non-technical summary - iemaborder geoscience undertook the assessment of geology, ... emu’s work...

Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm: Onshore Works Environmental Statement Non-Technical Summary

Non-Technical Summary

1.1 Introduction

1 Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm Limited (NnGOWL) is submitting an application to East Lothian Council (ELC) for planning permission to construct and operate electrical grid connection infrastructure associated with the Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Onshore Works’). The Onshore Works, comprising onshore buried cables, 12.3 km in length, and a new substation are wholly located within the ELC area. The Onshore Works are shown on Figure 1.

2 The application is categorised as a ‘Major Development’ under the Town and Country Planning (Hierarchy of Development) (Scotland) Regulations 2009 on the basis that the area of the development exceeds two hectares (ha.).

3 An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been carried out under The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2011. The planning application is accompanied by an Environmental Statement (ES), the purpose of which is to detail the results of the EIA and to report on the predicted environmental effects of the proposed Onshore Works. This Non-Technical Summary (NTS) summarises the findings and conclusions of the ES. A Pre-Application Consultation (PAC) Report has also been submitted to accompany the application. Provision of a PAC report is a requirement for ‘Major Development’ proposals. It provides a helpful structure for presenting information on the pre-application consultation which has taken place and has informed the development of the Onshore Works.

1.2 The Applicant and Project Team 4 NnGOWL is the developer of Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm. NnGOWL is a subsidiary undertaking of

International Mainstream Renewable Power Limited (hereinafter referred to as ‘Mainstream’) and was incorporated specifically for the development of Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm (which includes the associated Onshore Works).

5 Mainstream is the promoter of Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm. Mainstream was founded by Eddie O’Connor in 2008 to develop wind and solar plants around the world. Mainstream has a global development portfolio of over 15,000 megawatts (MW), consisting of both onshore wind and solar projects and offshore wind projects across four continents.

6 LUC has been appointed as the EIA Project Manager for the Onshore Works. LUC is registered to the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA)’s EIA Quality Mark, having made a commitment to excellence in the EIA activities delivered. IEMA reviews each registrant’s compliance with the EIA Quality Mark Commitments on an ongoing basis to ensure registrants continue to maintain high standards.

7 The NTS has been prepared by LUC on behalf of the developer. LUC also produced the following ES chapters:

Introductory and Summary Chapters;

Legislation and Planning Policy;

Engagement and Commitments;

Terrestrial and Inter-tidal Ecology;

Landscape and Visual Amenity; and

Socioeconomic Effects.

8 A number of sub-consultants undertook further specialist assessments as follows:

Kaya Consulting Ltd undertook the Hydrology, Flood Risk, Water Resources, and Surface Water Quality;

Border Geoscience undertook the assessment of Geology, Ground Conditions, Groundwater and Coastal Processes;

The Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) undertook the Soils, Agriculture and Land Use assessment;

Arup undertook the Access, Traffic and Transport, Noise and Vibration and Air Quality assessments;

Natural Research Projects (NRP) undertook the Ornithology assessment; and

CFA Archaeology undertook the Cultural Heritage assessment.

9 EMU Ltd specialises in consultancy, research and survey in the marine sector and was appointed to undertake the EIA for the Offshore Works. LUC has worked closely with EMU to ensure a coordinated approach to the assessment of both onshore and offshore components. EMU’s work included surveys of the intertidal area at the cable landing point which has fed into the assessment of the Onshore Works.

10 Facilitating Change (UK) Ltd is a facilitation company that works with clients in both the public and private sector. The organisation specialises in the design, delivery, reporting and project management of public and stakeholder engagement for major developments. The developer has engaged relevant public and stakeholder groups throughout the planning process and Facilitating Change has played a key role in this.

11 Xero Energy Ltd offers expert advice in the field of electricity grid connection and integration of generation from renewable devices. Xero Energy’s work has included all aspects of engineering consultancy and survey work for the Onshore Works as well as commercial support for the Project’s grid connection agreements.

1.3 Climate Change and the Need for the Project

12 Global climate change is widely recognised as one of the greatest environmental, social and political challenges facing the world today. One of the principal causes of climate change is a rise in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), to which fossil-fuelled electricity generation is a major contributor. At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2009, nations agreed to move towards immediate global action on climate change. The UK made a commitment to reduce emissions by at least 34% by 2020.

13 The Scottish Government issued the Renewables Action Plan (RAP) in June 2009i, which provides a rolling update,

identifying what is required in the renewables sector to achieve Government objectives. This document is part of the ‘‘framework for success’’

ii towards realising the renewables challenge. The RAP refers to imperative action

required to address climate change and states that this imperative is driving development across a range of policy interests.

14 Since publication of the RAP, the Scottish Government has set new, higher targets, to encourage the renewable energy industry to respond. In September 2010, the Government raised the 2020 target for electricity to be generated from renewable sources to 80%. In May 2011, the Scottish Government raised the target even further, to generate the equivalent of 100% of Scotland's gross annual electricity consumption from renewable sources by 2020.

15 Following announcement of the new renewables targets, the Scottish Government published the 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland in July 2011. This is an update and extension to the RAP. Meeting such ambitious targets will require a range of renewable energy technologies, including offshore wind farms.

16 Offshore wind energy arguably represents the most viable method of delivering the significant proportion of the UK and Scottish targets which can only be delivered by 2020 through the use of proven generation technologies (wind turbines). Whilst onshore wind also has a significant contribution to make, the offshore environment offers greater opportunity to accommodate the scale of projects which will be required to meet Scottish and UK targets.

17 Moving offshore allows deployment at a far greater scale than can realistically be achieved onshore. Additionally, moving offshore can take advantage of a higher wind resource; with both higher speeds and more consistent wind available in the marine environment.

18 RenewableUK, the trade and professional body for the UK wind and marine renewables industries, has developed an equation which calculates the number of homes that can be supplied with energy generated by a wind farm project

iii. Applying this equation to Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm, it is conservatively estimated that the

wind farm will produce enough electricity each year to meet the needs of the equivalent of 251,617 households. Using what is contended to be a more representative capacity factor of 40%, the number of households increases to 335,489.

19 The City of Edinburgh has approximately 218,774 householdsiv. On this basis, Neart na Gaoithe Offshore Wind Farm

would generate more locally produced electricity each year than the annual domestic demand of a city of this size.

1.4 EIA Methodology and Approach

20 EIA involves the evaluation and presentation of any predicted significant environmental effects resulting from a proposed development, to assist the planning authority, statutory consultees and wider public in considering a


planning application. Early identification of potentially adverse environmental effects also leads to the incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures into the scheme design.

21 The assessment of the significance of effects arising from the proposed development is a key stage in the EIA process. It takes into account type of effect; sensitivity of receptor; extent and magnitude of effect; comparison with legal requirements, policies and standards; and comparison with environmental thresholds. The significance of the effects of the proposed development has been categorised, where possible, as major, moderate, minor, or negligible. Effects of ‘major’ or ‘moderate’ significance are considered to be ‘significant’ in the context of the EIA Regulations.

22 The EIA Regulations state that types of effects identified “should cover the direct effects and any indirect, secondary, cumulative, short, medium and long-term, permanent and temporary, positive and negative effects.” It is also important to consider the possible effects that the Onshore Works may have in conjunction with existing, consented or other proposed developments or activities. This includes the potential for effects arising from the onshore construction works for Neart na Gaoithe in combination with the offshore construction works and for potential cumulative effects arising with proposed extensions to existing onshore wind farms in the vicinity of the Onshore Works.

23 The scope of the EIA was informed by the Scoping Opinion provided by ELC in February 2012 and the consultation responses received from key consultees including Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), Historic Scotland (HS), and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA).

24 The purpose of scoping is to ensure that the EIA focuses on the key environmental issues. The main findings of the EIA are summarised by environmental topic within this NTS.

1.5 Site Selection and Alternatives 25 A number of potential grid connection points in the east of Scotland were considered by National Grid Electricity

Transmission (NGET), including locations in Angus, Fife and East Lothian. The connection options identified were Arbroath (Angus), Tealing (Fife), Cockenzie, Torness, Branxton and Crystal Rig II Wind Farm (the latter three are all in East Lothian).

