norodom sihanouk - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Norodom Sihanouk

King of Cambodia

Reign 24 April 1941 3 March 1955

Coronation 3 May 1941

Predecessor Sisowath Monivong

Successor Norodom Suramarit

Prime Ministers

Reign 24 September 1993 7 October

2004

Coronation 24 September 1993

Predecessor Chea Sim (Regent)

Successor Norodom Sihamoni

Prime Ministers

SpouseNorodom Monineath(19522012)

Issue

Full name

Preah Karuna Preah Bat Smdach Preah

Norodom Sihanouk Preahmhaviraksat

House House of Norodom

Norodom SihanoukFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Norodom Sihanouk (Khmer: ; 31 October1922 15 October 2012) was the King of Cambodia, whoreigned from 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to 2004.Sihanouk became the King of Cambodia in 1941 and afterthe Second World War, he campaigned for the independenceof Cambodia from French rule. Cambodia subsequentlybecame an independent state in 1953. In 1955, Sihanoukabdicated the throne in favour of his father, NorodomSuramarit and went on to form the Sangkum, a politicalorganisation. Sihanouk led the Sangkum to win the 1955general elections, and became the Prime Minister ofCambodia. When Suramarit died in 1960, Sihanoukintroduced a constitutional amendment which made him asthe Head of State of Cambodia, a position which he held untilhis overthrow in 1970 by Lon Nol and Sisowath Sirik Matak.A new regime, the Khmer Republic was instituted afterSihanouk's ouster as the Head of State.

Sihanouk went into exile in China and North Korea and wenton to form a government in exile, known as the RoyalGovernment of the National Union of Kampuchea (GRUNK)and a resistance movement, the National United Front ofKampuchea. As the leader of GRUNK, Sihanouk lent hissupport to the Khmer Rouge which led to their victoryagainst the Khmer Republic in April 1975. Sihanouksubsequently returned to Cambodia and made the figureheadHead of State of Democratic Kampuchea by the KhmerRouge. When Sihanouk resigned from his position in 1976,he was placed under house arrest until 1979, whenVietnamese forces overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Sihanoukwent into exile again, and in 1981 formed FUNCINPEC, aresistance front headed by him. The following year in 1982,the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea(CGDK) was formed which brought together the threeanti-Vietnamese resistance factions consisting ofFUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge and KPNLF. Sihanouk wasappointed as the President of the CGDK.

In the late 1980s, informal talks were mediated by the foreignministers of Indonesia and Australia to end hostilitiesbetween the PRK and resistance factions under the CGDK. Atransitional body to oversee Cambodian affairs, the SupremeNational Council of Cambodia was formed in 1990 whichsaw Sihanouk appointed as its President. The following yearin 1991, peace accords were signed which led to the creationof the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia

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14 children

Norodom Sihanouk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk

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Father Norodom Suramarit

Mother Sisowath Kossamak

Born 31 October 1922

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Died 15 October 2012 (aged 89)

Beijing, China

Religion Theravada Buddhism

Signature

Norodom Sihanouk

1st Prime Minister of Cambodia

In office

17 November 1961 13 February 1962

Preceded by Penn Nouth

Succeeded by Nhiek Tioulong (acting)

In office

10 July 1958 19 April 1960

Preceded by Sim Var

Succeeded by Pho Proeung

In office

9 April 1957 7 July 1957

Monarch Norodom Suramarit

Preceded by Sam Yun

Succeeded by Sim Var

In office

15 September 1956 15 October 1956


(UNTAC). The UNTAC organised general elections in 1993,which led to the formation of a coalition government jointlyled by his son Norodom Ranariddh and Hun Sen. Sihanoukwas reinstated as the Head of State of Cambodia in June1993. When a permanent constitution was promolugated inSeptember 1993, Sihanouk was made the King of Cambodiafor a second time. In 2004, Sihanouk abdicated for a secondtime in favour of another son, Norodom Sihamoni whosucceeded him as King. Sihanouk subsequently becameknown as the King-Father until his death in 2012. During hislifetime, Sihanouk was also known for producing many filmsand musical works.

Contents

1 Early life and first reign2 Sangkum era

2.1 Premiership (19551960)2.2 Head of State (19601970)

3 Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years4 FUNCINPEC and CGDK years5 UNTAC administration era6 Second reign7 Abdication and final years8 Death and funeral9 Artistic works

9.1 Filmography9.2 Musical works

10 Titles and styles11 Personal life

11.1 Health11.2 Family11.3 Ancestry

12 References13 Bibliography

13.1 Books13.2 Reports

Early life and first reign

Sihanouk was the only child born of the union between

Norodom Suramarit and Sisowath Kossamak.[1] He receivedhis primary education at the Francois Baudoin school andNuon Moniram school, and subsequently pursued hissecondary education in Saigon at Lyce Chasseloup


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Preceded by Khim Tit

Succeeded by Sam Yun

In office

1 March 1956 24 March 1956


Preceded by Oum Chheang Sun

Succeeded by Khim Tit

In office

3 October 1955 5 January 1956


Preceded by Leng Ngeth

Succeeded by Oum Chheang Sun

In office

7 April 1954 18 April 1954

Preceded by Chan Nak

Succeeded by Penn Nouth

In office

16 June 1952 24 January 1953

Preceded by Huy Kanthoul

Succeeded by Penn Nouth

In office

28 April 1950 30 May 1950

Preceded by Yem Sambaur

Succeeded by Sisowath Monipong

In office

18 March 1945 13 August 1945

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Son Ngoc Thanh

Leader of the Sangkum Reastr Niyum

In office

24 March 1955 18 March 1970

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by None (party dissolved)

Head of State of Cambodia

In office

14 June 1993 24 September 1993

Preceded by Chea Sim

as Chairman of the Council of State

Laubat.[2] When his maternal grandfather, SisowathMonivong died on 23 April 1941, the Crown Councilappointed Prince Sihanouk as King of Cambodia the

following day.[3] Sihanouk was officially crowned on 3 May

1941.[4] During the Japanese occupation of Cambodia,Sihanouk dedicated most of his time to sports, filming and

the occasional tour to the countryside.[5] In March 1945, theJapanese military which had occupied Cambodia fromAugust 1941 dissolved the nominal French colonialadministration. Under pressure from the Japanese, Sihanouk

proclaimed Cambodia's independence[6] and also assumed

the position of Prime Minister at the same time.[7]

As the Prime Minister, Sihanouk revoked a decree issued bythe last resident superior of Cambodia, Georges Gautier to

romanise the Khmer alphabet.[8] Following the surrender ofJapan in August 1945, nationalist forces loyal to Son NgocThanh launched a coup which led to Thanh being appointed

as the Prime Minister.[9] When the French returned toCambodia in October 1945, Thanh was deposed from hisposition and was replaced by Sihanouk's uncle Sisowath

