normative and informational influence when decision-making in
TRANSCRIPT
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Normative and Informational InfluenceWhen Decision-Making in Groups
Holly Bergen, Michael Dowd, Lidia MonjarasPSYC 166 – Fall, 2012
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Agenda
● Definitions and Concepts
● Background
● Hypothesis
● Operational Definitions in Methodology
● Methods
● Results
● Discussion
● References
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● Conformity is a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure (Myers, 2009)
● “Fusion of identity” is when a person becomes fused within a group, their personal and social identities become “functionally equivalent” (Swann, et.al., 2009).
Definitions and Concepts
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Definitions and Concepts
● Normative Influence is conformity based on one's desire to fulfill others' expectations and gain acceptance (Myers, 2009).
● Informational influence is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others (Myers, 2009).
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Background
● Holocaust, Abu Ghraib, Kamikaze pilots
Nazi soldier: “I was afraid that Ledieritz and others would think I was a coward,” (Myers, 2008).
● Swann et.al. Research in “Fusion of Identity”
Findings: Fused members willing to fight or die (2009).
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Background
● 1950's: Solomon Asch Line Judgment Studies:
37% Conformity to incorrect answers (Myers, 2008).75% Participants at least once (New Charter University, 2012).
● 1996: Abrams Line Study:
32% Conformity to incorrect answers77% Participants at least onceCondition of out-group = conformity below normal(Abrams, et.al.,1996)
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Background
● Conformity on the Decline?
Meta-Analysis using the line judgment studies suggests that conformity in the U.S. may be declining since the 1950's (Bond & Smith, 1996).
● Our Study:
Normative and Informational Influence in naturalistic, observational setting without pressure of others to answer questions correctly.
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Hypothesis
When a subjects arises as a “leader” of a group, the remaining members of the group will conform to the decision, whether in accepting or denying an offering, and in most instances the rest of the group will conform.
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Operational Definitions in Methodology
● Group: 2 or more subjects. Group sizes in data were 2-6 subjects
● “Leader”: First subject to initiate decision to accept or deny the offering
● Conformity: Every member of the group providing same response as the leader (100%)
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Methods
Participants:
● 88 groups total, 65 groups with leader used
● Adults, estimated ages over 21
● Many participants couples
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Methods
Procedure:
● Downtown San Diego
● Handed out tickets to popular comedy club
● Data collected in 3 week period, usually twice a week on weekend evenings
● Recorded if there was a leader and gender, if leader accepted or denied offering, and how many subjects subsequently accepted or denied
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Results
Out of 65 Groups of subjects:
● 52 Groups Conformed (80% Conformity rate)
● 13 Groups did not conform (20% non-conformity rate)
Mean (m= 1.2), standard deviation (SD= .40)
Genders of the leaders :
● 73.8% of the leaders in the groups were male
● 26.2% were female.
Mean (m= 1.26), standard deviation (SD= .44)
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Results
Chi Square Test:
A chi-square test of goodness-of-fit was performed to determine whether people would conform to a group’s leader’s decision.
The test indicated a significant difference,
X2 (2, N = 65) = 23.4, p < .00.52 Groups Conformed (80% Conformity rate)
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Results
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Results
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Discussion
● Higher conformity rates than Asch study: naturalistic setting, no control of variances, no correct or incorrect responses, sample size small
● Future studies: Test varying age groups, geographical locations, collectivist vs. individualist cultures, larger sample sizes, and gender in relation to individuals who arise as leaders
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References
Bond, R., Smith, P.B. (1996) Culture and Conformity: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Asch's (1952b, 1956) Line Judgment Task. American Psychological Association, Inc. Psychological Bulletin 1996.Vol. 119, No. I, 111-137
http://www.radford.edu/~jaspelme/_private/gradsoc_articles/ individualism_collectivism/
Myers, D.G. (2008) Social Psychology. Ninth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
New Charter University (2012) The Basics of Power. From Organizational Behavior Chapter 13
https://new.edu/resources/the-basics-of-power--2#ftn.fwk-bauer-fn13_003
Swann, W.B., Seyle, D.C., Gomez, A., Morales, J.F., Huici, C. (2009) Identity Fusion: The Interplay of Personal and Social Identities in Extreme Group Behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 96, No. 5, 995–1011 http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/Homepage/Faculty/Swann/docu/fusion09.pdf
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Image References
Chilling: Solemn Nazi soldiers gather to celebrate the fascist leader's birthday at the West wall in Germany (2013) Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2085509/Hitler-schoolgirls-Colour-photos-emerge-Nazi-leader-celebrating-50th-birthday.html
Leadership and Management (2013) Retrieved from: http://tappegroup.com/leadership-and-management/
Social Pressure and Perception (2012) Retrieved from: http://fortheabolitionofveganism.blogspot.com/2012/11/solomon-asch-experiment-study-on.html
Tickets on Sale Now! (2013) Retrieved from:http://www.funnybonecomedyclub.com/