26 It is important to note that the grid connection location is offered by NGET depending on grid capacity and proposed connection date and is not chosen by the developer. Following a high level study by NGET in 2009, a connection point was offered for Neart na Gaoithe at Crystal Rig II Wind Farm.

1.5.1 Cable Landfall 27 Following the decision on the connection location, detailed intertidal, environmental and technical surveys of

potential landfall points at Skateraw and Thorntonloch were undertaken.

28 Skateraw was assessed to be more technically challenging due to exposed rock on the beach. Furthermore, Skateraw is in close proximity to a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

29 Thorntonloch is more suitable for cable landing due to the increased sediment cover and fewer environmental designations. As a result, Thorntonloch was taken forward as the proposed cable landfall location.

30 Further work was undertaken to identify the preferred landing point on the beach. Of four possible locations, the option to the south of the Thornton Burn was selected. This location is set back from the caravan park at this location and has sufficient space for transition pits and associated intertidal works.

1.5.2 Onshore Transmission Infrastructure 31 The most technically straightforward means of connecting overland between Thorntonloch and Crystal Rig would

be through the use of overhead lines; either on steel lattice towers (‘pylons’) or wooden poles. However, due to the potential for adverse landscape and visual effects, as well as potential effects on the setting of heritage features such as the Innerwick Conservation Area, a buried cable was considered to be the preferred option.

1.5.3 Onshore Cable: Appraisal of Potential Route Corridors 32 Following the selection of buried cable and the preferred landfall at Thorntonloch, work was undertaken to identify

the onshore cable route corridor to Crystal Rig. A desk study and site walkover were undertaken to identify

environmental and technical constraints to identify potential route corridors. Four potential route corridors between Thorntonloch and Crystal Rig were identified and appraised.

1.5.4 Onshore Cable: Selection of Preferred Route Corridor 33 Following the assessment of cable route options, a route was selected which merged parts of route corridor

options. This preferred route option cross the Thornton Burn and then the A1 road immediately to the south of the junction for Thorntonloch. It then follows the A1 to the west, crossing the East Coast Mainline railway (ECML) before turning southwest and crossing fields between Innerwick and Thurston Manor. South of Thurston Manor, the route broadly follows local roads and the Crystal Rig access track to the grid connection point.

34 Crossing the A1 and ECML are unavoidable for any route between the coast and Crystal Rig. The preferred corridor did, however, provide opportunities for benefits with respect to avoiding environmental designations, avoiding local population centres and has good construction and maintenance access along the route.

1.5.5 Refinement of the Application Boundary 35 The preferred route corridor was the subject of an EIA Scoping Report submitted to ELC in January 2012. Following

receipt of a Scoping Opinion, more detailed work was undertaken to select the most appropriate location for the final Application Boundary within the preferred route corridor. Work undertaken included environmental site surveys, desktop studies, consultation with stakeholders as well as civil and electrical engineering studies. The studies informed the definition of the Application Boundary and the choice of appropriate construction techniques. The proposed Onshore Works within this Application Boundary are the subject of this planning application and EIA.

1.5.6 Substation Location 36 The main area of search for the new substation was in the vicinity of the existing Crystal Rig II substation (i.e. close

to the proposed connection point). In selecting a preferred location, it was necessary to take account of a number of technical and environmental constraints including sensitive habitats (such as blanket bog), proximity to a public right of way and existing and planned infrastructure associated with the existing Crystal Rig wind farm (and planned extensions to the network). Areas to the south and east of the existing substation were ruled out on the basis of constraints. Areas to the north and northwest of the existing substation were selected and taken forward for layout design. The layout presented in the final application was further informed by a desire to reduce earthworks and limit drainage impacts as well as a requirement to stay beyond a buffer around existing turbines.

1.5.7 Project Description 37 The Onshore Works are located between Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS) at Thorntonloch and the connection

point at Crystal Rig II Wind Farm. The underground cables between these two points will run for a distance of 12.3 km, mainly within private land, with some sections running alongside public roads to facilitate ease of access. The northern part of the route traverses lowland areas of agricultural land and further south, the route crosses higher ground and areas of open grazing land and moorland.

38 The Onshore Works comprise three principal elements as described below.

1.5.8 Cable Landfall 39 The two offshore cables will be brought from the offshore cable laying vessel, across the intertidal zone, to either a

single or two adjacent ‘transition pits’ (underground structures that house the cable joints). The dimensions of the transition pits are a maximum 10 m length x 4 m width x 3 m depth and the ground will be reinstated post construction. The onshore and offshore cables will be connected at the transition pit(s). The precise cable route within the landfall area will be dependent on the results of detailed geotechnical investigations of the landfall area. The method of installation for the intertidal works will be dependent on ground and seabed conditions and will comprise either trenchless techniques such as Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) or Open Cut Trenching (OCT).

1.5.9 Onshore Cable 40 The majority of the corridor within the Application Boundary is 30 m wide. In some locations, this widens to allow

for vehicle turning or where extra space may be required. It is anticipated that only a 20 m width will be required for the majority of the cable route which allows 10 m for micrositing to avoid constraints. The 20 m wide temporary working corridor will accommodate the following elements:


A trench of approximately 2 m in width, containing six individual electrical cables and two fibre optic communications cables;

Heavy vehicle access for which a width of 5 m will be required;

Lay down of equipment and spoil for which a width of 5 m will be required;

Contingency space to avoid the trench collapsing under load for which a width of 2 m is provided from the edge of the trench;

Vehicle/pedestrian track for which a width of 3m will be required ; and

A further 3 m to establish temporary fencing and to allow space for vehicle turning and car parking.

41 Open cut trenching will be used for cable installation along the majority of the route. In some sensitive areas, e.g. crossing watercourses or areas of ancient woodland, trenchless methods will be used. Once the cables are installed, the trench will be backfilled with sand and native material, protective covers (where appropriate) and warning tapes, then topsoil replaced. Previously excavated material will be used to backfill the cable trench wherever possible to minimise the amount of material to be taken off-site. Following backfill of the cable trench, the land will be reinstated and returned to its former use.

42 The cable will be delivered in discrete lengths between 500 m and 1200 m, depending on cable and drum specification. Each length of cable needs to be jointed together which requires the installation of underground jointing pits along the cable route. There will be a maximum of 48 joint pit locations along the onshore cable route and the pits will be slightly wider than the cable trench. Reinstatement of the joint pits will be similar to that for open cut trenching.

43 To facilitate construction activity along the construction corridor, a temporary compound will be located close to the midpoint of the route and maintained for the duration of the construction period. The construction compound dimensions will be up to 50 m x 110 m and will have 24 hour security lighting, particularly if used for storage of cables. A temporary surface of crushed stone will be added to the compound. As with the rest of the working corridor, topsoil will be stripped, temporarily stored and reinstated following the completion of works.

44 Annual checks, on foot, will be required along the route during operation. In the unlikely event that there is any failure of cables, the area around the fault would be excavated and the fault repaired. If the cable cannot be repaired, a new length of cable would be inserted and jointed to replace the failed section.

45 The route of the Cable Corridor is shown on Figure 1.

1.5.10 Onshore Substation 46 The onshore substation will be located to the north of the existing substation at Crystal Rig. The substation will be

an open air compound, similar to the existing Crystal Rig II substation, consisting of items of electrical plant as well as a control building. The substation will, at its longest and widest points, have dimensions of 255 m (length) and 166 m (width), with a maximum height of 15 m. The area of the substation is 33,300 m

2 (3.3 ha). A palisade security

fence of up to 3 m height will be erected around the perimeter of the substation site and warning signs posted.

47 The substation layout is shown on Figure 2.

1.5.11 Construction Programme and Hours of Working 48 It is anticipated that the Onshore Works will be constructed within an 18-24 month period, with the cable and

substation construction works occurring in parallel to those along the cable route.

49 Standard working hours are assumed to be 8am to 6pm Monday to Friday, 8am to 1pm on Saturdays with Sunday/Bank Holiday working only by prior arrangement with ELC. However, 24 hour working, 7 days per week, may be required at the landfall area if trenchless techniques are employed. In addition, 24 hour/7 day working may also be required where the cable crosses both the A1 and East Coast Main Line, although for much shorter periods. The exact working hours at these and all locations will be determined in consultation with Network Rail, Transport Scotland, BEAR Scotland (who manage trunk roads on behalf of Transport Scotland) and East Lothian Council.