Monireth.[10] Monireth negotiated for greater autonomy ofinternal affairs within Cambodia. A Modus Vivendi wassigned in January 1946 whereby Cambodia was granted full

autonomy within the French Union.[11] A joint French-Cambodian commission was set up after that to write

Cambodia's constitution,[12] and in April 1946, Sihanoukintroduced clauses which provided for an elected parliamenton the basis of universal male suffrage. Provisions were also

given to press freedom in-principle.[13] The first constitution

was signed into effect by Sihanouk in May 1947.[14] Aroundthis time, Sihanouk made two trips to Saumur, France wherehe undertook military training at the Armoured CavalryBranch Training School in 1946 and again in 1948. At theend of the training, Sihanouk was made a reserve captain for

the French army.[15]

In early 1949, Sihanouk travelled to Paris with his parents tonegotiate for more autonomy to Cambodia, which led to thesigning of a Franco-Khmer treaty that cancelled the Modus

Vivendi signed in 1946.[16] In September 1949, Sihanouk

dissolved the National Assembly and ruled by decree[17] untilSeptember 1951 when the Democrat Party pressured

Sihanouk to hold national elections.[18] Sihanouk travelled toFrance in February 1953, and wrote twice to then-FrenchPresident Vincent Auriol to cede control over all remainingexecutive powers in Cambodia by citing on widespread


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Succeeded by Himself as King

In office

20 June 1960 18 March 1970

Preceded by Chuop Hell (acting)

Succeeded by Cheng Heng

as President of the Khmer Republic

President of the State Presidium of Democratic

Kampuchea

In office

17 April 1975 2 April 1976

Preceded by Sak Sutsakhan

as Chairman of the Supreme Committee

Succeeded by Khieu Samphan

Personal details

Political

party

FUNCINPEC (19811991)

Other

political

affiliations

Sangkum (19551970)

Independent (19451955)

Alma mater Armoured Cavalry Branch Training

School

Website Official website

(http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/)

anti-French sentiment among the Cambodian populace.[19]

Auriol responded by appointing the French commissioner foroverseas territories, Jean Letourneau to meet with Sihanouk.When Letourneau rejected Sihanouk's suggestion, the lattertravelled to Canada and United States (US) where heexploited on the prevailing anti-communist sentiments to callfor Cambodian independence. According to Sihanouk,Cambodia faced a Communist threat similar to that of theViet Minh in Vietnam and the solution to address the

Communist threat was full independence for Cambodia.[20]

Sihanouk returned to Cambodia in June 1953, and took up

residence in Siem Reap.[21] He organised public ralliescalling for the Cambodians to fight forces that opposed theformation of an independent Cambodian nation, andorganised a citizenry militia which recruited at least 100,000people. In August 1953, France agreed to cede control overjudicial and interior ministry to Cambodia, while anotherfurther agreement was secured in October 1953 which sawFrance surrendering control over defense matters. Sihanouk

returned to Phnom Penh at the end of the month,[22] and on 9November 1953 Cambodia officially declared independence

from France.[21]

In May 1954, Sihanouk sent Nhiek Tioulong and Tep Phan to

participate in the Geneva Conference.[23] The accord forCambodia reaffirmed the country's independence, and alsoallowed Cambodia to seek military aid from any country.Sihanouk still faced domestic opposition from the Democrat

Party[24] which were unhappy with his intervention in

politics and held a majority in the National Assembly.[18] In February 1955, a referendum was held, andcampaign propaganda made references to Sihanouk's efforts to seek national independence. The referendum

returned with 99.8% of the electorate approving Sihanouk's efforts.[25]

Sangkum era

Premiership (19551960)

Sihanouk announced his abdication from the throne on 2 March 1955 over Phnom Penh radio, and stated his

intention not to return to the throne after abdication.[21][26] The throne council nominated his father Suramarit to

succeed him.[27] A month later in April 1955, Sihanouk announced the formation of the Sangkum, a politicalorganisation with a stated emphasis on forging national unity. Four right-wing political parties led by Lon Nol,Sam Sary, Oum Cheang Sun and Dap Chhuon merged to join the Sangkum at Sihanouk's advice. Whenparliamentary elections were held on September 1955, the Sangkum took 83% of all valid votes, taking up all

seats in the National Assembly.[28] Sihanouk was subsequently sworn in as Prime Minister the following

month.[29]


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Meeting in Beijing in 1956: from left Mao

Zedong, Peng Zhen, Sihanouk, Liu Shaoqi.

In the first few years after Sihanouk became Prime Minister, heintroduced several constitutional changes that included extendingsuffrage to women, adopting the Khmer language as the sole official

language of the country[30] and making Cambodia a Constitutionalmonarchy by vesting policy making powers to the Prime Minister

rather than the King.[31] However, policy disputes and politickingbetween ministries and politicians occurred regularly, leading to

regular cabinet reshuffles[32] and Sihanouk himself alternatelyresigned and retook the Prime Minister post three times between

1955 and 1958.[33]

Around 1958, Cambodia's relations with Thailand and SouthVietnam deteriorated as the armies of both countries carried out incursions into the disputed territory of Preah

Vihear and border areas with Vietnam at Stung Treng respectively.[34] The leaders of these both countries, SaritThanarat and Ngo Dinh Diem also harboured deep suspicions of Sihanouk's professed policy neutrality as

Sihanouk was warmly received by Zhou Enlai during a state visit to China in that year.[35] At this point of time,Diem and his younger brother and chief adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu came up with a secret plot to overthrow

Sihanouk and install a pro-American regime.[36] When the CIA and Sarit learnt of Diem and Nhu's coup plans,they quickly joined in to support. Thailand facilitated the secret meetings, and Dap Chhuon, Son Ngoc Thanh

and Sam Sary were roped in to discuss plans to overthrow Sihanouk.[37] Sihanouk discovered the plot, and he

publicised the plot details during a rally at Kampong Cham in January 1959.[38]

The CIA and Dap Chhuon pressed on with their plans to overthrow Sihanouk, and Thailand provided largecaches of weapons and ammunitions. An Japanese American CIA operative, Victor Matsui also brought gold tohelp finance the coup attempt in February 1959. Sihanouk sent Lon Nol to capture Dap Chhuon, who had him

summarily executed.[39] The weapons and gold were discovered after that, and Sihanouk charged Dap Chhuon,his brother Slat Peou and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Cambodia Ngo Trong Hieu for their direct

involvement in the plot.[40] Six months later on 31 August 1959, a small packaged lacquer gift fitted with aparcel bomb was delivered to Queen Kossamak. Norodom Vakrivan, the chief of protocol who opened thepackage was killed instantly, along with a personal valet of King Suramarit. Another two palace servants werewounded, but King Suramarit and Queen Kossamak who were in another room escaped unharmed. Aninvestigation was carried out and traced the origin of the parcel bomb being sent from an American military

base in Saigon,[41] and Sihanouk went on to accuse Ngo Dinh Nhu of masterminding the bomb attack as an

assassination attempt against him.[42]

