nonotechnology in textiles

8/10/2019 nonotechnology in textiles

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The term NANO in

Nanotechnology comes from

a greek word NANOS that

means dwarf, which is having

a dictionary meaning-

abnormally small.


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Nanotechnology is the creation of

materials, components, devices,

and systems at the near-atomic, ornanometer, level. Nano means

one-billionth. Thus

nanotechnology draws its name

from the scale at which the

technology operatesatnanometers, or 1/1,000,000,000

(one one billionth) of a meter. This

almost inconceivably small

dimension is 100,000 times thinner

than a strand of human

hair. Individual atoms, the

fundamental building blocks of all

matter, are of this size.


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The properties of substances changes

dramatically when their size is reduced

to nanometer range.

The individual particles exhibit

unexpected properties different thanthose of bulk material.

For e.g. ceramics becomes deformable

& gold particle shows red colour in

nanometer scale range.


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1 millimeter

1 micrometer

1 nanometer

1 nanometer

BACTERIA

VIRUSES

DNA

ATOM

HUMAN HAIR

RAINDROP

DIMENSION SCALE:


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IMPORTANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Nanotechnology is creating a wealth of

new materials & manufacturing

possibilities, which in turn will profoundly

impact our economy, our environment &

our society. Using nanotechnology

researchers & manufacturers can fabricate

materials literally molecule by molecule.

They can harness previously inaccessible

properties of matter & custom design, ultra

precise new structures and improve the

properties such as

materials with vastly increased strength

Vastly reduced weight

Greater electrical conductivityAbility to change shape or colour etc.


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NANOTECHNOLOGYS PROSPECT:

Nanotechnology is enhancing everyday products

such as sunscreens, golf clubs, clothing & cell

phones. Within the next decade, it will be a

common place in drug therapies, water filters, fuel

cells, power lines, computers, & a wide

commercial adoption of nanotechnology is

growing rapidly.


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NANOTECHNOLOGY: A BOON TO CUSTOMERS:

R&D activities are going on all over the world to explore the possiiblities of

applications of this technology in the production of high performance textile

through modification of fibers, yarns & fabrics or incorporation of nano particles in

form of finishing treatments.


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Innovations:

Some innovations in nanotechnology which are being used today to improve

& help our lives:

Stain free clothing, carpet, furnishing & mattressesLight weight, bullet proof vests & shirts

Shirt, jackets that will not rip, tear /wear holes

Clothing that scans the body for a better fit

Soldiers uniforms that change color to the surrounding temperature, lighting

wind &rainInstant water proofing

Anti fog glasses

Clothing that conduct heat & electricity

Better moisture management & spill stain resistance

UV absorption

Antistatic & antimicrobial capablity.


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NANOTECHNOLOGY AND

TEXTILES:

Although, textile industry is small part of the

global research in the emerging areas of nano-

technology, the fibres and textiles industries in

fact were the first to have successfullyimplemented these advances and demonstrated

the applications of nanotechnology for consumer

usage

With the advent of nano technology, a new area

has developed in the realm of textile finishing.

Nan coating the surface of textiles, clothing, andtextiles for footwear is one approach to the

production of highly active surfaces to have UV-

blocking, antimicrobial and self-cleaning

properties. The self-cleaning property can be

imparted by nano-TiO2/nano-ZnO coating.


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nanotechnology and its applications to cotton textiles and fibers


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The technology can be used in

engineering desired textile attributes,

such as fabric softness, durability,

and breath ability and in developing

advanced performance

characteristics, namely, waterrepellency, fire retardancy,

antimicrobial resistance, etc in fibers,

yarns and fabrics.


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Advances in Fabr ic Finishes

One of the leading companies to implement the nano-

technology is Nano-TexTM.

They have developed severalfabric treatments such as

(a) permanent anti-static treatment;

(b) wrinkle free treatment using moisture-wicking

technology;(c)stain resistance and oil repellent treatments; and

(d) nanobeadsto carry bioactive or anti-biologicalagents,

drugs, pharmaceuticals, sun blocks, and even textile dyes by

developing the novel nano-technologies .

These treatments onto textile substrates permanently alter

properties of the textiles and are claimedto exhibit superior durability, softness, tear strength, abrasion

resistance and capable of providing softness to durablepress

garments.