1.5.12 Waste and Environmental Management Plan

50 Measures to reduce possible environmental effects associated with the storage and transportation of waste will include the careful location of stockpiles and other storage areas, the use of sheeting, screening and damping where appropriate and practicable and the control and treatment of runoff from soil and waste soil stockpiles. All

wastes will be identified, classified, quantified and, where practicable, appropriately segregated. Any materials that cannot be reused will be disposed of according to relevant waste management legislation which will serve to address a number of possible environmental effects.

51 The developer will produce a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) which will represent a commitment to delivering the environmental recommendations, mitigation measures and planning conditions formulated during the design and development process. The appointed contractors will also be required to produce and implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) that meets the requirements of ISO 1400 and which reflects the content of the CEMP. Compliance with the requirements of the EMS and the CEMP will be a contractual requirement for the appointed contractor. The appointed contractors will also be required to produce Construction Method Statements (CMSs) to detail the methodology and control of any operations for works identified in the CEMP as potentially environmentally sensitive. For example, a CMS may include measures to avoid disturbance to protected species such as bats and otter, as well as sensitive areas of trees and woodland. Where necessary, these CMSs will be drawn up in consultation with statutory consultees such as SEPA and SNH.

1.5.13 Decommissioning 52 The operational life of the offshore wind farm is up to 50 years, in line with the agreement for lease awarded by

The Crown Estate. After that time, the offshore wind farm will be decommissioned. However, the onshore cable and substation will be retained by the transmission operator as part of the transmission network (the ‘national grid’). It is anticipated that the Onshore Works will remain operational for a significant length of time after the decommissioning of the offshore wind farm.

53 The industry standard is for buried electrical cables and associated infrastructure such as transition pits and jointing pits to remain in situ following the end of their working life and this is anticipated to be the case for the proposed Onshore Works. Decommissioning of the substation will be dependent on its usefulness as part of the national grid network and it is not linked to the life of the Offshore Wind Farm. Decommissioning of the substation would involve the removal of above ground infrastructure and hardstanding, followed by reuse/recycling/disposal off-site. The land at the substation would be reinstated.

54 The effects of decommissioning are considered to be no more than those from construction. Any decommissioning work will be designed in consultation with the relevant statutory consultees and local authority at the time.

1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Findings 55 This section of the NTS provides a summary of the assessment for each specialist topic area included as part of the

EIA.

1.6.1 Terrestrial and Inter-tidal Ecology and Ornithology

56 The assessment of effects on terrestrial ecology was undertaken reflecting advice from SNH and ELC, and informed by field surveys undertaken for habitats, and protected species: badger, bats, great crested newt, otter, reptiles and water vole. Surveys were supplemented by existing biological records.

57 A review was undertaken of historical records of birds of conservation concern obtained from the Scottish Ornithologist Club (SOC) and their publication ‘The Birds of Scotland’. This document was also reviewed for information on the current conservation status of species of interest. Field surveys were completed in 2011 and 2012. The route corridor comprises four distinct habitats (coastal, arable farmland, moorland/extensive pasture and woodland) and the survey methods used for each habitat type differed slightly. However, in all cases survey work involved a series of visits, walking across the area and marking the locations of birds seen or heard.

58 There are no statutory designated sites for nature conservation within the development boundary. There are two nationally designated sites within 1 km of the Onshore Works. Barns Ness Coast SSSI comprises a variety of coastal habitats and supports a diverse array of flowering plants and an important assemblage of birds, butterflies, moths and other invertebrates. Woodhall Dean SSSI is notified for upland oak woodland, and supports a large number of plant species, several of which are rare or uncommon in the area, as well as a large number of mosses and liverworts. The closest Special Protection Area (SPA) for birds is the St Abb’s Head to Fast Castle SPA which is approximately 8 km south-east of the development boundary and supports large colonies of breeding seabirds. The Firth of Forth SPA is approximately 9 km to the north-west of the development boundary, with qualifying interests including wintering and/or passage populations of species of European and international importance including red-throated diver, golden plover and pink-footed goose.


59 There are six non-statutory designated sites and numerous Ancient Woodland Inventory (AWI) sites located within approximately 1 km of the Onshore Works. Several AWI woodlands are partly within, or in close proximity to, the Onshore Works. The Thornton Burn Local Wildlife Site (LWS), approximately 100 m in length, is located within the Onshore Works Application Boundary.

60 The study area incorporates a range of land uses and, as a consequence, a variety of different habitat types. The intertidal survey area is characterised by sandy beach, together with several outcrops of cobbles and boulders and a freshwater stream flowing across the centre of the beach. The sandy habitats are either devoid of, or host, relatively poor faunal communities typical of mobile clean sandy habitats. Bedrock areas support environmental conditions that are common on the east coast of Scotland and provide suitable habitat for bird species which favour sand and shingle for nesting and feed on the algae present. Water related rock features in the intertidal zone are also UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) priority habitats providing an important food source for crustaceans and for fish fry.

61 Beyond the intertidal zone, dune grassland and sand dune habitats fringe the coastline and further inland, the Study Area incorporates fairly flat terrain, dominated by large arable fields with occasional hedgerows, conifer shelter belts, small streams and patches of scrub, and rough grassland road verges with some relatively small patches of broad-leaved woodland typically found along roads. Towards Crystal Rig Wind Farm, the elevation of the land increases and cattle pasture, upland grassland and mire habitats prevail in this area. Aside from species within the AWI areas, no notable or rare plant species were recorded within the development boundary.

62 Historical records and field surveys revealed the following with respect to faunal species:

Badger: historical records and field survey showed some badger activity within the vicinity of the Onshore Works but not within the Application Boundary. No badger setts were recorded close to the development.

Bats: historical records and the surveys showed some evidence of bat activity within the vicinity of the Onshore Works. The majority of the Onshore Works is of low quality for bats, although a number of linear woodland features were classified as being of high or medium value for bat roosting, foraging or commuting. Field surveys found evidence of foraging and commuting but no bat roosts were recorded.

Great Crested Newt (GCN): No historical records of GCN were supplied and no GCN were recorded during pond surveys.

Otter: Whilst no historical records of otter were identified within 1 km of the Onshore Works, following field survey, evidence of otter activity was recorded along a number of Burns in proximity to the development, with these watercourses likely to be used for foraging, shelter, and as movement corridors. No otter shelters were recorded in proximity to the development.

Reptiles: Whilst numerous records of adder were identified from Woodhall Dean SSSI, and a common lizard was recorded during survey north of the existing Crystal Rig substation, suitable reptile habitat within the area of Onshore Works is minimal.

Water Vole: Given the lack of suitable habitat, no detailed water vole survey was undertaken. No signs of water vole were observed during the otter survey.

Birds: Within the coastal habitats, 17 species of seabirds and waders were recorded and numbers were generally low with no evidence of breeding. There is no evidence that the coastal area is an important feeding or roosting site for birds from either of the SPAs. Within the terrestrial habitats, a total of 40 bird species were recorded all of which are likely to be breeding locally. Fourteen of these species are Schedule I Listed, UK BAP species or are on the Birds of Conservation Concern Red-list.

63 Given the current regulatory context, the assessment of effects on ecological receptors is based on good practice measures for the protection of habitats and species being an integral part of the design and construction of the Onshore Works. An Ecological Clerk of Works (ECoW) will oversee construction to ensure that these measures are implemented.

64 Potential direct effects on AWI sites, such as habitat loss or damage/destruction of ground flora, will be reduced to negligible following mitigation measures, including the use of trenchless techniques, and effects on Thornton Burn LWS will be minor prior to, and following, mitigation. No other direct or indirect effects on designated sites are predicted.

65 No significant effects are predicted in respect of intertidal habitats.

66 Effects of moderate significance are predicted for some marshy grassland types, dry heath and dry heath/acid grassland mosaic during construction, primarily as a consequence of the biodiversity value of these features rather than the area of loss. Following mitigation, no significant effects on habitats are predicted. No significant effects on faunal species are predicted following the implementation of mitigation measures, which will include best practice construction methods, sensitive timing of works, and the ECoW checking the working area before and during works.

