non-vertebrate chordates, fishes, and amphibians chapter 30
TRANSCRIPT
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Non-vertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and AmphibiansChapter 30
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Phylum Chordata
Contains three sub-phyla:– Vertebrata– Urochordata– Cephalochordata
All chordates at some point in their life span must possess four characteristics:
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1) A hollow, dorsal nerve cord
2) A notochord (supporting rod)
3) Pharyngeal gill slits
4) A tail that extends beyond the anus
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Also known as the tunicates or “sea squirts”
Basically a sack with two siphons.
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Examples: amphioxus and lancelets
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Vertebrates
Most numerous chordates Anterior, large brain Jointed internal skeleton Usually two pairs of appendages and
some type of tail Closed circulatory system Gills or lungs and a chambered heart
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7 major classes of vertebrates
Jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Ectotherms = “cold-blooded” body temp changes with the environment.
Endotherms = “warm blooded” body tem remains fairly constant
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FISH or FISHES
Both words can be used for the plural of a fish.
“Fishes” is often used when talking about taxonomy or classification.
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1. Class Agnatha “jawless fishes” Most primitive vertebrates No scales nor fins Cartilage skeleton No jaws Both fresh and salt water varieties. examples: lampreys and hagfish
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LAMPREY
Both fresh and salt water. (parasitic)
Possess a tongue with teeth that gnaw a hole in its victim then sucks out the blood.
Can be harmful to fish populations.
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HAGFISH
Only found in salt water. scavengers
Also known as “slime eels”
Produce great amounts of slime for defense. Can tie themselves in a knot
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2. Class Chondricthyes
Chondros (Gr. Cartilage) Ichthys (Gr. Fish) Mostly marine 2 chambered heart Movable upper and lower jaws ex. Sharks, skates, and rays
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Skates and rays
Flattened body (countershading) Eat worms, mollusks, and other
invertebrates Can be specialized for defense
– Stingers– Electric rays
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SHARKSInternal fertilization.
Viviparous = live birth
Need to be constantly swimming to keep water moving over the gills
Very highly developed sense of smell.
Covered with sandpaper-like scales called placoid scales.
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Medicinal uses
Currently shark cartilage is being tested as a possible cure for cancer.
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3. Class Osteicthyes
Osteo- Gr. Meaning “bone”Known as the bony fishesLargest class of vertebrates.Vary in size, shape, and structure.Complex nervous system (lateral lines)Very specialized.
Electric eel, pufferfish, angler fish, butterfly fish
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Wide Variety
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Structure of a bony fish
Usually four pairs of gills covered by a bony flap (operculum)
2 chambered heart Many have scales and fins Swim bladder = gas-filled sac which is
used for buoyancy (maintain depth)
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Reproduction
External.A female will lay upto
500,000 eggs.The male usually swims over
the eggs depositing milt (sperm containing fluid)
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The Coelacanth
A special fleshy-lobed finned fish thought to be extinct.
1938 one was caught off the southern coast of Africa.
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4. Class Amphibia “from water to land” Reproduction and development must
take place in or near water. Thin moist skin Two pairs of limbs, one pair of nostrils 3 chambered heart Young show a distinct larval form.
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Examples:
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Frog anatomy and function
Large powerful hind legs for jumping. 2 large movable eyes Tympanic membrane 3 eyelids
– Upper– Lower– Nictitating membrane (transparent; used
for underwater sight.
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digestion
Large mouth. Long sticky spade-shaped tongue Teeth along upper jaw. A pair of vomerine teeth used to hold
prey in mouth Esophagus...stomach...small
intestine(site of absorption)..large intestine...cloaca…anal opening.
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Circulatory system
Oxygenated blood enters left atrium from lungs. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from rest of body.
Both empty into ventricle where a mixture of oxygen and non-oxygen blood is pumped out
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Respiratory system
Tadpoles use gills to breathe. Adult frog uses three structures for
respiration.
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Nervous system
Possess both a cranial and peripheral nervous system
Multi-lobed brain Olfactory(smell) Optic(sight) Cerebrum(voluntary muscles) Cerebellum(coordination) Medulla(involuntary muscle action)
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Excretory system
CO2 excreted through the skin, other wastes filtered through the kidneys.
Urine is stored in urinary bladder then passed into cloaca and out of the body.
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Reproduction
External fertilization
amplexus = male grasps female, eggs are released then quickly fertilized by the male.
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Order Urodela
Salamanders and newts
Long bodies and tails
Live in dark, moist places.
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Orders Anura & Apoda
ANURA Frogs and toads
APODA Caecilians Legless amphibians
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Assignment
Pages 793-794
– 1-10, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 28 Page 795 1-10