Head of State (19601970)

King Suramarit died on 3 April 1960 after suffering from several months of poor health[43] which Sihanouk

attributed to the fright that Suramarit received from parcel bomb attack.[41] Sisowath Monireth was sworn in as

the Regent of Cambodia the following day,[44] and Sihanouk introduced constitutional amendments to create anew post of the Head of State of Cambodia which provided ceremonial powers equivalent to that of the King. Areferendum was held on 5 June 1960 formally passed Sihanouk's proposals, and Sihanouk was formally

appointed as the Head of State on 14 June 1960.[45]

Sihanouk's relationship with leaders of various countries deterioated from 1962, which he claimed that he wasnot accorded appropriate decorum when meeting with world leaders. The claims were made during Sihanouk'svisit to the United Nations in 1962 and a proposed visit to the United Kingdom that did not materialise around


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the same time.[46] Sihanouk have had held deep suspicion of the CIA continuously supporting Khmer Serei

efforts to overthrow his regime,[47] and in November 1962, threatened to reject all American economic aid if

CIA did not withdraw its support for the Khmer Serei.[48] One year later in November 1963, Sihanouk

announced that Cambodia would reject all forms of economic aid from the US,[49] at the same time

nationalising Cambodia's entrepot trade.[50] Sihanouk established a statutory board, SONEXIM which was

empowered to formulate policies to regulate the entrepot trade[51]

From 1964 onwards, Sihanouk forged closer relations with North Vietnam and the Viet Cong resistance.[52] Heallowed the Viet Cong to build a trail through eastern Cambodia to allow Viet Cong troops to receive war

supplies from North Vietnam. The trail became known as the Sihanouk Trail.[53] When the US learnt of

Vietcong presence in eastern Cambodia, they started a bombing campaign in this region,[54] which spurrned

Sihanouk to sever diplomatic ties with the US in May 1965.[53] Other Communist countries including China,Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia provided military aid to Cambodia as a result of Sihanouk's warming of

relations with North Vietnam.[52]

According to Sisowath Entaravong, a member of the royal family, Cambodia's economy was heavily affectedwith corruption which involved high-ranking civil servants, government ministers and members of the royal

family.[55] In 1963, when Sihanouk nationalised the entrepot trade, commodity prices were fixed at low rates toward off competition from imported luxury goods. However, merchants were able to import luxury goodsthrough bribery, a practice that caused the worsening of corruption. Army officers also helped to sell importedrice to Viet Cong forces at lowered prices to bypass the expensive customs duties, and in return they received

kickbacks.[56] Army officers also suffered pay cuts in their salaries due to Sihanouk's decision to reject US aid,which was partly paid from US aid. This spurned them to participate in clandestine trade activities. TheCambodian army also experienced a reduction of weapon inventory due to attrition and lack of spare parts, and

shortage of army uniforms once US aid was terminated.[57]

Sometime in mid-1966, bilateral relations between China and Cambodia deterioated as Mao Zedong wereuncomfortable with Cambodia's relations with the Soviet Union, whereas Sihanouk was uncomfortable with

Mao's Cultural Revolution which started in the same year.[58] In April 1967, angry peasants killed twogovernment soldiers when they went to collect rice in Battambang Province, which led to the Samlaut

Uprising.[59] Sihanouk accused Khieu Samphan, Hou Yuon and Hu Nim of orchestrating the rebellion,[60]

forcing them to flee and join the Khmer Rouge.[61] A month later, Sihanouk also received reports that manymembers of the ethnic Chinese Cambodian community were becoming critical of the Lon Nol administration

and were receptive to Chinese Communist propaganda.[62] Sihanouk believed that cladestine intelligence

services from the Chinese government had played a role in these two events,[60] and acted to downgrade

bilateral relations with China in September 1967.[63]

Sihanouk subsequently pursued rapprochement with the US, and hosted a private visit of Jacqueline Kennedy to

Cambodia in October 1967.[64] He met with the US ambassador to India, Chester Bowles in January 1968 andacknowledged the presence of Viet Cong troops in the Cambodia while also indicating that he would not stopUS forces from crossing into Cambodia to attack Viet Cong forces. Diplomatic relations between Cambodia and

US were restored at the end of 1968.[65] When Henry Kissinger laid out plans to bomb parts of eastern

Cambodia in 1969, Sihanouk refrained from protesting against them.[64] Around this time, Cambodia suffered adecline in agricultural productivity due to the drift of Agent Orange from South Vietnam and widespread

corruption.[66] In August 1969, Sihanouk approved of a new government led by Lon Nol and with SisowathSirik Matak as his deputy. When Lon Nol left Cambodia in October to seek medical treatment, Sirik Matakinstituted policy changes that ran contrary to Sihanouk's wishes, such as re-establishing Cambodian troop


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Sihanouk visiting Romania in 1972, with

Romanian President Nicolae Ceauescu

(right)..

presence in the northeastern provinces where the Viet Cong were based in, and also relaxed state control of the

entrepot trade[67] From September 1969 onwards, Lon Nol and Sirik Matak also secretly contacted Son Ngoc

Thanh to discuss the possibility of overthrowing Sihanouk.[68]

Deposition, GRUNK and Khmer Rouge years

In early January 1970, Sihanouk left Cambodia for medical

treatment in France.[69] The following month, Lon Nolde-monetised all 500-riel banknotes in circulation to deprive VietCong troops of the ability to buy rice and supply goods. Lon Noland Sirik Matak also encouraged demonstrations to be held outsidethe North Vietnamese embassy to protest the presence of Viet Cong

troops in Cambodia.[70] On 16 March 1970, the half-brother ofMonique, Oum Mannorine was summoned to the National

Assembly over corruption charges.[71] On the same night after thehearing, Oum ordered troops under his command to arrest Lon Noland Sirik Matak, but ended up being placed under house arrest bySirik Matak's troops. Two days later on 18 March, troops werestationed at Pochentong airport and the National Assemblybuilding. The assembly voted to endorse a military government

headed by Lon Nol and provide emergency powers.[72] A secret ballot was cast whereby the assembly voted to

depose Sihanouk.[73]

Sihanouk was in Moscow on the day of his overthrow and the Soviet foreign minister, Alexei Kosygin, was

tasked to informed him of the news.[74] Sihanouk flew to Beijing where he was received by the Chinese premierZhou Enlai. Sihanouk also met with the Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, and on 23 March 1970

