non renewable energy - ms. diaz website renewable energy.pdf · non renewable energy . patterns of...
TRANSCRIPT
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
PATTERNS OF ENERGY USE IN THE U.S.
• Wood was predominant,
next coal, oil, and natural
gas
• Now there are 3 resources
that supply the majority of
energy
1. Oil
2. Natural Gas 3. Coal
• Natural gas has increased due
to recent increase in fracking
• Natural gas is more efficient
than coal
• Example: Home water heaters
• Fueled by Natural gas= 80 %
efficient
• Fueled by coal = 35 % efficient
• Electricity accounts for 40 % of our energy use
• Electricity is generated from many different sources
Primary sources Secondary Sources
Fossil Fuels, wind, water electricity
And sun
HOW IS ELECTRICITY GENERATED?
1. FOSSIL FUEL (COAL) IS DELIVERED TO A BOILER AND GETS BURNED
2. ITS ENERGY CHANGES WATER TO STEAM
3. STEAM OF WATER(KINETIC ENERGY) SPIN A TURBINE
4. TURBINE ALLOWS A GENERATOR TO MAKE ELECTRICITY
5. ELECTRICAL GRID SUPPLIES ELECTRICITY TO HOMES
3 TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS
COAL
• Coal is the most abundant and dirtiest fossil fuels
• Coal comes from remains of tree ferns, plant material
• Very abundant and easy to extract, handle, and process
• Largest Reserves: United States, Russia, China
• Largest Production: China, United States, Indonesia
• Coal is retrieved and burned to generate 62 % of the world’s electricity & ¾
of the world’s steel
ADVANTAGES
• Easier to extract, exploit by
surface mining and steel
manufacturing
• Lack of efficiency
• Highest to release carbon dioxide
• Releases impurities: sulfur (leads to
acid rain)
• Mercury, lead, arsenic,
• Creates coal ash= waste material
• Washing coal uses organic
compounds and have not been
tested for toxicity
DISADVANTAGES
COAL
3 TYPES OF COAL
• Anthracite= most desirable but takes longer to form, more
expensive and low sulfur content (high heat content)
• Lignite= Low heat content and in limited supply
• Bituminous= Large supply, has high sulfur content (high
heat content)
PETROLEUM OIL AKA “CRUDE OIL”
• Formed from the remains of ocean dwelling phytoplankton that died 50 million to 150 million
years ago
• PROCESS OF EXTRACTION
1. Oil is found by use of seismic waves
2. A well is drilled to pump oil out and transported to refinery
3. Refinery: crude oil is refined by fractional distillation
ADVANTAGES
• More uses
• More efficient
• Less carbon dioxide emissions
• Also contains sulfur, mercury, lead arsenic
• Potential for oil spills
• Examples Exxon Valdez spill of 1989
• BP oil spill Deep Water Horizon of 2012 spilled 206 million gallons of oil
DISADVANTAGES
PETROLEUM OIL
NATURAL GAS
• 80-95 % methane (CH4)
• Half of the homes in the United States rely on natural gas
• Contains fewer impurities, cleanest of fossil fuels
• Natural gas provides 29 % of U.S. energy
• Methane can escape into the atmosphere and is more potent than carbon dioxide
• Natural Gas power plants are less expensive and take much less time to build than coal power
plants
• Can be obtained through horizontal fracking
NATURAL GAS
In order to transport natural gas it must be converted into liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Highly flammable liquid in refrigerated tanker ships then its reheated back and then distributed
by pipeline
Largest natural gas production: U.S., Russia, China
Consumption: U.S. , Russia, China
Currently the U.S does not need to rely on other countries for natural gas. This is due to
horizontal drilling and fracking
Extraction of natural gas:
Once a hole is punctured from a well it is moved through long connections of pipelines
Since natural gas is odorless, odorant is added to help detect leaks
ADVANTAGES
• Ample supplies
• Versatile fuel
• Emits less carbon dioxide and
other air pollutants than other
fossil fuels
• Fracking uses large amounts of
chemicals and water leading to
contamination
• Potential groundwater
pollution from fracking
• Production and delivery may
emit more carbon dioxide and
methane than coal
DISADVANTAGES
NATURAL GAS
QUESTION
• Can natural gas help slow climate change?