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For finishing purposes, another leading technology is chemical oxidative

deposition technology, which deals with

the deposition of Conducting Electroactive Polymers (CEP) onto different kinds

of fibers and textiles, resultingcomposite materials with high tensile strength and good thermal stability .

Furthermore, Surfacepolymerization of CEP (Graft copolymerization) of

polymer fibers has a potential to increase the conductivityalmost 10 times by

decreasing the electrical resistivity . Such coated polymeric composite materialscan be used in microwave attenuation, EMI shielding, anddissipation of static

electric charge. Hence, they can be useful for military applications, e.g.,

camouflage, stealthtechnology, etc.,

By combining the nano-particles with the organic and inorganic compounds, the

surfaces of the fabrics treated with

abrasion resistant, water repellent, ultraviolet (UV), electromagnetic and

infrared protection finishes can be

appreciably modified. Recently, the titanium-dioxide nanoparticles have been

utilized for the UV protection


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Also by using nano-sized silicon dioxide,

improvements in the

strength and flame-resistance of textile

fabrics can be achieved . The usage of

nanoengineered

cross-link agents during finishing process

enhances the wrinkle resistance of cotton

fabrics . The newly developed microencapsulation technique is being used in

textile industry for flame or fire

retardant (FR) agents. Microcapsules

containing silver nano-particles (Silver

Cap) are also being investigated forproviding anti-microbial effects


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APPLICATIONS OF N ANO COATINGS:

Molecular enhancement of a fabric is a 3 step

process:

1. Molecules are designed which have performance

characteristics.

2. Molecules are engineered to assemble in a

precise order on the fiber.3. they are permanently attached to the fabrics.

BASICALLY METHO DS OF

MAN UFACTURING EXISTS:

1. Top-Down

2. Bottom-Up


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In TOP-DOWN method, researchers selectively reform

or modify the starting material to create a material

with new functionality at a small scale.

Whereas in BOTTOM-UP approach, a reverse way is

used, building larger & more complex systems from

elementary components.

Nanotech, is often referred to being bottom-up

which means producing materials through assembling

molecule by molecule & atom by atom.


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1. SMART OUTFITS: these are made up of fabric that are mixed to

transfer information. For e.g. Smart jacket: that automatically heats &

lights up when it is cold or dark, vital parameters like heart rate,

respiration rate, body temperature & UV exposure can be calculated.

These silver coated jacket have tiny microscopic wires interwoveninto the fabric itself that light up the jacket at night & a physiological

monitor on the left wrist & sensors of jacket regulate an electro

conductive textile to keep the wearer warm.

2. COLOR CHANGING CLOTHS: these clothing are made from extremely

thin thread of glass & plastic is equipped with a tiny, light weight

battery pack. When you want to change your clothings color, youhave to push a button, the thread changes color. Application: military,

fashion.


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3. FRAGNANT CLOTHING: Rieled & tielz brought some dramatic fabrics.

These fabrics releases some aromas & odors. There are a number of

fields of applications of such perfumery clothing like undergarments &

other accessories like gloves, socks etc. sports wear, casual wear,

footwear & beddings.

4. DYESTUFF FILTERATIONS: Nanofilteration is the biggest application of

nanotechnology in dyestuff industries to improve the quality of the

products. Liquid dyes can become unstable during storage & sometimes

salt can precipitate out into vessels. Nanofilteration is proving to be an

ideal method for this salt removal & stabilize the dyes.

5. NANOFIBERS: Nanofibers, with diameter100nm, have surface area per

unit mass, high porosity, excellent structural & mechanical properties &

higher flexibility. They are very useful for filtration, barriers, wipes &some medical applications. Apart from this, they are also useful as an

alternative to building electronic circuits.


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Nano-Finishes:

The 1stcommercial application of nanotech

in the textile & clothing industry was in the

form of nano particle(nano bead) through afinishing process which is generally known

as nano finishing. Ideally discrete molecules

of nano particles of finishes can be brought

individually to designated sites on textile

materials in a specific orientation &

trajectory through thermodynamic,electrostatic or other technical approaches.