Sihanouk announced a resistance front known as National United Front of Kampuchea (FUNK).[75] Sometimelater on 5 May 1970, Sihanouk announced the formation of a government-in-exile known as GRUNK and ledCommunist countries including China, North Vietnam, and North Korea to break relations with the Lon Nol

regime.[76] In Phnom Penh, a military trial convened on 2 July 1970 and Sihanouk was sentenced to death in

absentia three days later.[77]

Sihanouk alternately lived in Beijing and Pyongyang between 1970 and 1975, where custom-made, large

residences were built for him to live.[78] In February 1973, Sihanouk travelled to Hanoi where he started on along journey with Khieu Samphan and other Khmer Rouge leaders. The convoy traveled along the Ho Chi Minhtrail and reached the Cambodian border at Stung Treng Province the following month. Sihanouk faced constantbombardment of American planes from Operation Freedom Deal throughout his visit to Khmer Rougecontrolled areas of Cambodia. Sihanouk travelled across the provinces of Stung Treng, Preah Vihear, and Siem

Reap.[79] At Siem Reap, Sihanouk visited the temples of Angkor Wat, Banteay Srei, and Bayon.[80] In August1973, Sirik Matak wrote an open letter to call Sihanouk to bring the Cambodian Civil War to an end andaccepting the possibility of the latter returning to the country. When the letter reached Sihanouk, he angrily

rejected Sirik Matak's advances.[81]

When the Khmer Republic fell to the Khmer Rouge in 17 April 1975, Prince Sihanouk was nominated to the

symbolic position as the Head of State for the Democratic Kampuchea regime.[82] He continued to live in

Beijing until September 1975[83] when he returned to Cambodia so as to inter the ashes of Queen Kossamak,

who had died in Beijing just days after the Fall of Phnom Penh.[84] He subsequently went abroad to recommend


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Sihanouk with U.S. President Ronald

Reagan in the Oval Office of the White

House, 1988.

the diplomatic recognition of Democratic Kampuchea, and visited several Communist countries[85] beforereturning to Cambodia on 31 December 1975. After presiding a meeting to endorse the constitution of the

Democratic Kampuchea,[86] Sihanouk was taken on a tour across Cambodia by Khieu Samphan the followingmonth whereby he witnessed the effects of the Cambodian genocide orchestrated by the Angkar. Sihanouk

asked to resign from his position as the head of state, which Pol Pot rejected.[87] However, his request to resign

was subsequently accepted in mid-April 1976 and retroactively dated back to 2 April 1976.[88]

From this point of time onwards, Sihanouk was placed under house arrest[89] until January 1979, and his

requests to travel overseas were turned down by the Angkar.[90] Sihanouk was taken to Beijing from Phnom

Penh on 6 January 1979, one day before Vietnamese troops occupied Phnom Penh.[91] From Beijing, Sihanoukflew to New York to attend the UN Security Council where he simultaneously condemned the Khmer Rouge for

orchestrating the Cambodian genocide as well as the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia.[92] Sihanouksubsequently sought asylum in China after making two unsuccessful asylum applications with the US and

France.[93]

FUNCINPEC and CGDK years

A new government supported by Vietnam, the People's Republic ofKampuchea (PRK) was established shortly after the overthrow ofDemocratic Kampuchea. The Chinese government led by Deng

Xiaoping was unhappy[94] with Vietnam's role in the establishmentof the PRK government. Deng proposed to Sihanouk to corporate

with the Khmer Rouge, an idea which Sihanouk rejected.[95] InMarch 1981, Sihanouk established a resistance movement,FUNCINPEC together with a small resistance army known as the

ANS (Arme Nationale Sihanoukiste).[96] Around this time,Sihanouk started tripartite talks between FUNCINPEC with theKhmer Rouge and the Son Sann-led Khmer People's National

Liberation Front (KPNLF)[97] as China applied diplomatic pressurefor him to collaborate with the Khmer Rouge as a precondition to

receiving material aid for FUNCINPEC.[98]

After several rounds of tripartite talks, Sihanouk presided over the establishment of a government exile, the

Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) in June 1982.[98] Several rounds of tripartite talkswere hosted by China between 1982 and 1987, but yielded little diplomatic progress to ending the Vietnamese

occupation of Cambodia.[99] From 1986 onwards, Vietnam faced political pressure from the Soviet Union towithdraw its troops from Cambodia. In December 1987, the Prime Minister of the PRK government, Hun Sen

first met with Sihanouk to discuss about the ending of the protracted CambodianVietnamese War.[100] Thefollowing July, the then-foreign minister of Indonesia, Ali Alatas brokered the first series of discussion knownas the Jakarta Informal Meetings (JIM). The JIMs were held near Jakarta, and involved the four warringCambodian factions consisting of FUNCINPEC, Khmer Rouge, KPNLF and the PRK government over the

future of Cambodia.[101]

Two more rounds of JIMs were held in February and May 1989, Ali Alatas and the then-French foreign ministerRoland Dumas convened the Paris Peace Conference between July and August 1989 to discuss plans for

Vietnamese troop withdrawal and power sharing arrangements for a future Cambodian government.[101] In


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August 1989, Sihanouk resigned as president of FUNCINPEC.[102] In September 1990, the United Nations(UN) sponsored the establishment of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia (SNC), an administrativebody responsible for overseeing sovereign affairs of Cambodia for an interim period until UN-sponsored

elections are held.[103] The creation of the SNC was subsequently ratified with United Nations Security Council

Resolution 668.[104] In July 1991, Sihanouk left FUNCINPEC altogether, and was elected as the chairperson of

the SNC.[105]

UNTAC administration era

The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 23 October 1991 which formally recognised the SNC and provided for

the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC).[106] The UNTAC wasauthorised to station peacekeeping troops in Cambodia to supervise the disarmament of the four warring

Cambodian factions and carry out free and fair national elections in the country.[107] Sihanouk subsequentlyreturned to Phnom Penh on 14 November 1991, and city folks lined the streets of Phnom Penh as Sihanouk rode

on an open top limousine with Hun Sen to celebrate his return to the country.[108] The UNTAC administrationwas formally established in February 1992, but soon faced resistance from the Khmer Rouge in enforcing

peacekeeping operations.[109] Sihanouk responded by calling to abandon the Khmer Rouge from thepeacekeeping process in July and September 1992. During this period of time, Sihanouk spent most of the timein Siem Reap and making helicopter trips to supervise election preparations in KPNLF, FUNCINPEC and

Khmer Rouge resistance bases.[110]

Sihanouk left Cambodia for Beijing in November 1992,[111] where he would stay on for the next six months

until he returned to Cambodia on the eve of elections in May 1993.[112] While in Beijing, Sihanouk brieflyproposed a Presidential system government for Cambodia to Boutros Boutros-Ghali, but dropped the idea after

facing rejection from the Khmer Rouge.[113] The general elections were held in May 1993, with FUNCINPECheaded by Sihanouk's son Norodom Ranariddh garnering the most votes while the Cambodian People's Party