• Identify the benefits of using natural gas
• Identify the drawbacks of harvesting and using natural gas
NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Cleanest of all non-renewables
• Why? Does not use fossil fuels but instead a metal
called Uranium-235
• The only issue is the Uranium-235 must be mined
• U-235 is enriched into Uranium dioxide
• One pellet contains the energy equivalent of about
a tone of coal
NUCLEAR FISSION
• Is the source of energy for producing electricity
Energy is released due to collisions of
nucleases in atoms
Everytime fragmentation occurs energy is
released
The energy is retrieved and used to
produce steam in a power plant
A coolant usually water circulates
through the reactors core to
remove heat and keep fuel rods
from melting and releasing
radioactivity
Cotnrol rods are used to absorb
neutrons in case
By products are radioactive waste
which can remain hazardous for
many years
ADVANTAGES
• Clean energy
• Low carbon dioxide emissions
• Large fuel supply
• Possibility of accidents
• Radioactive waste= Nuclear fuel that can no longer produce enough heat to be useful
• Can be stolen to make weapons
• Disposing of radioactive waste is a challenge
DISADVANTAGES
NUCLEAR ENERGY
CONSERVATION & RENEWABLE ENERGY
• A sustainable approach to energy use must incorporate both energy conservation and efficiency
• Energy conservation means finding and implementing ways to use less energy
• Smaller scale can include turning off appliances when not in use and lowering household thermostat in
winter
• Larger scale the government can improve public transportation
• Taxing electricity, oil, natural gas since higher taxes discourage use.
• Using a tiered system so if you use more tier increases so pay more
• Retrofit a home or business so it will operate less on energy gives people rebates or tax credits
• Respect peak demand
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Insulation of walls and basement
Relying on Passive Solar Design
Design of a house that relies more on solar
radiation than active technology
Building is positioned to maximize its
utilization
Building material absorb and repel heat
ACTIVE SOLAR DESIGN
Having an efficient radiant heating system
Using photovoltaic cells (Solar Panels)
POTENTIALLY RENEWABLE OR NONDEPLETABLE
Potentially Renewable= energy source
that can be regenerated as long as it is
not overharvested
Nondepletable= An energy source
that cannot be used up
Together they are renewable energy
resources
SOLAR ENERGY
• Photovoltaic Systems
• Capture energy from the sun as light and convert it
directly into electricity
• Semiconductors generate a low voltage current and
converts into high voltage (homes)
• Sunlight hits cells, they emit electrons, a current is
generated
SOLAR PANELS
• Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy
• Large scale application of solar energy
• Mirrors or lenses are used for sunlight to be focused in one area
• Heat collected is used to steam water and turn a turbine
ADVANTAGES
• No production of carbon
dioxide
• Produces electricity when it is
needed the most
• Economically feasible
• Cells are too expensive to
manufacture and install
• Payback period takes too long
• Manufacturing the cells requires a
great deal of water and energy
• Releases toxic metals and industrial
chemicals into the environment
• Solar cells overtime must be
discarded
DISADVANTAGES
SOLAR PANELS
WIND ENERGY
• Energy generated from the
kinetic energy of moving air
• Due to warm air rising and cool
air sinking, creates circulation
patterns
• Wind turns blade of turbine,
blades transfer energy to gear
box, energy is transferred to a
generator, electricity is generated
WHO IS USING WIND ENERGY?
• Wind farms are placed on
land in places where wind
blows up to 25 % of time
• Nearby off shore coastal
locations are more
desirable
• Examples, Denmark,
Netherlands, Sweden,
ADVANTAGES
• Produces no pollution and
green house gases
• Very low environmental impact
• Free energy and non
depletable
• If you live off the grid it requires you
to have a battery which are
expensive and hard to dispose of
• Migratory birds and bats may be
killed due to collisions
• Can fragment the land as well
• Too noisy
DISADVANTAGES
WIND ENERGY
HYDROELECTRICITY
• Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water
• This is the 2nd most commonly used form of renewable energy in the U.S.