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FUNCTIONAL FINISHING:

Application of ultrafine particles, produced

using nanotechnology in textile finishing

Aimed at imparting multifunctional properties

as-

UV resistant

anti-bacterial

Moisture control

These properties are achieved throughchanging fabric at molecular level by nanotech.


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i. NANO-CARE: NEXT GENERATION CAREFREE FINISHING THAT

WITHSTAND 50 WASHES. This technology brings about an entirely

carefree f/c with wrinkle resistant, shrink proof, water & stain

repellant properties, to cellulosic fibers such as cotton & linen. Nanocare withstands more than 50 home launderings

ii. NANO-PEL: HIGHLY DURABLE WATER & OIL REPELLANT FINISHING.

This nanotech application of water & oil repellant finishing is

effective for use in natural fibers such as cotton, linen, wool & silk as

well as synthetics such as polyester, nylon & acrylic. nano-pel cotton

withstands 50 home launderings. It can endure 20 dry cleaningswhen applied to wool or linen, a distinctive feature in contrast to

conventional methods that display poor, if any durability.

iii. NANO-DRY: DURABLE HYDROPHILIC FINISHING OF SYNTHETICS. It

improves moisture absorption properties of nylon & polyester,

making them hydrophilic. The finish lasts more than 50 home

launderings. the main application areas are nylon & polyestersportswear & undergarments that require perspiration absorbency.

Its application is considered to become application is considered to

become requisite for synthetic uniforms.


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iv. NANO-TOUCH: CREATING ULTIMATE COMBINATION OF SYNTHETICS &

COTTON FEATURES. This finishing technology gives a durable cellulose

wrapping over synthetic fiber. Cellulosic sheath & synthetic core together

form a concentric structure to bring overall solutions to the drawbacks of

synthetics such as static charge, artificial hand & glaring lustre. It can lastfor 50 home launderings.

v. NANO-PRESS: HIGHLY DURABLE DIMENSION STABLISING OF 1005 COTTON.

Nano-Press maintains approximately the same tensile strength of weft and

warp yarns as that of the original, or it gives a little enhancement.


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NANOSPHERE:Schoeller textiles AG, Switzerland

Imparts water-repellant, dirt-repellant, anti-adhesive & self-cleaning

finishing to textiles.

Innovative & efficient process

Environmental-friendly

Inspired by nature

lotus leaves, beetle shells& insect wings stay clean due to the difficulty that

the particles of dirt have in sticking to their infinitesimal rough, structured

surfaces, letting even the lightest rainfall to clean the surface.

By applying nanosphere to textiles, a special micro-rough 3d surface

structure is created, limiting the available contact surface for dirt particles.

The remaining particles are suspended in drops of water & are easily swept

away as the water drops.

Substances like ketchup, honey, red wine & blood are simply repelled or

rinsed off with water quickly & effortlessely.


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Features:

The water repellant function of nanosphere treated materials isconsiderably higher compared to materials treated with existing methods.

Breathability is not affected

Considerable improvement in abrasion resistance.

Finish is resistant to repeated washing.

Suited for: outdoor, leisure, & sports clothing, business suits & protective

work equipment as well as home furnishing & medical applications.If the substance doesnt off on its own accord, then simply rinsing it with

water will work.

Textiles with this kind of self cleaning effect makes them very easy care

with attractive benefits to consumers.

It leads savings in cleaning as-

The garment need to be washed less often and at lower temperatures& less water & detergent consumed, leading to a lower environmental

impact.

applies to both private households & industrial applications.


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Nanosphere technology meets the bluesign standard.

It guarantees the greatest possible exclusion of substances which

are harmful to humans or the environment & the most economicaluse of resources.


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NISSHINBO INDUSTRIES, JAPAN- has developed

22 brand products GAICOT & AG FRESH .

AG FRESH is an antibacterial, deodorant material

for use in apparel- as health oriented,

comfortable next generation materials.

NISSHINBO has developed the zeolite/cottoncomplex GAIACOT for the finishing of cotton

woven & nonwoven fabrics. It has been

commercialised as a microbial, deodorant

material.
http://www.nisshinbo.co.jp/english/index.html


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The properties include absorption of unpleasant odours of ammonia, hydrogen

sulfide, trimethylamine & methyl mercaptan. The capacity for absorbing ammonia

gas exceeds more than twice that of active carbon. It is possible to incorporate

properties such as virus inactivation & resistance to fungus through the absorption

of metallic ions, such as copper, silver & zinc, making use of zeolites ion exchangingproperties.