(CPP) headed by Hun Sen came in second.[114] CPP leaders were unhappy with the election results and on 3June 1993, Hun Sen and Chea Sim called on Sihanouk to assume all state power. Sihanouk complied, andannounced the formation of a Provisional National Government (PRG) headed by him with Hun Sen and

Ranariddh as his deputies.[115] Ranariddh was not informed of Sihanouk's plans, and joined the Australia,China, United Kingdom and United States in opposing the PRG plan. Sihanouk dropped the PRG plan the

following day through a national radio broadcast.[116]

On 14 June 1993, a constituent assembly session presided by Ranariddh nullified the 1970 coup d'tat which

overthrew Sihanouk, and reinstated the latter as Cambodia's Head of State.[117] In the first few days of hisappointment, Sihanouk renamed the Cambodian military to its pre-1970 namesake, the Royal CambodianArmed Forces. On 29 June 1993, Sihanouk issued another order to officially rename the country from the Stateof Cambodia to simply "Cambodia". He also reinstated Nokor Reach as the National Anthem of Cambodia with

some minor modifications to its lyrics, and also the Cambodian flag to its pre-1970 design.[118] Sihanouk alsoappointed Ranariddh and Hun Sen as the Co-Prime Ministers of Cambodia with equal powers in a provisional

government,[119] which was ratified by the Constituent Assembly on 2 July 1993.[117] On 30 August 1993,[120]

Ranariddh and Hun Sen met Sihanouk presented two draft constitutions, one of them stipulating a constitutionalmonarchy headed by a King and another a republican state led by a Head of State. Sihanouk chose the option of

making Cambodia a constitutional monarchy,[121] and was ratified by the constituent assembly on 21 September

1993.[122]


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Second reign

The new constitution was proclaimed on 24 September 1993, and Sihanouk was reinstated as the King of

Cambodia.[123] A permanent coalition government was formed between FUNCINPEC, CPP and BLDP, and

Ranariddh and Hun Sen assumed the positions of First and Second Prime Ministers respectively.[124] Shortly

after that, Sihanouk took leave to Beijing for cancer treatment where he spent several months there.[125] In Mayand June 1994, Sihanouk wrote a series of public letters to the government, starting with a call for freshelections and giving government posts to end the ongoing insurgency with the Khmer Rouge based in Pailin and

Anlong Veng. When Hun Sen rejected the suggestions,[126] Sihanouk proposed a national unity government thatwould see the participation of FUNCINPEC, CPP and Khmer Rouge forces with him as the Head of State and

government.[127] Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk's proposal for the second time, and cited the Khmer Rouge's past

intransigent attitude would make the proposal unrealistic.[128] In July 1994, Sihanouk arranged the exile of

another son, Norodom Chakrapong after he was physically threatened by government forces[129] over an

alleged coup attempt against the government.[130] The following November, Sihanouk made a similararrangement for his younger half-brother, Norodom Sirivudh to be exiled to France after the latter was

implicated in an assassination plot to kill Hun Sen.[131]

Relations between the two co-Prime Ministers, Ranariddh and Hun Sen started to deteriorate from early

1996[132] as Ranariddh became unhappy with repeated delays from the CPP in awarding low-level government

posts to FUNCINPEC officials.[133] At the FUNCINPEC congress in March 1996, Ranariddh threatened to pull

out of the coalition government[134] and hold national elections in 1996,[135] which stoked unease from Hun

Sen and other CPP officials.[135] The following month, Sihanouk presided over a meeting between some royalfamily members and senior FUNCINPEC officials in Paris. Sihanouk attempted to tone down the tensionsbetween FUNCINPEC and the CPP by issuing statements, assuring that FUNCINPEC would not leave the

coalition government and there were no reactionary elements to bring down Hun Sen or the CPP.[136]

In March 1997, Sihanouk offered to abdicate the throne, and his suggestion prompted Hun Sen to call for

constitutional amendments to bar members of the royal family from participating in politics.[137] In July 1997,violent clashes erupted in Phnom Penh between forces loyal to the CPP and FUNCINPEC, which effectively

led to Ranariddh's ouster.[138] Sihanouk voiced displeasure against Hun Sen for orchestrating the clashes, but

refrained from calling Ranariddh's ouster a "coup d'etat", a term which FUNCINPEC members used.[139] Whenthe National Assembly elected Ung Huot as the First Prime Minister to replace Ranariddh on 6 August

1997,[140] Sihanouk charged that Ranariddh's ouster was illegal and renewed his offer to abdicate from the

throne.[141] In September 1998, Sihanouk meditated political talks in Siem Reap after the FUNCINPEC and theSam Rainsy Party (SRP) staged demonstrations against the CPP-led government for irregularities over the 1998

general elections.[142]

Sihanouk maintained a monthly bulletin, which he wrote commentaries over governance issues and postedphoto souvenirs of Cambodia in the 1950s and 1960s. Around 1997, a character known by the name of "RuomRith" started to appear in the monthly bulletin and became extremely critical of Hun Sen and the government.Hun Sen reportedly became extremely unhappy with the commentaries, and called on the king to stop

publishing the commentaries on two occasions in 1998 and 2003.[143][144] According to Ranariddh, Ruom Rith

was an alter ego of Sihanouk, a claim which the latter vehemently denies.[145] In July 2002, Sihanouk expressedconcern over the absence of detailed constitutional provisions over the organisation and functioning of the

Cambodian throne council.[146] When Hun Sen rejected Sihanouk concern, the latter issued a letter inSeptember 2002 threatening to abdicate so as to force the throne council to convene and elect a new


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monarch.[147]

General elections were held again in July 2003, whereby the CPP won the most votes but failed to securetwo-thirds of all parliamentary seats required to form a new government. The two runner-up parties,

FUNCINPEC and SRP[148] filed complaints over alleged electoral irregularities with the Constitutional

Council, which were turned down in August 2003[149] When FUNCINPEC and SRP announced their decisionto attend the swearing in ceremony of parliamentarians, Sihanouk announced his decision to abstain frompresiding the swearing-in ceremony, unless all parliamentarians from the three political parties agreed to

attend.[150] The Constitutional Council subsequently advised Sihanouk to preside over the swearing-in

ceremony,[151] which was held later in October 2003.[152] The CPP, FUNCINPEC and SRP held additional talksinto 2004 and Sihanouk proposed a tripartite unity government, but political stalemate persisted until June 2004

due to conflicting demands from the three political parties.[153][154]

