norman, mgt 5885 key points: chapter 4: business-level strategy generic business-level strategies...
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Norman, MGT 5885
Key Points:Chapter 4: Business-Level Strategy
• Generic Business-Level Strategies• Differentiate between the five generic strategies
• For each strategy:
• Explain its aims and how these aims can be achieved
• Understand the competitive risks
• Advantages and disadvantages of first and second movers
• Understand how external and internal analysis are used by firms as they decide which generic strategy to use
Norman, MGT 5885
Strategy
• Strategy: an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage
• Business-level strategy: an integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to provide value to customers and gain a competitive advantage by exploiting core competencies in specific, individual product markets
Norman, MGT 5885
Business-Level Strategy
• How should I compete in a particular business?• Use existing or develop new core competencies to
gain a competitive advantage
• Consider the general environment, the state of my industry, what my competitors are doing, and my position in the industry
• Create a position that is defensible in the long run so that I can outperform my competitors
• Customers • Who? What needs? How?
Norman, MGT 5885
Source of Competitive Advantage
DifferentiationCost
Breadth ofCompetitiveScope
NarrowTarget
BroadTarget
Cost Leadership
Focused Low Cost
FocusedDifferentiation
Differentiation
Figure 4.1: Four Generic Strategies
Norman, MGT 5885
Cost Leadership
• Integrated set of actions aimed at attaining low cost (relative to competitors) with acceptable features
• Usually characterized by:• Standardized products aimed at typical customer
• Techniques• Efficient-scale facilities• Vigorous pursuit of cost reductions• Tight cost and overhead control• Minimize costs in areas such as R&D, service, sales,
advertising, etc.BUT, these areas cannot be ignored
Norman, MGT 5885
Cost Effective MIS Systems
Relatively Few Management Layers to Reduce Overhead
Simplified Planning Practices to Reduce Planning Costs
Consistent Policies to Reduce Turnover Costs
Effective Training Programs to Improve Worker Efficiency and Effectiveness
Highly Efficient Systems to Link Suppliers’ Products with the Firm’s Production Processes Timing of Asset
Purchases
Efficient Plant Scale to Minimize Manufacturing Costs
Selection of Low Cost Transport Carriers
Delivery Schedule that Reduces Costs
National Scale Advertising
Products Priced to Generate Sales Volume
Small, Highly Trained Sales Force
Effective Product Installations to Reduce Frequency and Severity of Recalls
Easy-to-Use Manufacturing Technologies
Investments in Technology in order to Reduce Costs Associated with Manufacturing Processes
Systems and Procedures to find the Lowest Cost Products to Purchase Raw Materials
Frequent Evaluation Processes to Monitor Suppliers’ Performances
Located in Close Proximity with Suppliers
Policy Choice of Plant Technology
Organizational Learning
Efficient Order Sizes
Interrelationships with Sister Units
Figure 4.2
FirmInfrastructure
Human Res.Management
TechnologyDevelopment
Procurement
InboundLogistics
Operations OutboundLogistics
Marketingand Sales
Service
Norman, MGT 5885
Risks of a Cost Leadership Strategy
• Technological innovations by competitors will render manufacturing equipment obsolete
• Miss significant changes in customer needs or competitor moves because too focused on cost savings
• Imitation by other firms
Norman, MGT 5885
Differentiation
• Integrated set of actions aimed at producing products that customers view as different in way(s) that are significant to them
• Usually characterized by:• Ability to charge a premium
• Serve several market segments
• Products with unique attributes that provide value
• Design, brand name, features, technology, customer service, dealer network
• Strongest when unique on several dimensions
Norman, MGT 5885
Figure 4.3
FirmInfrastructure
Human Res.Management
TechnologyDevelopment
Procurement
InboundLogistics
Operations OutboundLogistics
Marketingand Sales
Service
A companywide emphasis on producing high quality products
Highly Developed Information Systems to better understand customers’ purchasing preferences
Compensation programs intended to encourage worker creativity and productivity
Extensive use of subjective rather than objective performance measures
Superior handling of incoming raw materials to minimize damage and improve the quality of the final product
Rapid responses to customers unique manufacturing specifications
Consistent manufacturing of attractive products
Accurate and responsive order processing procedures
Complete field stocking of replacementparts
Strong capability in basic research
Investments in technologies that will allow the firm to consistently produce highly differentiated products
Systems and procedures used to find the highest quality raw materials
Purchase of highest quality replacement parts
Rapid and timely product deliveries to customers
Superior personnel training
Coordination among R&D, product development and marketing
Extensive personal relationships with buyers
Strong Coordin-ation among functions in R&D, Marketing and Product Development
Premium Pricing
Norman, MGT 5885
Risks of a Differentiation Strategy
• Customers decide price premium is too great
• Means of differentiation no longer adds value
• Customer learning narrows perception of the value of differentiated features
• Counterfeiting
Norman, MGT 5885
Focus(Focused Low-Cost and Focused Differentiation)
• Integrated set of actions aimed at meeting the needs of a particular competitive segment
• Usually characterized by:• Having a competitive advantage in one particular
segment of the market, but not others
• Serve segment more efficiently or effectively
• Serve segments with unique needs or that are poorly served by others
Norman, MGT 5885
Risks of a Focus Strategy
• All those applicable to cost leader or differentiator PLUS
• Another firm outfocuses by concentrating on an even more narrow segment
• Firms serving the entire industry begin to compete heavily in the focuser’s market segment
• Needs of customers in the segment become more similar to the needs of other segments
Norman, MGT 5885
Integrated Low-Cost/Differentiation
• Integrated set of actions aimed at attaining both low cost and products that customers view as different in way(s) that are significant to them
• Usually characterized by• Differentiated features (not as many as differentiator)• Relatively low cost (not a low as cost leader)• Multiple sources of competitive advantage
• Techniques• Flexible manufacturing systems• Information networks within and across firms• TQM
Norman, MGT 5885
Risks of an Integrated Low Cost/Differentiation Strategy?
• Offers great potential for above-average returns
• BUT, high risk of failure
• Firms may become “stuck in the middle”
Norman, MGT 5885
Advantages Disadvantages
FirstMover
SecondMover
LateMover