nonwestern music materials reflects/expresses world’s diversity each culture has its music...
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Nonwestern Music MaterialsNonwestern Music Materials
Reflects/expresses world’s diversityReflects/expresses world’s diversity
Each culture has its music practice
– Some have all three—folk, pop, and classical
These musics influence western music
– Especially true in the twentieth century
- French composer Claude Debussy
- British rocker George Harrison
- Jazz artist John Coltrane
NONWESTERN MUSIC
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Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Characteristics of Nonwestern Music
It reflects its supporting culture
– Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama
– Often used to communicate messages and relate
traditions
Ethnomusicology
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Oral Tradition
– Music notation far less important than in western culture
Frequently transmitted by oral tradition
- Many cultures do not have a music notation
- When they do, it serves as a record, not for teaching or
performance
Ethnomusicology
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Improvisation
Improvisation is frequently basic to the musicImprovisation is frequently basic to the music
– Improvisation usually based on traditional melodic
phrases and rhythmic patterns
Ethnomusicology
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Voices
Singing usually main way of making music
Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary throughout the world
– Nasal sound
– Strained tone
– Throat singing
– Many others
Ethnomusicology
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Instruments
Four types based upon sound production:Four types based upon sound production:
– Chordophones—stretched string- Harp-type
– Aerophones—performer’s breath
- Flutes, trumpets, etc.
– Idiophones—instrument’s body is sound generator
- Bells, gongs, scrapers, rattles, etc.
– Membranophones—stretched skin
- Primarily drums
Ethnomusicology
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Style and application within culture causes particular types of instruments to dominate
– Idiophones/membranophones: rhythmic emphasis
– Aerophones aid in outdoor performance
Geography and materials availability influences
– Strings allow great flexibility of pitch
Religion also influences instrumentation
Ethnomusicology
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Melody, Rhythm, and Texture
Most nonwestern musics are monophonicMost nonwestern musics are monophonic
– Some cultures use heterophony
– Sometimes accompanied by a drone
- All perform same melody with different ornamentation
Ethnomusicology
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– Intervals between tones can be larger or smaller
Much nonwestern music has very complex rhythms
Scales in nonwestern music are frequently quite
different than western musical scales
Ethnomusicology
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Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music
Nonwestern music has been greatly impacted by western influences due to:Nonwestern music has been greatly impacted by western influences due to:
– Spread of technology
– Increased urbanization
Some governments subsidize traditional music to
preserve cultural heritage
– Almost worldwide access to recorded music
Ethnomusicology
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Music in Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrica is divided into two parts: above and below Africa is divided into two parts: above and below
the Sahara Desertthe Sahara Desert
– Above: Muslim,
Arabic-speaking,
music closely related
to that of the Middle
East
– Below: Extremely
diverse, many
religions, cultures, and
languages (over 700)
Africa
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Though Sub-Saharan music is diverse, there are some similarities:
– Complex rhythms and polyrhythms
– Percussive sounds
– Wide variety of instrumental ensembles
– Vocal music often a soloist and responding chorus
Africa
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Music in Society
Music permeates African life from religion, Music permeates African life from religion,
entertainment, and magic to rites of passageentertainment, and magic to rites of passage
It is so interwoven into life that the abstract word
“music” is not used by many peoples
Africa
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Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies,
rituals, and celebrations
– Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing
Music is a social activity—everyone joins in
No musical notation—passed by oral tradition
Africa
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Elements of African Music
Rhythm and Percussion
The body used as an instrument
Complex rhythms and polyrhythms predominate
Dancers choose to follow any of the various rhythms
– Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest
Africa
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Vocal Music
Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece
Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers
– Call and response extremely common
Short musical phrases repeated to different words
Africa
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Texture
Often homophonic or polyphonic
Same melody often sung at many pitch levels
– This is unlike most nonwestern musics
Africa
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African Instruments
Idiophones
Xylophones, a favorite, come in many sizes
Most common African instrument
Most are of indefinite pitch
“Talking drum” with slit in side can produce two to four tones
Africa
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Membranophones
Used in many ceremonial and work-pace applications
Drums usually played in groups—multiple players
– Drum manufacture often accompanied by special rites
Variety of shapes, sizes, and forms
Africa
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Aerophones and Chordophones
Flutes and trumpets (of wood and horn) most common
Chordophones plucked or struck, gourd resonators
– Reed instruments less widespread
Africa
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ListeningListeningOmpehOmpeh
Song from central GhanaSong from central Ghana
Music of the Akan-speaking peoples in Ghana.Music of the Akan-speaking peoples in Ghana.
Listen for:Listen for: Call and responseCall and responseSolo vocalist and chorusSolo vocalist and chorusPercussion ensemblePercussion ensemble
Africa