Abdication and final years

Sihanouk made another call to abdicate on 6 July 2004. At the same time, Hun Sen and Ranariddh had agreed tointroduce a constitutional amendment that allowed an open voting system for the selection of the governmentministers as well as the President of the National Assembly. Sihanouk disproved the open voting system, andcalled on Senate President Chea Sim not to sign the amendment. When Chea Sim heeded his advice, he wasferried out of the country shortly before the National Assembly convened to vote on the amendment 15

July.[155] A new coalition government was formed on the 17 July 2004 between the CPP and FUNCINPEC,

with the SRP in the opposition.[156] On 6 October 2004, Sihanouk wrote a letter calling for the throne council toconvene and select a successor. The National Assembly and Senate held emergency meetings to pass lawsallowing for the abdication of the monarch, and on 14 October the throne council unanimously voted to select

Norodom Sihamoni as Sihanouk's successor.[157] Sihamoni was crowned as the King of Cambodia on 29

October 2004.[158]

In March 2005, Sihanouk expressed concerns over allegations of Thailand, Laos and Vietnam of delineatingborders at the expense of Cambodian territory. Two months later, Sihanouk formed the Supreme NationalCouncil on Border Affairs (SNCBA) to address concerns over Cambodian borders with its neighbours, and was

made its chairman.[158] The SRP and Chea Sim expressed support for Sihanouk for the formation of theSNCBA, while Hun Sen formed a separate body, National Authority on Border Affairs (NABA) to deal with

border concerns and stated that the SNCBA may only serve as an advisory body.[159] In October 2005,

Sihanouk dissolved the SNCBA, around the same time Hun Sen signed a border treaty with Vietnam.[160] InAugust 2007, a US based human rights NGO called for Sihanouk's State immunity so as to allow him to testify

in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC).[161] Sihanouk responded to the call byinviting the ECCC public affairs officer, Peter Foster for a discussion session on his personal experience under

the Khmer Rouge regime.[162] Both Hun Sen and FUNCINPEC criticized the suggestion, with the latter calling

the NGO as disrespectful to Sihanouk.[161] The ECCC subsequently rejected Sihanouk's invitation.[163]

The following year, bilateral relations between Thailand and Cambodia became strained due to overlappingclaims of the land area surrounding the Preah Vihear Temple. Sihanouk issued a communique in July 2008 toemphasise the Khmer architecture of the temple as well as ICJ's 1962 ruling of the temple in favour of

Cambodia.[164] In August 2009, Sihanouk stated that he would stop posting messages on his personal website

due to his advancing age, which made it difficult for him to keep up with his personal duties.[165] Sihanoukspent most of his time in Beijing for medical treatment, but made a final public appearance in Phnom Penh onhis 89th birthday and 20th anniversary of the Paris Peace Accords on 30 October 2011. Sihanouk expressed his


11 of 24 8/4/2015 9:14 PM

Funeral procession of King Norodom

Sihanouk.

Statue of Norodom Sihanouk in Phnom

Penh.

intent to stay in Cambodia indefinitely,[166] but returned to Beijing in January 2012 for further medical

treatment at the advise of his Chinese doctors.[167]

Death and funeral

In January 2012, Sihanouk issued a letter to express his wish to becremated following his death, and that his ashes were to be placed in a

golden urn.[168] A few months later in September 2012, Sihanouk statedhis intent not to return to Cambodia from Beijing for his 90th birthday,

citing fatigue as the reason.[169] On 15 October 2012, Sihanouk died of a

heart attack at 1.20 am, Phnom Penh time.[170] King Norodom Sihamoniand Prime Minister Hun Sen led a delegation of officials to Beijing on

the same day.[171] The Cambodian government announced an officialmourning period of 7 days between 17 October 2012 and 24 October2012, and state flags were told to fly at one-third of the mast height. Twodays later, Sihanouk's body was brought back from Beijing on an Air

China flight,[172] and about 1 million people lined the streets from the airport to the royal palace to witness the

return of Sihanouk's cortege.[173]

In late November 2012, Hun Sen announced plans for Sihanouk's funeral and cremation to be held in February

2013. Sihanouk's body lay in state at the royal palace for[174] the next three months until the funeral was held on

1 February 2013.[175] A 6,000 metre street procession was held, and Sihanouk's body was subsequently kept at

the royal crematorium until 4 February 2013 when his body was cremated.[176] The following day, the royalfamily scattered some of Sihanouk's ashes into the Tonle Sap river while the rest were kept in the palace's

throne hall for about a year.[177] In October 2013, a stupa featuring a bronze statue of Sihanouk was inaugurated

next to the Independence Monument.[178] In July 2014, Sihanouk's ashes were interred at the silver pagoda next

to those of one of his daughters, Kantha Bopha.[179]

Artistic works

Filmography

Sihanouk developed an interest for the cinema from a young age,which he attributed to frequent trips to the cinema with his

parents.[1] Shortly after ascending the throne in 1941, Sihanouk

experimenting with film making,[180] and sent students to study

filmmaking in France.[181] When the film Lord Jim was released in1965, Sihanouk became vexed with the negative portrayal the film

gave of Cambodia.[182] Sihanouk responded by producing his firstfeature film, Apsara in 1966 which was marked with a positiveportrayal of Cambodia. Sihanouk went on to produce, direct and act

in another eight more films between 1966 and 1969,[183] which

were imbued with subtle nationalist and Cold War themes.[184] In1967, one of Sihanouk films, The Enchanted Forest obtained a nomination at the 5th Moscow International Film

Festival.[185] In 1968 and 1969, Sihanouk initiated the Phnom Penh International Film Festival, and in both


12 of 24 8/4/2015 9:14 PM

Monarchical styles of

King Norodom Sihanouk

Reference style His Royal Majesty

Spoken style Your Royal Majesty

Alternative style Sir

years he was awarded the Golden Apsara Prize.[186] Sihanouk stopped making films following his ouster in

1970, but started to produce films again from 1987 onwards.[187] In 1997, Sihanouk revealed that he received abudget of $20,000 to $70,000 for each of his film production from the Cambodian government. Six years laterin 2004, Sihanouk donated his film archives to the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient in France and Monash

University in Australia.[180] Sihanouk produced his last film, Miss Asina in 2006,[181] and went on to state that

he was ending all film production activities four years later in May 2010.[188]

Musical works

Sihanouk was an avid singer and song composer,[189] and learnt to play several musical instruments such as the

clarinet, saxophone, piano and accordion[185] from a young age.[1] Songs which Sihanouk wrote were usuallybased on patriotic themes appraising various aspects of Cambodia, nostalgic songs of foreign countries and

romantic songs dedicated to Monique.[190] Sihanouk led a musical band in the 1960s consisting members of the

royal family, who would perform French songs and his own personal compositions.[191] He would also organise

concerts throughout Cambodia in his nationwide tours.[192] In the 1980s, Sihanouk regularly held concerts to

entertain diplomats while visiting the United Nations Headquarters in New York City,[193] He would continue

the practice of holding concerts at the Cambodian Royal Palace in the 1990s and 2000s.[189]