67 No significant in-combination or cumulative effects are predicted.

1.6.2 Cultural Heritage 68 The ‘cultural heritage’ of an area comprises archaeological sites, historic buildings and other historic environment

features, gardens and other sites, features or places in the landscape that have the capacity to provide information about past human activity, or which have cultural relevance due to associations with folklore or historic events.

69 An assessment was undertaken of the potential effects of the Onshore Works on cultural heritage features within, and in proximity to, the Application Boundary. The assessment considered direct effects such as removal or damage of features, including potential effects on unrecorded features, as well as indirect effects on the settings of cultural heritage sites within the wider landscape; with the latter most relevant in relation to the substation as this will be the only permanent above ground structure once the Onshore Works are operational.

70 A detailed desk-based assessment and reconnaissance field survey were conducted for an ‘inner corridor’ generally 200 m wide, centred on the proposed Onshore Works. A buffer was then applied around this area for which less detailed desk-based information was gathered to provide background information to understand the archaeological potential of the proposed Onshore Works area.

71 Forty three sites of cultural heritage interest were identified within the Inner Corridor. However, there are no Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings or Gardens and Designed Landscapes present within the Inner Corridor. Innerwick Conservation Area projects marginally into the Inner Corridor but does not extend into the Onshore Works Application Boundary.

72 The route of the Onshore Works has been designed to avoid a Scheduled Monument (Thurston enclosures) and its associated features at Thurston, and also the WWII military camp at Thorntonloch. Additionally, many of the sensitive prehistoric cropmark sites and the majority of the more extensive post medieval settlement remains at Boonslie have also been avoided. Effects of major significance are predicted for two sites and of potential moderate significance for three sites prior to mitigation. It will be possible to avoid many of these direct effects through site marking off during construction, although due to other constraints placed on the routeing of the Onshore Works, particularly the presence of underground high voltage electricity cables linking to Torness Power Station, it is not possible to avoid all sites. Archaeological recording work will therefore be required prior to construction work where the development corridor intersects with features of interest, to determine the character of the remains and the requirements, if any, for further mitigation. The scope of any such work will be agreed with the East Lothian Council Archaeology Service (ELCAS). Following the implementation of the mitigation measures, no significant effects are predicted during construction with the exception of effects on a prehistoric cropmark enclosure which are predicted to be moderate and unknown effects on another feature (worst-case, also of moderate significance). No operational effects are predicted as there is no visibility of the proposed Onshore Works substation from any of the external cultural heritage receptors identified.

73 There are no in-combination effects predicted as a result of the construction of the Onshore Works in combination with the Offshore Works during construction or operation. With respect to cumulative effects, one cultural heritage feature, an area of drainage, will be directly affected during the construction of both the Onshore Works and the Crystal Rig III wind farm track layout. However, only a small area of drainage will be affected by the construction of the other development in addition to the Onshore Works and the site is considered to be of negligible sensitivity. As such, no significant effects are predicted.

1.6.3 Landscape and Visual Amenity 74 The landscape and visual assessment considered the effect that the Onshore Works will have on the landscape and

on the people who view that landscape. A 5 km study area was chosen, based on examination of the existing landscape and the nature of the development proposed. It is considered unlikely that the proposed substation will


be clearly visible beyond this distance. Construction work associated with the landfall and buried cable is only likely to potentially affect views within much closer proximity (typically no more than 500 m - 1 km away).

75 Field survey work involved travel around the study area to survey the site of the Onshore Works and the wider landscape. Information about landscape resources as well as the landscape character of the wider area was collected and the assessment also considered the effect of the Onshore Works on designated landscapes. Ten representative viewpoints were selected to inform the examination of effects on views; these are all located within 2 km of the proposed development to focus on the areas in which significant effects are most likely to arise. The viewpoints selected concentrate on the nearest settlements, notable recreational interests (e.g. the beach at Thorntonloch), and viewpoints with high numbers of receptors (e.g. main roads).

76 The cable corridor largely crosses arable fields and areas of upland grazing. The more sensitive features along the route include the foreshore, stone walls, hedgerows, deciduous shelterbelts, small woodlands, individual trees and semi-natural grassland. The substation site lies within an upland region of the Lammermuir Hills, adjacent to the existing Crystal Rig substation. The Onshore Works will be located within the following Landscape Character Areas (LCAs):

23 Dunbar Plain (Coastal Margins , Landscape Character Type, LCT);

8 Eastern Lammermuirs (Upland Fringes LCT);

1 Lammermuirs Plateau (Uplands LCT).

77 There are two Gardens and Designed Landscapes (GDLs) within the study area; Dunglass GDL and Broxmouth Park GDL. Four local landscape designations lie within the study area; three of which are identified within the ELC Local Plan (Coastal, Woodland and Lammermuir Hills) and are designated as Areas of Great Landscape Value (AGLVs), and one of which is within the Scottish Borders Council Local Plan (Lammermuir Hills) and designated as a Special Landscape Area (SLA).

78 The cable corridor and landfall comprise works which, when operational will be underground. Therefore, it is anticipated that potential effects from the cable corridor and landfall will be during construction and decommissioning only with the exception of the permanent landfall marker. As the substation will be a new feature in the landscape, effects may arise during construction, operation and decommissioning.

79 The cable works will predominantly involve open trenching, with trenchless techniques specifically employed to avoid the most sensitive landscape elements within each resource, including at woodland shelterbelts and areas of ancient woodland. Within all local landscape resource areas, effects will be localised, temporary and reversible. This is similar for landscape character, on which the construction works will have a localised and temporary influence.

80 As views from Dunglass GDL are limited by the woodland which encloses the area and there will be no views of the construction works from Broxmouth Park GDL due to intervening topography and woodland, no significant effects are predicted for views from either of these designated sites. The Woodland AGLV areas will not be directly affected by the proposed development. The Coastal AGLV designation covers Thorntonloch Beach and includes the John Muir Way above the high water mark. Whilst the degree to which the AGLV is directly affected depends on the construction method employed at the landfall area, in either case the magnitude of change will be low. However, as AGLVs are designated as areas of scenic attraction, this will give rise to a short-term effect of moderate significance. When considering the AGLV as a whole, there will be a negligible effect due to the scale and duration of the effect. The Lammermuirs Hills AGLV and SLA cover an area of upland moorland with coastal views looking north. The landscape character will be locally affected during construction giving rise to a short-term effect of moderate significance and a minor effect when considering the designated areas as a whole.

81 Along the cable route, the presence of hedgerows, trees and woodland often means that views of construction activities will be restricted, particularly during summer when deciduous vegetation is in leaf. However, it is predicted that all viewpoints will experience temporary significant effects during construction with the exception of one (Viewpoint 6, Blackcastle Hill).

82 There will be some residual effects on landscape and visual amenity post-construction, during the time taken to reinstate landscape features directly affected by construction activities. Effects on landscape character, designated landscapes and visual amenity will be of minor or negligible significance during this period. Effects on landscape resources will be of locally moderate significance during the reinstatement period.

83 During operation, the effect on the landscape resource at the site of the proposed substation will be of moderate significance. However, due to the visual containment of the substation these effects will be very localised. The operation of the substation will directly affect a small area of the Lammermuirs Hills AGLV; however, again, due to the local containment of the influence of the substation (and the presence of existing infrastructure associated with the Crystal Rig wind farm), the effect on the AGLV as a whole will be of minor significance.

84 The permanent presence of the landfall marker at Thorntonloch Beach will introduce a new feature into this landscape, judged to be of minor significance.

85 There are no residential viewers in the vicinity of the proposed substation, and visual receptors are limited to recreational users of the landscape, and those visiting the area when working. During operation of the substation, it will be viewed as an extension of existing energy infrastructure and whilst some viewers will experience an increase in the influence of this infrastructure as the proportion of views occupied by the substation will expand into an open area of moorland, no significant effects on views are predicted.

86 The introduction of the landfall marker close to Viewpoint 1 is considered to be of minor significance.

87 With respect to in-combination effects, construction activities for the Onshore and Offshore Works will coincide at the landfall point; and viewers will perceive the works to be part of the same project. Significant additional effects are considered unlikely. Whilst there will be some visibility of the Neart na Gaoithe offshore wind turbines during the construction period of the Onshore Works, it is not considered that the presence of the turbines in view will present a significant additional effect on onshore views due to the distance offshore (25-40 km).