The safeness of zeolite has already been confirmed with regard to mutagenicity, oral

toxicity, fish toxicity & skin sensitising properties.

Zeolite is a crystalline mineral with many micropores, consisting of aluminum,

silicon & sodium. Its use is found in many fields, including the removal of odour,moisture & harmful gases, the preservation of fresh food & in antibacterial agents.

Nisshinbo has created a complex material by penetrating & crystallising zeolite

liquor within the interior of fibre during the dyeing or finishing thereby

materialising a zeolite/ cotton complex. It is an inorganic cotton complex, which has

entirely different properties from the conventional unfinished cotton.

GAIACOT


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AG FRESH .

It is a well known fact that the growth of microorganisms in food or water is preventedwhen stored in silver vessels due to its antibacterial properties. These properties of

silver are now scientifically recognised. However, laundering fastness levels & the

quality of hand remained problematic in applications in fibre through the traditional

means of surface fixation.

Nisshinbo has incorporated sliver particles in minute size of around 4 nm into the fibre

through the use of the latest nanotechnolgy. A material of superior antibacterial,deodrant properties with good laundering fastness has been brought about by letting

silver particles penetrate beyond the surface & into the fibre itself.

Applications: uniforms; casual wear; shirts; bedding; nightwear; undergarments; polo

shirts & handkerchiefs.
http://www.polyu.edu.hk/cpa/polyu/index.php


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Self cleaning clothescoating of cotton with titanium dioxide.

These nanoparticles break carbon based molecules

Titaniun dioxide particles- 20nm

Tackle dirt, environmental pollutants &micro organisms

Method: padding cotton fabric with aqueous slurry of nanosizetitanium dioxide, drying & heating 97*C for 15mins. Then 3 hr. boiling in

water.
http://www.polyu.edu.hk/cpa/polyu/index.phphttp://www.nyacol.com/Index.htm


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Flame retardants: used for nonwovens, textiles & fr coatings.

Advantages over conventional Antimony Trioxide systems:Better penetration of the substrate

Less whitening effect for deep colours

Easier handling & processing

Translucency for coatings, films & laminates

High fr efficiency
http://www.nyacol.com/Index.htmhttp://www.gore-tex.com/remote/Satellite/home


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WL Gore & associates specialises in the

production of fabrics designed to help wearers

feel safe and comfortable in extreme

environment such as mountaineering, firefighting or sports activity

Here use of laminating micro-porous film of

PTFE between 2 layers of fabrics.
http://www.gore-tex.com/remote/Satellite/homehttp://www.plastechcoatings.com/dupont_teflon_app.html


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DU PONT TEFLON STAIN PROTECTION:

It is a durable flurochemical finish.

It forms an invisible shield around

each fibre.

Usually acrylic or urethene based.Fluorocarbon side chains pack

together to creaate a stain resistant

surface.

Best orientation of side chain occurs

when there is subjected to heat during

processing, or during dry pressing after

washing.

Release: teflon stain release allows stainsto be removed more during laundering

than most common untreated fabrics, as a

result, stains temporarily soak into the

fabric. Hydrophilic water- loving portion

of finish draws in detergent & water,

stains wash out more easily.
http://www.plastechcoatings.com/dupont_teflon_app.html


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Nanotechnology in textile finishing

What is sol-gel processing?

It is a process for making very small particle 20 to 40 nm that are

virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding. Its main use

at present seems to be for optical coatings where the finer

particles give better optical clarity. Manufacture of fine a ceramicfibre seems to be the other common application


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How does sol-gel processing work?

A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent,

usually alcohol, water is added and then acid or base. Themixture is coated or cast. The precursor then decomposes

to form the fine ceramic particles. If the particle

concentration is high enough, the mixture gels.

The gel is dried, and then heated at high temperature to

sinter the ceramic, giving the desired ceramic film or fibre.

During this drying and sintering process, shrinkage occursthrough loss of solvent and air, and this shrinkage must be

carefully controlled to avoid cracking


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Self-cleaning texti les

The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of botany

discovered, in 1990, that the lotus plant, admired for the resplendence of its

flowers and leaves, owed this property of self-cleaning to the high density of

minute surface protrusions. These protrusions catch deposits of soilpreventing them from sticking.

