North America, 1819North America, 1819

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move InSettlers Move In

By 1840, over one-third of U.S. population lived By 1840, over one-third of U.S. population lived west of the Appalachians west of the Appalachians

Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on Speculators sold land parcels to settlers on creditcredit

New settlers engaged in commercial farming New settlers engaged in commercial farming Had to pay off debtHad to pay off debt Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not

produce produce

A Revolution in A Revolution in TransportationTransportation

After the War of 1812, political leaders After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need to improve the recognized the need to improve the country’s transportation networkcountry’s transportation network

National leaders like Madison and National leaders like Madison and Calhoun called for “internal improvements”Calhoun called for “internal improvements”

Roads and SteamboatsRoads and Steamboats

The first great transportation project was The first great transportation project was the National Road from Cumberland, the National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, eventually to Vandalia, IllinoisMaryland, eventually to Vandalia, Illinois

Turnpikes—privately owned toll roads Turnpikes—privately owned toll roads chartered by stateschartered by states

Roads useful for travelers, but too Roads useful for travelers, but too expensive for transportation of bulk goodsexpensive for transportation of bulk goods

Water most efficient for bulk cargo Water most efficient for bulk cargo transportationtransportation

Roads and SteamboatsRoads and Steamboats

Network of rivers encouraged economic Network of rivers encouraged economic developmentdevelopment

Flatboats transported downriver in early timesFlatboats transported downriver in early times Steamboats transported upriver after 1811Steamboats transported upriver after 1811 Upriver capabilities reduced costsUpriver capabilities reduced costs Steamboats catered to passengers with luxury Steamboats catered to passengers with luxury

hotel atmospherehotel atmosphere

The Canal BoomThe Canal Boom

Canals needed to link West with coastCanals needed to link West with coast Erie Canal, 1825Erie Canal, 1825

New York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state fundingNew York Governor Dewitt Clinton got state funding Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at Canal linked New York City to Great Lakes at

Buffalo, through AlbanyBuffalo, through Albany Canal cut east-west transportation costs Canal cut east-west transportation costs

dramaticallydramatically Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York Canal stimulated commercial growth of New York

CityCity Other states followed until 1840s, when canal Other states followed until 1840s, when canal

deemed unprofitable, but usefuldeemed unprofitable, but useful

The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial AgricultureAgriculture

Cheap, widely available land and Cheap, widely available land and marketing revolution spurred profitable marketing revolution spurred profitable commercial farmingcommercial farming

Lower transportation costs meant greater Lower transportation costs meant greater income for the farmerincome for the farmer

Sale to distant markets involved farmers in Sale to distant markets involved farmers in a complex system of credita complex system of credit

Market stimulated specialization Market stimulated specialization North produced wheatNorth produced wheat Lower South produced cottonLower South produced cotton

The Beginning of Commercial The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture: Rise of King CottonAgriculture: Rise of King Cotton

Increased cotton demand from New Increased cotton demand from New England textile factoriesEngland textile factories

Eli Whitney’s cotton ginEli Whitney’s cotton gin New, fertile land available in old New, fertile land available in old

SouthwestSouthwest Slavery permitted large-scale operationSlavery permitted large-scale operation

Commerce and BankingCommerce and Banking

Old style farmer sold crop directlyOld style farmer sold crop directly New style farmer sold to local merchant; local New style farmer sold to local merchant; local

merchant sold to final marketmerchant sold to final market System required farmers and local merchants to System required farmers and local merchants to

have credithave credit Use of credit led to the creation of more state Use of credit led to the creation of more state

banksbanks State banks increased after 1812State banks increased after 1812

Early IndustrialismEarly Industrialism

Traditional methods but innovative Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” systemfinancing through “putting out” system ““Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw Putting-out”—merchants delivered raw

materials for farm families; artisans processed materials for farm families; artisans processed these materialsthese materials

Did not disrupt agricultural life patternsDid not disrupt agricultural life patterns After 1815, increased demand stimulated After 1815, increased demand stimulated

mass productionmass production Textile industry in New England led Textile industry in New England led

development of factory systemdevelopment of factory system

The Politics of Nation The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812Building After the War of 1812 ““Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824

Politics a one-party systemPolitics a one-party system Interest groups no longer took differences Interest groups no longer took differences

into the political arenainto the political arena Very little fighting b/w political partiesVery little fighting b/w political parties

The Republicans in PowerThe Republicans in Power

Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Republicans adopted some of their ideas Republicans adopted some of their ideas

Henry Clay’s American System, 1816Henry Clay’s American System, 1816 High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in

embargo and warembargo and war Second Bank of the U.S. Second Bank of the U.S. Federal aid for internal improvementsFederal aid for internal improvements

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The IssuesThe Issues

1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave 1817—Missouri applied for statehood as slave statestate

Northerners believed South over-represented in Northerners believed South over-represented in House of Representatives, despite their own House of Representatives, despite their own decisive majority decisive majority

Tallmadge Amendment called for gradual Tallmadge Amendment called for gradual elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, voted elimination of slavery if Missouri admitted, voted down in the Senatedown in the Senate

South wished to preserve balance of power South wished to preserve balance of power between slave states and free states between slave states and free states

The Missouri Compromise: The Missouri Compromise: The SolutionThe Solution

Missouri admitted as slave stateMissouri admitted as slave state Maine separated from Massachusetts, Maine separated from Massachusetts,

admitted as free stateadmitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana

Purchase above the latitude of 36Purchase above the latitude of 36oo30'30' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift Missouri controversy exposed deep rift

between North and Southbetween North and South Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”Jefferson called it “a fire bell in the night”

The Missouri Compromise, The Missouri Compromise, 1820-18211820-1821

The Election of 1824 and J. Q. Adams’s Administration The election of 1824 had 5 candidates The major issue was the economy Jackson appealed to southerners &

slaveholders b/c he was one Jackson won popular vote and electoral

vote, but not a majority Adams won in House of Representatives

with Henry Clay’s support

The Election of 1824

Jackson Comes to Power

Jackson win in 1829 New electioneering techniques of mass

democracy born Parades, picnics, public rallies, etc.

Indian Removal

Some southern states asserted authority over Indians in their borders

Jackson got federal government approval for state removal initiatives with Indian Removal Act of 1830

1838—U.S. Army forced Cherokee west along the Trail of Tears

Indian Removal

Killing the Bank

Jackson destroyed the national bank by removing federal deposits Claimed the bank was unconstitutional

Funds transferred to state (“pet”) banks Destruction of bank provoked fears of

dictatorship, cost Jackson support in Congress and opponents to Jackson formed the new Whig Party