88 With respect to cumulative effects, construction of the proposed substation may potentially take place alongside construction of the substations for the Crystal Rig III and Aikengall II wind farms. A large amount of construction activity would be visible from the footpaths which cross the area and effects of moderate significance are predicted from three of the viewpoints. There would be a moderate effect on the local landscape resource.

89 Whilst during the operational phase, the proposed substation will be present in the landscape along with other existing and proposed substations, assuming a consistent approach to site design and mitigation, the substations would appear together as a large but coherent development within the landscape. Cumulative effects on the landscape are considered to be moderate at the substation site and visual effects at three of the viewpoints are considered to be of minor significance.

1.6.4 Geology, Ground Conditions, Groundwater and Coastal Processes 90 The study area for consideration of potential effects on the superficial and bedrock geology, ground conditions,

groundwater and coastal processes includes land both within, and adjacent to, the Onshore Works. Potential effects lie largely with disturbance during ground breaking during the construction phase. The coastal fringe is a low lying, gently undulating topography in part formed from erosion during end-glacial retreat. Rock exposures here are largely restricted to the beds and flanks of incised water courses. Within the upland areas, bedrock is close to or at surface and accessible for study.

91 There are no designated sites of earth heritage interest or geological features of note within the boundary of the Onshore Works. The underlying superficial and bedrock geology is not deemed to be particularly unusual in terms of the regional environment and, similarly, the quaternary landscape features are not of significance in terms of their geo-conservation and geo-diversity value. Additionally, the sand and gravel deposits are limited in their value as a natural resource.

92 The probability of slope instability along the cable route is considered to be low. Whilst there may be the potential for slope instability within the upland area of the route, mitigation measures will be incorporated into the design. There is also potential for ground movement or instability associated with the transition pit and substation. This is considered to be of moderate significance prior to mitigation and of minor significance following mitigation, which will include detailed site investigation prior to construction to ensure that the chosen areas are adequate to support any concrete bases and/or foundations, and, where any areas of instability are identified, detailed construction plans and appropriate water management controls. The peat stability assessment undertaken also indicated an insignificant risk of hazard resulting from peat stability during construction of the Onshore Works.

93 For most areas within the application boundary, any effects on groundwater are considered to be minor, with a few localised exceptions where the cable route lies close to issues of groundwater, and effects are considered to be moderate prior to mitigation. These effects will be reduced to negligible following mitigation comprising an


assessment and, if necessary, design modifications to ensure that the cable trench does not act as a conduit for the transport of groundwater. Given the shallow nature of the excavations and limited footprint of the development, the potential risk of pollution to deep groundwater aquifers and water quality is predicted to be negligible.

94 With respect to coastal processes, the beach system at Thorntonloch has developed from the re-working of locally exposed glacial sands and gravels and is constrained between rock outcrops north and south of the beach. In addition, man-made hard defences north of the beach provide protection for the Torness Power Station. Thorntonloch Beach can experience severe weather conditions (high tides and wave action) generated in the North Sea and it was noted during a site visit that there is evidence of dune erosion at the back of the beach, with coastal protection work associated with the Caravan Park and at the mouth of Thornton Burn. However, as there is no evidence on present day long-shore drift, areas of long-term erosion or accretion were not identified, although there are local erosion issues as a result of storm damage.

95 Works associated with the installation of the cable at the beach (if open cut trenching is utilised) and construction of the transition pit to the rear of the beach have the potential to disturb the beach and sand dunes at the back of the beach. However, any excavations on the beach would not be expected to impact large scale coastal processes and sediment transport along the shore. With the incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures, which will include avoiding work during storm conditions and returning the beach profile to its pre-excavation form once the cable has been installed, no significant effects are predicted.

96 There are expected to be limited effects during operation of the Onshore Works. Unless there is a need to excavate sections of the cable route for maintenance, there is not expected to be a requirement for ground movements. One potential effect could result from shrinkage of clay-rich superficial deposits due to heat flow from the cable, resulting in possible trench instability along sections of the cable route. However, the likelihood of this occurring is considered to be low except where the cable traverses areas of clay, and backfill of the cable trenches with low shrinkage materials, such as sand and gravel, will avoid any significant effects. The sand dunes will be assessed by a suitably qualified professional after the end of construction to identify any further measures required to avoid the risk of longer term erosion at the beach front. Inspections of the beach and shoreline will be undertaken following storms to assess whether there has been erosion at the cable landing point or exposure of the cable on the beach. If the cable is exposed, it will be re-buried and the beach profile re-graded. If there is erosion of dunes or coastal landforms at the cable landing point, mitigation options will be identified by a suitable qualified professional and then implemented.

97 Effects on hydrogeology and groundwater during construction and operation can be avoided through backfilling the trench with appropriate materials to limit development of voids.

98 In combination effects on coastal processes and erosion are most likely to occur where the onshore and offshore cables connect. Taking account of safeguards proposed as part of both the Onshore Works (including re-instating beach profile following works; providing additional protection through shoring if necessary and annual inspections to identify any exposed areas of cable) and Offshore Works (inspections of areas of buried cable below the Mean Low Water Spring), the significance of in combination effects are not predicted to any more than those predicted for Onshore Works alone.

99 With respect to potential cumulative effects, effects on geology and ground conditions are by their nature local to the development and none of the proposed developments are expected to affect coastal processes at Thorntonloch Beach. No cumulative effects are predicted.

1.6.5 Hydrology, Flood Risk, Water Resources and Surface Water Quality 100 The study area for the assessment includes all catchments within which the Onshore Works are located and

considered potential effects within the Application Boundary and also downstream of the development in terms of runoff and flow rates, water quality and flood risk. Desk-based work was supplemented by field work, during which observations of the size and nature of any watercourses were recorded and nearby private water supplies were investigated.

101 The Onshore Works lie primarily within the catchment of the Dry Burn, which drains east and is formed by Boonslie Burn, Weatherly Burn and Woodhall Burn in its upper catchment. These watercourses also cross the catchments of Thornton Burn near to the coast and Tay Burn (headwaters of Bothwell Water which drains south) near to the proposed substation. Whilst the catchments potentially affected by the Onshore Works have low runoff rates compared to other catchments in Scotland, there is a high degree of variability in soil conditions. The coastal strip

and the farmland have well drained sandy soils which tend to produce limited runoff in response to rainfall. More silty and poorer drained soils are then present within the lower slopes of the Lammermuir Hills and near Crystal Rig wind farm.

102 SEPA’s Water Body Classification for the Water Framework Directive (2009 results) indicates that ‘Dry Burn’ has ‘Good’ water quality, while ‘Thornton Burn’ has ‘Poor’ Quality.

103 The SEPA Groundwater Classification indicates that the Onshore Works are located within an area of ‘Good’ quality groundwater. The beach at Thorntonloch has consistently passed the European Union’s Bathing Water Directive's Guideline Standards for bathing waters

v.

104 The cable route crosses eleven watercourses. All were assessed to be of low sensitivity, with the exception of two watercourses: Thornton Burn, which was assessed to be of medium sensitivity due to evidence of bank erosion and an active channel and as it is notified as a Local Wildlife Site; and also Weatherly Burn, given its proximity to Woodhall Dean SSSI. The cable route does not pass near any major water bodies or lochs but will cross other minor water features such as field drains, road drains and potentially drains associated with the East Coast Mainline which will need to be identified at the detailed design stage. The proposed substation is located in the headwaters of Bothwell Water. A drainage channel parallels the access road to the existing Crystal Rig site and crosses the access road to the east of the proposed substation for the Onshore Works. Remote from stream crossings, the proposed Onshore Works will also cross surface and shallow surface runoff flow pathways on hillslopes along the proposed cable route. The sensitivity of all the hillslope sections is considered to be low.

105 SEPA and ELC were both consulted with respect to flood risk in the vicinity of the Onshore Works. Given ground levels adjacent to the Thorntonloch Caravan Park, and between the A1 road and the shore, land around the landfall point is likely to at risk of coastal flooding and the landfall point lies within the 200 year coastal floodplain of Thornton Burn and the sea. Local land owners also revealed that flooding has happened at Skateraw Gate, close to the East Coast Mainline, associated with a field drain located parallel to the railway line. No evidence of historical flooding along the cable route was identified. A flood risk assessment was undertaken and concluded that given the nature and location of the works, no significant change in flood risk is predicted. However, work on the beach will be undertaken during low tide and attention paid to any Met Office or SEPA flood warnings during construction activities.