Titles and styles

When Sihanouk was crowned as the King of Cambodia in1941, he was bestowed with the official title of "Preah BatSamdech Preah Norodom Sihanouk Varman", which he usedfor both reigns between 1941 to 1955 and again from 1993 to

2004.[4] He subsequently reverted to the title of Princefollowing his abdication from the throne in 1955, and wasbestowed the title of "Samdech Preah Upayuvareach" by his

father and successor in 1955.[21] The title trnslates to as "The

Prince who has been King" in English.[194] When Sihanoukabdicated for a second time in 2004, he became known as theKing Father of Cambodia, with the official title of "PreahKaruna Preah Bat Smdach Preah Norodom Sihanouk

Preahmhaviraksat" (Khmer: ).[195] He wasalso referred to by another honorific, "His Majesty King Norodom Sihanouk The Great Heroic KingKing-Father of Khmer independence, territorial integrity and national unity" (

).[196] When Sihanouk passed away in October 2012, he was bestowed by his sonSihamoni with the posthumous title of "Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Sihanouk Preah Borom Ratanakkot"(Khmer: ), which literally translates as "The King who lies in

the Diamond Urn" in English.[197]

Sihanouk was informally known as Samdech Euv to most Cambodians,[198] and started to use this salutation

from the 1970s among overseas Cambodian exiles.[199] ("Samdech Euv" is a Khmer title which translates as the

Prince Father in English.)[195] When Sihanouk abdicated in 2004, he issued a royal decree requesting to be

called "Samdech Ta" or "Samdech Ta-tuot",[200] which translates as "Grandfather" and "Great-grandfather"

respectively in English.[201] Sihanouk was known by many state and political titles throughout his lifetime,[202]


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Norodom Monineath

and the Guinness Book of World Records identifies Sihanouk as the royal who has served the greatest variety of

state and political offices.[195]

Personal life

Health

Sihanouk developed insomnia[84] and depression during his captive years under the Khmer Rouge.[203] In

November 1992, Sihanouk suffered a stroke[204] caused by the thickening of the coronary arteries and blood

vessels.[205] The following year he was diagnosed with B cell lymphoma in the prostate[206] and was treated

with chemotherapy and surgery.[207] Sihanouk was given a clean bill of health in 1995,[208] but the lymphoma

recurred in the stomach in 2005 and again in 2008,[206] which subsequently went into remission after prolonged

treatment.[209]

Family

Sihanouk married Paule Monique Izzi in April 1952, the daughter of PommePeang, a Cambodian lady and Jean-Franois Izzi, a French banker of Italian

ancestry.[210] who would become Sihanouk's lifelong partner.[69] In the 1990s,

Monique would changed her name to Monineath.[211] Prior to his marriage toMonique, Sihanouk had married five other women including Phat Kanhol,Sisowath Pongsanmoni, Sisowath Monikessan, Mam Manivan Phanivong and

Thavet Norleak.[212] Monikessan died of childbirth in 1946 while his

marriages to other women all ended in divorce.[213] Sihanouk sired fourteenchildren with five different wives except for Thavet Norleak, who bore him no

children.[214] Five children and fourteen grandchildren disappeared the KhmerRouge years, which Sihanouk concluded that they were killed by the Khmer

Rouge leadership.[215][216]

Sihanouk had the following issue:


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NameYear ofbirth

Year ofdeath

MotherCause of

death

Norodom Buppha Devi 1943 Phat Kanhol

Norodom Yuvaneath 1943 Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Norodom Ranariddh 1944 Phat Kanhol

Norodom Ravivong 1944 1973 Sisowath Pongsanmoni Malaria[217]

Norodom Chakrapong 1945 Sisowath Pongsanmoni

Norodom Naradipo 1946 1976 Sisowath Monikessan

Disappearedunder Khmer

Rouge[218]

Norodom Sorya Roeungsi 1947 1976 Sisowath Pongsanmoni


Rouge[218]

Norodom Kantha Bopha 1948 1952 Sisowath Pongsanmoni Leukemia[217]

Norodom Khemanourak 1949 1975 Sisowath Pongsanmoni


Rouge[219]

Norodom Botum Bopha 1951 1975 Sisowath Pongsanmoni


Rouge[219]

Norodom Sujata 1953 1975 Mam Manivan


Rouge[219]

Norodom Sihamoni 1953Monique Izzi(Monineath)

Norodom Narindrapong 1954 2003Monique Izzi(Monineath)

Heart attack[220]

Norodom Arunrasmy 1955 Mam Manivan

Ancestry

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Erika Kinetz and Kay Kimsong (31 October 2006). "WATCHING BETWEEN THE FRAMESThe Retired KingsFilms May Be More Message Than Medium" (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/King_All-72.pdf) (PDF). The Cambodia Daily. p. 5. Retrieved 9 July 2015.

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Baumgrtel (2006), p. 11181. Osborne (1994), p. 177182. Osborne (1994), p. 178183. Osborne (1994), pp. 180, 183184. Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 163185. Osborne (1994), p. 183186. Wemaere (2013), p. 13, 54187. Baumgrtel (2006), p. 2188. Erik Wasson and Prak Chan Thul (31 October 2006). "BACKING THE ROYAL BALLADEER His MajestyNorodom Sihanouks Violinist Is a King Among Fiddlers" (https://www.cambodiadaily.com/cdfiles/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/King_All-72.pdf) (PDF). The Cambodia Daily. p. 6. Retrieved 9 July 2015.

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LinDa Saphan. "Norodom Sihanouk and the political agenda of Cambodian music, 19551970 (The Newsletter |No.64 | Summer 2013)" (http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL64_0405.pdf) (PDF). International Institute forAsian Studies. Retrieved 10 July 2015.

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MICHELLE VACHON (17 October 2012). "Norodom SihanoukThe End of an Era"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/norodom-sihanouk-the-end-of-an-era-3915/). The Cambodia Daily.Retrieved 10 July 2015.

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Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 164192. Widyono (2008), p. 157193. Osborne (1994), p. 92194. Narong (2007), p. 342195. Post Staff (15 October 2012). " " (http://www.akp.gov.kh/kh/?p=43382).Agence Kampuchea Presse. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

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Jeldres (2005), p. 194198. Jeldres (2005), p. 215199. LOR CHANDARA AND WENCY LEUNG (14 October 2004). "Abdication Wont Diminish Kings Influence"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/abdication-wont-diminish-kings-influence-43261/). The Cambodia Daily.Retrieved 21 July 2015.

