteins
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH2
HC
(CH2)2
OH
NH2
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
O
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
N
CH
HC
(CH2)2
OH
(CH2)2
CH2
CH2
NH
CH2
C
(CH2)2
O
Cross-linking between collagen chains in lung tissue
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Hypothetical model of silification
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Nitrogen
Occurrence
1 ~ 80 atmosphere2 NaNO3 salpeter3 Living 14 (human body)
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Biological Nitrogen Comes from N2
1011 kg of N2 fixed annually
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
1 Nitrogenase dinitrogenase 12 - 14 mol ATP reductase
2 Ferredoxin (electron carrier)
Mo - Fe - protein+2 Fe - protein NITROGENASE
N2 + +6H + 2 NH6e- nitrogen
Fe3+ Mo 3+ 3ase
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
OxygenOxygen
Terrestrial distributionTerrestrial distribution
3rd of the most frequently occurring elements (H He O2)
168O (99 ) 18
8O (izotoacutep)
Bioinorganic importance of oxygen ORGANOGENICORGANOGENIC element
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
OO22++ oxygen ion oxygen ion no biological importanceno biological importance
O oxygen atomO oxygen atom reactive (decomposition Oreactive (decomposition O33))
OO22- - superoxide anionsuperoxide anion UV enzyme reactions UV enzyme reactions
(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)(xanthinoxidase NADPH-oxidase)
OO222-2- peroxide anion peroxide anion dissociation of H dissociation of H22OO22
OH hydroxy free radicalOH hydroxy free radical decomposition of H decomposition of H22OO22
HOHO22 hydroperoxy free radical hydroperoxy free radical
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Reduction of O2 to H2O (v) I H+ + O2 + e- HO2
H+ + HO2 + e- H2O2
H2O2 + H+ + e- OH + H2O
H+ + OH + e- H2O
- 032
+168
+088
+274
II 2H+ + O2 + 2e- H2O2
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O
+068
+177
III 4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O +123
Reduction of OReduction of O22 to H to H22OO deg(v)deg(v)
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
Protection from superoxide and peroxideProtection from superoxide and peroxide
1 Superoxide dismutase systems1 Superoxide dismutase systems
2 Catalase (heme)2 Catalase (heme)
3 Peroxidase systems (heme)3 Peroxidase systems (heme)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
H2O2 + AH2 2H2O + AA
2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state
O2 + free electron O2- superoxide radical
H2O
H2O2
H2O
GSH
GSSG
H2O H2O + O2
H2O2 + O2- superoxide radical O2 + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + OH- + OH hydroxyl radical
Fentonrsquos reaction
Haber-Weissrsquo reaction Pathological state
superoxide
dismutase
catalaseglutathion peroxidase
Physiological state