106 The cable does pass close to two small ponds, neither of which is used for potable (drinking) water supply. Consultation with Scottish Water identified no sources of public water supply within the study area. However, public water infrastructure will be crossed by the cable route at the A1 and on the access road to Station Road. Information provided by SEPA revealed one private drinking water supply at Woodhall Farm and a private water supply at Weatherly. ELC did not have records of private drinking water supplies in the area.

107 To minimise potential effects on hydrology, flood risk, water resources and surface water quality, the crossing at Thorter Cleugh may be designed to pass above the stream channel utilising the existing crossing of the burn and trenchless installation methods will be used for selected stream crossings, including Thornton Burn, in preference to open trenching across the channels. During construction, established good practice measures will also be applied in relation to pollution risk, sediment management and management of surface runoff rates and volumes. Mainstream is committed to implementing these measures, which form an integral part of the design/construction process and as a consequence, following mitigation, no significant effects are predicted. No significant effects are predicted during operation.

108 No predicted significant effects on hydrology, flood risk, water resources and surface water quality were identified from the construction of the Onshore Works in combination with the Offshore Works.

109 No predicted significant cumulative effects on hydrology, flood risk, water resources and surface water quality were identified.

1.6.6 Soils, Agriculture and Land Use

110 This assessment addresses the effects of the construction and operation of the Onshore Works on the soils and land uses within, and in proximity to, the Onshore Works, particularly on agricultural and related activities as this is the predominant land use. This includes the effects on soils from construction activities, storage and reinstatement, from the perspective of the productive agricultural use of those soils and their protection and management generally. The study area extended to the limits of each landowner’s holding.


111 The area contains a wide range of farming enterprises with varied land capability for agriculture. Near the coast, the land is used to grow vegetables and potatoes as well as cereals and oilseeds. As the cable route progresses inland and uphill, the land is capable of a more limited range of crops and the proportion of grass increases, stocked with cattle and sheep. West and uphill from the Woodhall Farm area, the agriculture is based on permanent pasture and rough grazing used for extensive livestock systems.

112 The largest area of forestry is High Wood, situated at the western extent of the cable route. Other areas of trees follow a linear form and are concentrated within the mid-section of the cable corridor. These woodland belts are already intercepted by the existing road which the cable route is proposed to follow over this section of the corridor. Sporting activity can be found from the Innerwick area through to the moorland area on Dunbar Common. Shooting for pheasant, partridge and duck is prevalent on the lower lying land with grouse shooting on the moorland. Stalking for roe deer is also undertaken in the area.

113 The Application Boundary has been developed in consultation with land owners and agricultural interests. This has enabled a route to be developed which minimises the severance of farm units and the fragmentation of individual fields and smaller land interests; avoids woodland parcels where possible and minimises the disturbance of field boundary features. In many sections, the cable route closely follows the alignment of the existing transportation corridors.

114 The cable construction works will require access for plant, vehicles and operatives in a temporary working corridor approximately 30 m wide along the length of the route. With the exception of road and railway crossings, the land affected by construction is almost entirely undeveloped agricultural land. As such, there are a number of potential significant adverse effects on agricultural activities, albeit the majority will be temporary in nature and during the construction period only. These include, for example, access difficulties for farm vehicles and machinery, disruption to existing drainage schemes and provision of water to farm buildings and fields, and severance and fragmentation of fields. Effects may potentially be permanent in relation to effects on commitments under existing or future agri-environmental agreements and the loss of agricultural land for the substation. However, the project will not result in any significant permanent change in, or impact on, agricultural land use. With the exception of the new substation, all land within the cable corridor will be returned to its previous (primarily agricultural) use after construction. With the proposed procedures for managing, handling, storing and restoring soils in all areas where works are temporary and land is being returned to agriculture, no significant long term effects on soil quality and land capability for agriculture are predicted.

115 Sporting activities may also be affected during construction as a consequence of temporary displacement and disturbance of natural and introduced bird and game populations and the cessation of driven and rough shooting and stalking within the vicinity of the construction corridor. However, no long term significant effects on sporting activity are predicted following mitigation.

116 No in-combination effects are predicted as the Offshore Works do not affect any land use activities.

117 An assessment of cumulative effects found there to be no significant effects following mitigation.

1.6.7 Traffic and Transport 118 The assessment of traffic and transport considers the potential effects of construction and operational traffic

associated with the Onshore Works on the road and rail network and on other road users. A combination of consultation and desk based study were used to assess the characteristics of the traffic types and transport routes in proximity to the Onshore Works boundary.

119 The nearest trunk road is the A1(T) which is a strategic route connecting Edinburgh with the east coast of the UK to the south. It is proposed that the majority of construction traffic will access the development boundary via existing junctions from the A1 (T) and the local road network. There will be several other turning/access points along the Application Boundary to provide access to key areas, including the beach.

120 During construction, the East Coast Main Line will need to be crossed, using trenchless construction techniques. Network Rail are obliged to verify whether all possible risks have been properly identified and then assess how such risks might be safety-managed and also to ensure the scheme proposals comply with all appropriate Railway Group Standards. This means Network Rail is required to go through a thorough vetting process of the proposed permanent and temporary works design and installation methodology. Construction works in vicinity of the East Coast Mainline will be managed to maintain viable operation of the rail line.

121 The A1 (T) and the local road network will also be affected during the construction phase. Temporary closures (whether full or lane specific) will be required on several roads. For crossing local roads during the open cut trenching process, construction will generally take two shifts resulting in each road being closed for up to two days, based on normal working hours. This will be managed through temporary road diversions. Roads likely to be affected include the Innerwick Station Road, the Corsick Hill Road, the Innerwick-Dovecote Brae Road, the Innerwick to Oldhamstocks Road, the Thurston Mains to Elmscleugh Road and the Woodhall to Elmscleugh Road.

122 Lane closures on the A1(T) will also be required in order to carry out work on crossings using either open cut trenching or trenchless construction techniques, although at least one carriageway will remain open at all times. Where lane and road closures are required, these will be managed by traffic signals, as agreed in advance with Transport Scotland, BEAR Scotland who are responsible for managing and maintaining the trunk road network in this area, and ELC. It is anticipated that the A1 (T) crossing will be completed in approximately 48 hours (i.e. two consecutive nights) with traffic management in place throughout this period.

123 There are likely to be some minor delays due to the transportation of abnormal loads required for the substation. The nature and extent of these delays will be dependent on the timing of the vehicle movements and it is anticipated that abnormal loads will be escorted by the police.

124 An assessment of the effect of increased construction vehicles on the A1 (T) and on the local road network was undertaken. This took account of the potential for either open cut trenching or trenchless construction techniques at the landfall. Increases in traffic on the A1 (T) are not predicted to be significant (under either construction scenario)-due to the low percentage increase in traffic on this road. The increase in construction traffic (including HGVs) on the local road network is predicted to be significant for certain road junction for a temporary period. This recognises the potential for increased traffic to lead to delays for pedestrians and drivers, to increase severance of routes (albeit for a temporary period), to result in decreased amenity and an increase in fear and intimidation for users of these routes (e.g. pedestrians and cyclists) and the potential for accidents during the construction period. Mitigation measures will include the production of a Traffic Management Plan for the construction phase of development which will include details of the timing of site deliveries and measures to encourage multi-occupancy of vehicles used by construction workers to reduce the number of construction vehicles accessing local roads. This would be agreed with the police, ELC and Bear Scotland in advance of the Onshore Works commencing. .

125 The level of operational vehicle trips will be low.

126 Whilst the construction of the Onshore and Offshore Works will be undertaken in parallel, it is not predicted that any of the construction vehicles associated with the Offshore Works will impact on the local road network or the A1 (T) around the Onshore Works area. At the cable landfall, the two offshore export cables will be brought in from the offshore cable laying vessel, up to the intertidal zone. Therefore, no in combination effects are predicted.