• A high dam is built across a river to create a reservoir. The stored water flows through huge pipes, spinning turbines producing electricity
• The amount of electricity generated depends on flow rate and vertical flow
2 LARGEST DAMS IN THE WORLD
ADVANTAGES
• Brings renewable energy to people
• Generates great amounts of energy with out carbon
dioxide emissions
• Reservoir can serve as recreational purposes
• Generates revenue
DISADVANTAGES
• Reservoir may have potential for flooding nearby areas
• Standing water retains more heat and less oxygen so it affects which species
can live there
• Affects the life cycle of various organisms by controlling the flow of water
CHECK POINT FOR UNDERSTANDING
• Explain why it is advantageous to locate wind turbines over water rather than
on land?
• Identify the benefits and drawbacks of wind power
TAPPING INTO THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
• Geothermal energy= heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the
earth’s mantle
• Practically only in sites with high enough concentrations of underground heat
• Can be used to heat and cool houses by using a geothermal pump
• Hydrothermal reservoirs can be found and drilled to retrieve steam and can be
used to spin a turbine and generate electricity
• Geothermal energy is used in 24 countries including the U.S. (world’s largest
producer)
Water can be injected underground where it is
hot enough to come back up and generate
electricity
Iceland gets almost 30 % electricity from
geothermal power plants
ADVANTAGES
• Non depletable resource
• After initial investment no cost
to harvest energy
• Can be installed anywhere
• No emissions during operation
• Emits hazardous gases and
stream
• Geographically limited
DISADVANTAGES
GEOTHERMAL
BIOMASS
• Biomass is energy from the sun
• Biomass includes wood, charcoal, animal products and manure, plant remains, as well as liquid fuels like
ethanol and biodiesel (bio fuel)
• Bio fuels consists for roughly ½ of the renewable energy and 3.5 % of all energy consumed in the U.S.
• Developing world a larger percentage of biomass energy comes from wood and animal manure
MODERN CARBON VS FOSSIL CARBON
• Given the fact that both fossil fuels and biomass raise atmospheric carbon is it really better for the environment to replace fossil fuels with biomass?
• It depends on how long the carbon has been stored.
• The carbon found in plants like the corn used to make biofuel or the algae was in the atmosphere not too long ago = modern carbon
• Carbon from fossil fuels was not in the atmosphere recently, it has been buried for millions of years, it was out of circulation = fossil carbon
• Fossil carbon is adding to the atmosphere while modern is not because it has been part of the carbon cycle
SOLID BIOMASS
• World wide 2-3 billion people rely on wood as a source of energy
• Some powerplants still use wood as a source of energy
• This net removal of forest together with the burning of wood results in a net increase in
atmospheric carbon dioxide
• Can also lead to soil being disturbed thus releasing for carbon
• Dried animal manure as fuel for heating and cooking
• Burning biomass in general produces a variety of air pollutants (particulate matter, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide)
BIOFUELS: ETHANOL & BIODIESEL
• Ethanol= alcohol made by using starches (corn) from plant material
• World leader in ethanol production
• It is mixed with gasoline =gasohol
• Produces less air pollutants when combusted by cars
• It has lower energy content so you need less efficient
• Can contribute to food shortages due to growing of corn for fuel production instead of feeding
humans
• https://www.autoblog.com/2009/08/13/greenlings-why-is-there-ethanol-in-gasoline/
• Biodiesel = Produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants Some plants include algae, palm oil,
and soybean
• Diluted to B-20 (80 % petroleum diesel & 20 % biodiesel)
• SVO= Straight vegetable oil, used oil from restaurants is recycled and turned into biodiesel
• Some species of algae provide good source of energy
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_lT6mJM_fA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWz-Zb1P0Zg
HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
• Electrical chemical device that converts fuel,
such as hydrogen, into an electrical current
• Hydrogen molecules are split into a proton and
electron both take a different route
• The difference in charges allows for a current to
be generated
• Oxygen picks up what is not in use
• End product= energy and water
DISADVANTAGE
• Hydrogen is explosive in natur e