When it rains, the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction. Water rolls around as

droplets, removing dust as it moves. Reproduced for nano teechnological

process on the surface of woven fabrics, this self-cleaning property can be

developed as a technological innovation. The fabric will have specific

applications such as sails or certain garments.

A self-cleaning cotton fabric known as nanocare was developed and is

marketed by an American Company, Nanotex and stain-resistant jeans and

khakis are available since 1990. Nanocare fabrics are created by modifyingthe cylindrical structure of the cotton fibres making the fabric. At the

nanoscale, cotton fibres like tree trunks. Using nanotechniques, these tree

trunks are covered in a fuzz of minute whiskers which creates a cushion of

air around the fibre. When water hits the fabric, it beads on the points of the

whiskers, the beads compress the air in the cavities between the whiskers

creating extra buoyancy. In technical terms, the fabric has been rendered

super-non wettable or super-hydrophobic.

The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt. When water is

applied to soiled fabric, the dirt adheres to the water far better than it

adheres to the textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up

and rolls off the surface of the fabric. Thus the concept of "Soil-cleaning" is

based on the leaves of the lotus plant.


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Antimicrobial finish

It is a well-known fact that the growth of

bacteria and microorganisms in food or water

is prevented when stored in silver vessels due

to its antibacterial properties. The anti-

bacterial properties of silver are now

scientifically recognised. Silver ions have broad

'spectrum of anti microbial activities. The

method of producing durable silver containing

antimicrobial finish is to encapsulate silver

compound or nano particle with a fibrereactive polymer Iike poly (styrene co-maleic

anhydride).


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UV protect ive f in ish

the most important functions

performed by the garment are toprotect the wearer from the weather.

However it is also to protect the wearer

from harmful rays of the sun. The rays

in the wavelength region of 150 to 400

nm are known as ultraviolet radiations.The UV-blocking property of a fabric is

enhanced when a dye, pigment,

delustrant, or ultraviolet absorber finish

is present that absorbs ultraviolet

radiation and blocks its transmission

through a fabric to the skin


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Metal oxides like ZnO as UV-blocker are more

stable when compared to organic UV-blocking

agents. Hence, nano ZnO will really enhance

the UV-blocking property due to their increase

surface area and intense absorption in the UVregion. For antibacterial finishing, ZnO

nanoparticles scores over nano-silver in cost-

effectiveness, whiteness, and UV-blocking

property.

Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that

the clothes deflect the Harmful ultraviolet rays

of the sun, reducing a persons UVR exposure

and protecting the skin from potential damage.

The extent of skin protection required by

different types of human skin depends on UV

radiation intensity & distribution in reference

to geographical location, time of day, and

season. This protection is expressed as SPF

(Sun Protection Factor), higher the SPF Value

better is the protection against UV radiation


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Characteristics of nano finishing in garments

Nano-processed garments have protective coating, which is water and beverage

repellent.

Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye.

When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm, the structure of

the processed clothing becomes more compressed. This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant.

Saving time and laundering cost.

This technology embraces environmental friendly properties.

Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption, resulting in

enhanced breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material.

The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat.

Nano-processed products are toxic free.

Garments stay bright, fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials.

Manufacturing cost is low, adding value to the products.


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Nanotechnology applications in textiles

Due to the advancement of nano-technology in the

manufacturing of fibres/yarns as well as in the development

of fabric finishes, the applications and scope of

nanotechnology in the area of textiles are widespread


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Conclusion

There is a significant potential for profitable applications of Nano-technology in cotton

and other textiles.

Several applications of Nano-technology can be extended to attain the performance

enhancement of textile manufacturing machines & processes. In future, interdisciplinaryresearch collaborations will lead to significant advancements in the desirable attributes

of cotton and cotton blend textile applications.

The textile industry has the biggest customer base in the world. Therefore, advances in

the customer-oriented products should be the focus for the future nanotechnology

applications.

The future research should be targeted on developing improved dirt, crease and shrink

resistance properties in fabrics, temperature adaptable clothing and odour-Iess

undergarments.


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nonotechnology in textiles

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