127 Three additional schemes have been identified as having the potential to overlap with the Neart na Gaoithe Onshore Works, Aikengall Extension; Crystal Rig III and the SPT NnG scheme (required to provide connection for the Neart na Gaoithe Offshore wind farm as well as providing a further extension for Aikengall). No traffic data is available for the Crystal Rig III and NnG SPT scheme and limited traffic data is available for the Aikengall extension. There is also uncertainty regarding the construction programmes for each scheme (i.e. whether these would overlap with the Onshore Works or not). As such, no cumulative assessment has been undertaken. Should one or more of the three schemes run in conjunction with construction of the Onshore Works, the number of construction vehicles using the same road space and construction routes would increase. Mainstream would seek to work with the other developers to manage construction traffic in the event of coincident construction programmes.

1.6.8 Air Quality 128 This assessment considers the generation of dust and exhaust emissions from any construction activities and their

possible effects on local receptors (e.g. residential properties and schools) and the environment in the vicinity of the access roads and the construction area. The study area has been limited to an area in the vicinity (approximately 200 m) of the proposed earthworks relating to the scheme as this distance is the threshold for dust nuisance according to accepted guidance.

129 Under the Environment Act 1995, local authorities are required to review and assess air quality with respect to seven pollutants specified in the Government’s National Air Quality Standards. If this identifies potential hotspot areas likely to exceed air quality objectives, local authorities must declare the area as an Air Quality Management


Area (AQMA) and produce an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) which includes measures to improve air quality within the AQMA. There are currently no AQMAs within East Lothian.

130 The Onshore Works are located mainly on farmland which is sparsely populated. Five residential properties are located within 25 m of the boundary of the Onshore Works and the largest settlement close to the scheme is Innerwick, with the majority of the properties within 100-200 m of the development boundary. The properties located within 25 m of potential construction works are considered to be most at risk of dust nuisance. Dust may be generated as a result of rock breaking in the inter-tidal zone (if required), cable trench excavation and backfilling, trenchless construction techniques, the construction of access tracks and substation, and off/on road vehicle movements.

131 The effect of dust emitting activities can be greatly reduced or eliminated by applying site specific mitigation measures such as locating machinery and dust causing activities away from sensitive receptors and positioning tips and stockpiles away and down-wind from neighbours where possible. In relation to construction traffic, amongst other measures to reduce effects, vehicles will be required to switch off engines when not required, vehicle cleaning and specific fixed wheel washing will be implemented on leaving site, all loads entering and leaving site will be covered and the movement of construction traffic around the site will be minimised.

132 Emissions associated with traffic movements generated by the Onshore Works during construction and operation are not considered likely to have a significant effect on air quality.

133 No significant effects on air quality are predicted from either the construction or operational activities associated with the Offshore Works. The only offshore activities within the vicinity of the Onshore Works will be operation of a vessel required to bring the offshore cables onshore during construction. This activity will occur at the same time as the onshore construction works at the inter-tidal area. However, given the temporary nature of these activities, any in combination effects will be short term and will be of no greater significance than air quality effects predicted as a result of onshore construction activities in isolation.

134 Whilst there is potential for construction works at the substation site to overlap with construction works for the other schemes in proximity, significant cumulative effects associated with dust generation are unlikely given the limited number of sensitive receptors in close proximity. No cumulative effects are predicted in relation to traffic emissions.

1.6.9 Noise and Vibration 135 The assessment has considered the effects of construction noise and vibration on sensitive receptors in proximity to

the Onshore Works. As there are no noise sensitive receptors in close proximity to the substation (i.e. within 1 km), and as operational activities will be limited, the likelihood of noise effects during operation is low and these have not been considered in detail.

136 The area surrounding the proposed cable route is a mixture of rural and residential areas, with mainly scattered farmhouse properties and more residential dwellings located within village areas, including properties located in Thorntonloch, Skateraw, Thurston Manor, Innerwick and Woodhall. There are no noise sensitive receptors within close proximity of the proposed substation (i.e. within 1 km).

137 Existing noise levels were measured at five residential properties representative of the nearest potentially affected dwellings to the proposed cable construction works. These locations were chosen in consultation with ELC.

138 Construction noise levels associated with the following activities have been assessed:

open cut trenching and haul route construction (daytime);

rock breaking at the landfall area (using rock breaking equipment mounted on excavators; if open cut trenching is undertaken at the landfall);

vibratory piling at the landfall area for installation of retaining wall;

trenchless construction techniques(daytime at all identified locations and night-time at Skateraw Gate, A1 and potentially the landfall area);

use of the temporary construction haul route within the application boundary by heavy goods vehicles (daytime);

increased road traffic noise levels due to construction traffic on local roads (heavy goods vehicles and general construction traffic).

139 There is potential for temporary significant noise effects associated with open cut trenching and haul route construction at Thorntonloch Holdings, Thorntonloch Bridge and Ogle Lodge.

140 Noise levels from trenchless techniques such as HDD during the daytime are not expected to result in significant adverse effects. Night-time noise levels from works at the East Coast Main Line Rail Crossing will result in a significant adverse effect at the nearest noise sensitive receptor at Skateraw Gate, due to night-time working over a three week period. There are also predicted to be significant adverse noise levels at Thorntonloch Holdings during night-time works at the A1 (over a period of 48 hours).

141 As described earlier, construction works at the landfall could involve open cut trenching, which would require the use of rock-breaking equipment mounted on excavators, or HDD. The noise assessment has therefore considered the likely effect of both scenarios.

142 Open cut trenching at the landfall would be during the day and the only adverse noise effects would arise from rock breaking in close proximity to the property known as Thornly. HDD at the landfall would require 24 hour working and this would also result in a significant adverse noise effect at Thornly.

143 The predicted noise from HGVs using the haul route is not considered to be significant as it is below daytime thresholds and no greater than existing ambient noise levels.

144 The predicted noise from construction traffic using the local roads is not predicted to result in a significant increase in noise along the majority of the route. There is potential for significant adverse noise effects around Weatherley; however, only one property would be affected.

145 To reduce the potentially significant noise levels outlined above to levels which are not significant, noise control measures will be required in accordance with accepted ‘Best Practicable Means’. These measures include provision of an induction to site personnel addressing their responsibilities with regard to noise management, agreement of an out-of-hours works procedure to minimise the effect of any necessary works outside daytime working hours, the advance notification of potentially affected residents of construction activities likely to affect amenity due to noise and continued liaison throughout the works, selection of quietest equipment where available, avoiding unnecessary revving of engines and the switching off of equipment when not required. For night-time works at the East Coast Main Line rail crossing and at the landfall, the following measures will be applied: all plant will be located as far away from properties as practicable and site hoarding will be used around static plant to provide shielding to properties. In respect of open cut trenching at the landfall area, screening of plant will also be used.

146 The main sources of construction vibration would be from earthworks compaction, trenchless construction techniques and vibratory piling for the installation of the retaining wall at the East Coast Main Line.

147 Vibration from HDD (and alternative forms of trenchless methodology) cannot be accurately predicted as there is not standard methodology to calculate this and there are no manufacturer’s data on measured vibration levels from these drills. Advice provided by those working with trenchless techniques suggests that HDD (and other trenchless techniques) do not typically result in noticeable levels of vibration. In the absence of established guidance or prediction methodologies, it is proposed that monitoring of vibration levels from the drill rig be undertaken at the start of the works to confirm that any vibration exposure is acceptable at the nearest sensitive receptors. Although considered unlikely, if vibration levels were found to be noticeable, then appropriate controls would be put in place (e.g. adjustments to equipment to reduce vibration levels at the source).

148 No significant effects from vibration are predicted in relation to open cut trenching (i.e. from earthworks compaction or vibratory piling).

149 There is potential for in combination effects from on and offshore construction activities to result in adverse noise and vibration effects on sensitive receptors. This is most likely where activities happen in the same location at the same time. It is anticipated that the jack up rig (offshore component of works) will be on location at the same time as the landfall works. If trenchless techniques are employed at the landfall, and adequate control of noise from offshore works is in place, then the likelihood of on and offshore activities resulting in significant adverse effects is considered to be low.

150 If open cut trenching is employed at the landfall, there is potential for significant noise effects due to the nature of the works (rock breaking onshore alongside offshore activities at the jack up rig). This could be reduced through employment of Best Practicable measures to control noise.