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Cabinet of Prime Minister Hun Sen (12 November 2012). "Selected Impromptu Comments during the Meeting andHanding out of land titles to People in the Communes of Roen and Tbeng Lej of Siemreap's Banteay Srey District"(http://cnv.org.kh/selected-impromptu-comments-during-the-meeting-and-handing-out-of-land-titles-to-people-in-the-communes-of-roen-and-tbeng-lej-of-siemreaps-banteay-srey-district/). Cambodia New Vision. Retrieved21 July 2015.

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Osborne (1994), p. 3202. Osborne (1994), p. 235203. Marlay and Neher (1999), p. 172204. AFP (13 December 1992). "Sihanouk still extremely ill" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19921213&id=uCdVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6720,882319&hl=en). New Straits Times.Retrieved 23 July 2015.

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DOUGLAS GILLISON (26 December 2008). "Retired King Says Cancer Has Returned"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/retired-king-says-cancer-has-returned-66861/). The Cambodia Daily.Retrieved 23 July 2015.

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Post Staff (25 March 1994). " 'Healthy' King to return in New Year" (http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/healthy-king-return-new-year). Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

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Reuter (4 February 1995). "Sihanouk cured of cancer, says paper" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19950204&id=NHBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5670,845300&hl=en). New Straits Times.Retrieved 23 July 2015.

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Wikiquote has quotations

related to: NorodomSihanouk

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media related to NorodomSihanouk.

Saing Soenthrith (30 June 2009). "Retired King Will Return Home From China in July"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/retired-king-will-return-home-from-china-in-july-64674/). The CambodiaDaily. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

209.

Jeldres (2005), p. 69210. Mehta (2001), p. 182211. Jeldres (2005), p. II, III (Genealogy of HM King Norodom Sihanouk)212. Mehta (2001), p. 5213. Osborne (1994), pp. 34-5214. Osborne (1994), p. 236215. DOUGLAS GILLISON (22 April 2008). "Retired King Says KR Murdered His Children, Grandchildren"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/retired-king-says-kr-murdered-his-children-grandchildren-1242/). TheCambodia Daily. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

216.

Jeldres (2003), p. 84217. Jeldres (2003), p. 96218. Jeldres (2003), p. 97219. LOR CHANDARA (10 October 2003). "Prince Norodom Narindrapong Dies in France"(https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/prince-norodom-narindrapong-dies-in-france-43222/). The CambodiaDaily. Retrieved 22 July 2015.

220.

Jeldres (2005), p. I, IV (Genealogy of HM King Ang Duong, Norodom)221.

Bibliography

Books

Burchett, William G. and Norodom, Sihanouk (1973). My Warwith the CIA: Cambodia's fight for survival. United States ofAmerica: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140216898.Chin, Kin Wah (2005). Southeast Asian Affairs 2005. NationalUniversity of Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.ISBN 9812303065.Findlay, Trevor (1995). Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTACSIPRI Research Report No. 9(http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR09.pdf) (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198291868.Jeldres, Julio A (2003). The Royal House of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books.OCLC 54003889 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54003889).Jeldres, Julio A (2005). Volume 1Shadows Over Angkor: Memoirs of His Majesty King NorodomSihanouk of Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia: Monument Books. ISBN 974926486X.Marlay, Ross and Neher, Clark D. (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders. Lanham, Maryland,United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847684423.Mehta, Harish C. & Julie B. (2013). Strongman: The Extraordinary Life of Hun Sen: The ExtraordinaryLife of Hun Sen. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9814484601.Mehta, Harish C. (2001). Warrior Prince: Norodom Ranariddh, Son of King Sihanouk of Cambodia.Singapore: Graham Brash. ISBN 9812180869.Narong, Men S. (2007). Who's Who, The Most Influential People in Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia:Media Business Networks. ISBN 9995066009.Osborne, Milton E (1994). Sihanouk Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Honolulu, Hawaii, UnitedStates of America: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1639-1.Peou, Sorpong (2000). Intervention and Change in Cambodia: Towards Democracy?. National Universityof Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812300422.


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Summers, Laura (2003). The Far East and Australasia 2003. New York, United States of America:Psychology Press. pp. 227243. ISBN 1857431332.Widyono, Benny (2008). Dancing in Shadows: Sihanouk, the Khmer Rouge, and the United Nations inCambodia. Lanham, Maryland, United States of America: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742555534.

Reports

Baumgrtel, Tilman (2010). "KON - The Cinema of Cambodia" (http://www.fliz.ch/pdf13/kon-the-cinema-of-cambodia.pdf) (PDF). Department of Media and CommunicationRoyal University of PhnomPenh. Retrieved 8 July 2015.Cohen, Arthur (9 April 1968). "Intelligence ReportTen Years of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy"(http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/polo-18.pdf) (PDF). CentralIntelligence Agency (Directorate of Intelligence). Retrieved 18 June 2015.Wemaere, Sverine (Managing Director) (1 June 2013). "Memory! International Film Heritage Festival"(http://www.technicolorfilmfoundation.org/fileadmin/user_upload/en/pdf/memory/MEMORY__Catalogue_online.pdf) (PDF). Technicolor Film Foundation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.


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Regnal titles

Preceded bySisowath Monivong

King of Cambodia19411955

Succeeded byNorodom Suramarit

Preceded byChea Sim

(Chairman of the Council of State)

King of Cambodia19932004

Succeeded byNorodom Sihamoni

Political offices

Preceded byNew office

Prime Minister of Cambodia1945

Succeeded bySon Ngoc Thanh

Preceded byYem Sambaur


Succeeded bySisowath Monipong

Preceded byHuy Kanthoul


Succeeded byPenn Nouth

Preceded byChan Nak


Succeeded byPenn Nouth

Preceded byLeng Ngeth


Succeeded byOum Chheang Sun

Preceded byOum Chheang Sun


Succeeded byKhim Tit

Preceded byKhim Tit


Succeeded bySan Yun

Preceded bySan Yun


Succeeded bySim Var

Preceded bySim Var


Succeeded byPho Proeung

Preceded byNorodom Suramarit

Head of State of Cambodia19601970

Succeeded byCheng Heng

Preceded byPenn Nouth


Succeeded byNhiek Tioulong

Preceded bySak Sutsakhan

President of the State Presidium19751976

Succeeded byKhieu Samphan

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norodom_Sihanouk&oldid=674207553"

Categories: Norodom Sihanouk 1922 births 2012 deaths 20th century in Cambodia

Bandung Conference attendees Buddhist monarchs Cambodian collaborators with Imperial Japan

Cambodian film directors Cambodian monarchs Cambodian Theravada Buddhists

Cardiovascular disease deaths in the People's Republic of China Cold War leaders

Deaths from myocardial infarction Funcinpec Party politicians Heads of state of Cambodia

House of Norodom People of the Vietnam War People sentenced to death in absentia

Monarchs who abdicated Prime Ministers of Cambodia World War II political leaders

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