151 With respect to potential cumulative effects, the other developments considered are far enough away from any noise sensitive receptor included in this assessment such that any construction works conducted concurrently will have no significant cumulative noise or vibration effects.

1.6.10 Socioeconomic Effects 152 This assessment considers the likely direct and indirect employment generation associated with the proposed

Onshore Works. It also considers potential effects in relation to recreational amenity and tourism within the boundary of the Onshore Works and in the wider area.

153 The Onshore Works are located wholly within the administrative area of East Lothian. The area around the Onshore Works consists of small settlements, clusters of houses and individual properties. The nearest settlement is Innerwick, approximately 100 m to the south-east of the Onshore Works at the closest point.

154 East Lothian suffered particularly as a result of the recent recession, reflected in the 4.2% decline in employment between 2008 and 2010. In 2010, East Lothian’s employment rate was 71%, the same as for Scotland as a whole in the same year. For both East Lothian and Scotland, the sectors with the highest proportion of workers are ‘Education’ and ‘Health’ followed by ‘Manufacturing’ and ‘Retail’. The proportion of people in East Lothian working within ’Business Administration and Support Services’ is notably lower (3.6%) than that for Scotland (7.5%).

155 With over 40 miles of coastline, including that at Thorntonloch, East Lothian is a popular destination for surfers, walkers and wildlife enthusiasts. The golf courses in the area are a major attraction, as well as the coastal towns of North Berwick and Dunbar, offering a variety of entertainment options for day trips. The East Lothian Tourism Strategy 2010-2013

reports that tourism provides 15% of the workforce with jobs and generates over £200 million

for the local economy.

156 Both direct and indirect employment opportunities will be created as result of the Onshore Works, particularly during the construction phase. The predicted number of temporary direct job-years created is 108 and of temporary indirect job-years is 99, giving a total of 207 (job-years). It is assumed that the majority of the employment will be within the local authority area of East Lothian; wider supply chain activity may also be generated in Edinburgh, Fife, Angus and Dundee and in the rest of Scotland.

157 The area of the Onshore Works is not currently used for any formal public recreation activities. However, there are several Rights of Way (RoW) close to the Application Boundary, one of which crosses it (RoW LE211). These RoWs provide a link to the wider network of paths within the Council boundaries and beyond. There are also several Core Paths that fall close to the Application Boundary, and three that encroach into it, with many of these correlating with the RoWs in the area. These are concentrated near Thorntonloch at the coast, several of which correspond with the John Muir Way, a popular coastal path that originates in Musselburgh, close to Edinburgh, and travels south to the East Lothian border near Cockburnspath.

158 National Cycle Route 76, part of the National Cycle Network, travels along the coast from Berwick upon Tweed to Edinburgh, continuing on to the opposite side of the Forth to St Andrews. The cycle route crosses the Application Boundary south-east of Skateraw.

159 Thorntonloch Beach has two main access points, one to the north via the coastal walkway from Skateraw Harbour, the other from the car park behind the Thorntonloch Caravan Park.

160 If open cut trenching is used at the landfall, there will be direct effects on access, particularly for the John Muir Way. However, this effect will be both temporary and localised and will be mitigated by the provision of temporary diversions (as agreed with the ELC Access Officer). Following implementation of the mitigation measures proposed, effects on public access and recreation during construction are not predicted to be significant. Operational effects are not predicted.

161 Views from certain recreational areas and access routes may change as a result of the visibility of the construction works, including the viewpoints at Thorntonloch, Thurston Manor, Tay Burn, Bransly Hill and Watch Law. Once the Onshore Works are in operation, the effect on these viewpoints is not predicted to be significant.

162 Based on a qualitative analysis of the effects on employment, the conclusion of the in-combination assessment is that the scale of employment effects that are estimated to follow if the Neart na Gaoithe Project proceeds in its entirety is of moderate significance (positive) during construction and minor significance (positive) during operation.

163 The in combination effect of the On and Offshore Works on public access and recreation is not considered to be significant.

164 The effects of both the Onshore and Offshore works on recreational amenity and tourism will be indirect and related to visual effects. Construction activity at the landfall relating to both the Onshore and Offshore Works will affect views from certain recreational areas and access routes, particularly from Thorntonloch Beach. In addition, elements of the Onshore Works will also be constructed at the same time as the offshore wind turbines are constructed further out at sea, approximately 25-40 km away. These combined works will be visible at, or near, four viewpoints which are relevant to recreational amenity and tourism (Thorntonloch, Thurston Manor, Blackcastle Hill and Watch Law).

165 As the construction programmes for the schemes included in the cumulative assessment are uncertain at this stage, it is not known whether schemes will be constructed concurrently or sequentially. There is potential for additional employment benefits if all schemes are constructed concurrently. Direct effects on recreation are considered unlikely as none of the other schemes require construction activities at or close to Thorntonloch Beach, where most of the direct effects from the Onshore Works are predicted to take place.

1.7 Summary 166 The EIA of the Onshore Works was carried out in accordance with regulatory requirements and guidance on good

practice. The overall aim of the design strategy was to avoid environmental effects, for example, through routeing cables underground such that significant, long term landscape and visual effects could be avoided and through selection of a cable corridor that avoids sensitive sites as far as possible. Due to the length of the cable corridor (greater than 12 km) it has not been possible to select a route that avoids all potential constraints. Direct effects on sensitive sites falling within the cable corridor have been avoided, where possible, through selection of appropriate construction techniques. For example, in the case of ancient woodland sites, direct effects will be avoided through the use of trenchless techniques, ensuring that there will be no damage to the root systems of these woodland sites.

167 Where it has not been possible to avoid effects in their entirety, the ES demonstrates that, with proposed mitigation measures in place, the potential environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of the Onshore Works can generally be reduced such that they are no longer significant.

168 Significant residual adverse effects remain in relation to the following topic areas:

cultural heritage;

landscape and visual amenity;

soils, agriculture and land use;

air quality; and

access, traffic and transport.

169 Almost all of these effects are temporary and would occur during the construction and decommissioning phases only. The only permanent, significant effects are predicted for the landscape resource (due the presence of the substation), cultural heritage (due to the permanent loss of a prehistoric cropmark enclosure although this would be identified and recorded through mitigation to be agreed with East Lothian Council Archaeology Service); and through permanent loss of agricultural land at the substation site.

170 The EIA Regulations require consideration of the interrelationships between aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by a development. There is some correlation between likely effects on hydrology and ecology given that changes to hydrology could affect ecological receptors (for example, Woodhall Dean SSSI). There is also some correlation between potential effects on local residential amenity resulting from temporary effects from construction noise and traffic and effects arising from dust generated during construction. Finally, there is a correlation between recreation and tourism effects in relation to views and landscape and amenity effects during construction of the Onshore Works.


1.8 References

i Scottish Government (2009) Renewables Action Plan. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/278424/0083663.pdf ii Scottish Government (2011) 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland. Available at:

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/917/0118802.pdf iii RenewableUK (2011) Calculations for wind energy statistics. Available online from:

http://www.bwea.com/edu/calcs.html iv General Register Office for Scotland (2010). Available online from: http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk

v Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality (Bathing Water Directive) transposed

into domestic law by the Bathing Water (Scotland) Regulations 2008

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2012. All rights reserved. Licence numbers 100047514, 0100031673.

0 5 10 Km

LUCGL Fig01-00_5166-0000-r0_SiteLocation 06/11/2012

Site Location

Map Scale: 1:100,000

¯

Figure 1

N e a r t n a G a o i t h eOnshore Grid Connection

Application Boundary

!Edinburgh

Firth of Forth

North BerwickDunbar

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2012. All rights reserved. Licence numbers 100047514, 0100031673.

0 100 200 Metres

LUCGL Fig02-00_5166-0003-r0_SubstationLayout 12/11/2012

Substation Layout

Map Scale: 1:2,500

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Figure 2

Application BoundaryConstruction CompoundProposed SubstationCrystal Rig access track diversionExisting Crystal Rig II Substation

Cut

Fill

Existing overhead linesExisting hardstandingExisting buildingsExisting turbines

N e a r t n a G a o i t h eOns hore Works

NB: Separate consent is being sought by Scottish Power Transmission to connect Neart na Gaoithe to the National Grid.

non-technical summary - iemaborder geoscience undertook the assessment of geology, ... emu’s work...

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