northern cape: labour market situational … - nc labour market...3.3 3.3 trends in the demand for...

NORTHERNNORTHERNNORTHERNNORTHERN CAPE:CAPE:CAPE:CAPE:

Labour Market Situational AnalysisLabour Market Situational AnalysisLabour Market Situational AnalysisLabour Market Situational Analysis

Group: EcGroup: EcGroup: EcGroup: Ec

Unit: Unit: Unit: Unit:

HUMANHUMANHUMANHUMAN

CompileCompileCompileCompiled by:d by:d by:d by:

Johan ErasmusJohan ErasmusJohan ErasmusJohan Erasmus

onomic and Social Analysisonomic and Social Analysisonomic and Social Analysisonomic and Social Analysis

Labour Market AnalysisLabour Market AnalysisLabour Market AnalysisLabour Market Analysis

SCIENCES RESEASCIENCES RESEASCIENCES RESEASCIENCES RESEARCHRCHRCHRCH

Labour Market Analysis

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NORTHERN CAPE: LABOUR MARKET SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION 1 1 1 1

1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFI1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFI1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFI1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILELELELE

2 2 2 2

1.11.11.11.1 Total populationTotal populationTotal populationTotal population 2 2 2 2

1.21.21.21.2 Labour forceLabour forceLabour forceLabour force 3 3 3 3

1.31.31.31.3 Educational proEducational proEducational proEducational profilefilefilefile 5 5 5 5

1.41.41.41.4 WorkersWorkersWorkersWorkers 6 6 6 6

1.51.51.51.5 Employment in the informal sectorEmployment in the informal sectorEmployment in the informal sectorEmployment in the informal sector 7 7 7 7

2. ECONOMIC PROFILE2. ECONOMIC PROFILE2. ECONOMIC PROFILE2. ECONOMIC PROFILE 8 8 8 8

2.12.12.12.1 Main economic activitiesMain economic activitiesMain economic activitiesMain economic activities 8 8 8 8

2.22.22.22.2 Challenges and opportunitiesChallenges and opportunitiesChallenges and opportunitiesChallenges and opportunities

9 9 9 9

2.32.32.32.3 EEEEmployment growthmployment growthmployment growthmployment growth 9 9 9 9

2.3.1 National trends

10

2.3.2 Quest for job creation in the Northern Cape Province

11

3. REGIONAL ANALYSIS3. REGIONAL ANALYSIS3. REGIONAL ANALYSIS3. REGIONAL ANALYSIS 12121212

3.13.13.13.1 Economic sectorsEconomic sectorsEconomic sectorsEconomic sectors 14141414

3.23.23.23.2 OOOOccupational distributionccupational distributionccupational distributionccupational distribution 15151515

3.33.33.33.3 Trends in the demand for certain occupationsTrends in the demand for certain occupationsTrends in the demand for certain occupationsTrends in the demand for certain occupations 17171717

4. TECHNICAL COLLEGE4. TECHNICAL COLLEGE4. TECHNICAL COLLEGE4. TECHNICAL COLLEGESSSS

18181818

4.14.14.14.1 DDDDistribution of technical collegesistribution of technical collegesistribution of technical collegesistribution of technical colleges 19191919

4.24.24.24.2 Student enrolmentStudent enrolmentStudent enrolmentStudent enrolment 19191919

4.34.34.34.3 PPPPossible implications for planningossible implications for planningossible implications for planningossible implications for planning 23232323

EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A: An overview of the occupation distribution in the economic sectors 30

EXHIBIT B:EXHIBIT B:EXHIBIT B:EXHIBIT B: Potential competition 42

EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C: Training needs of SMMEs in selected areas 43


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REFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES 45454545

COMMISSIONED BY: THE NATIONAL BUSINESS INITIATIVE (NBI)

CONTACT PERSON: ROS JAFF (SENIOR EDUCATION POLICY ANALYST)

(011) 482 5100

COMPILED BY:COMPILED BY:COMPILED BY:COMPILED BY: JOHAN JOHAN JOHAN JOHAN ERASMUSERASMUSERASMUSERASMUS

PROJECT LEAPROJECT LEAPROJECT LEAPROJECT LEADER: UNIT FOR LABOURDER: UNIT FOR LABOURDER: UNIT FOR LABOURDER: UNIT FOR LABOUR MARKET ANALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS

(012) 302 2758(012) 302 2758(012) 302 2758(012) 302 2758

LIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURESLIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: National population distribution 2

Figure 1.2: Total population, potential labour force and economically active population

of Northern Cape, 1996 3

Figure 1.3: Age distribution of the population, by gender, 1996 4

Figure 1.4: Percentage of the population aged 20 years or older, by highest level

of education completed (October 1996) 5

Figure 1.5: Employed, by occupational category, 1996

6

Figure 1.6: Percentage of the employed aged 15–65, by economic sector, 1996 7

Figure 2.1: Employment and GGP (%)

8

Figure 3.1: Northern Cape regions 13

Figure 3.2: Formal employment distribution by region, 1996

13

Figure 3.3a: Employment, by economic sector in the northern regions, 1996

14

Figure 3.3b: Employment, by economic sector in the southern regions, 1996

15

Figure 3.4a: Occupational distribution in the northern regions, 1996

16

Figure 3.4: Occupational distribution in the southern regions, 1996

17


III ◆

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Figure 4.1: Distribution of technical colleges

19

Figure 4.2: Student enrolment at technical colleges in the Northern Cape 20

Figure 4.3: Enrolment, by study field in the Northern Cape (2000) 21

LIST OFLIST OFLIST OFLIST OF TABLES TABLES TABLES TABLES

Table 4.1: Student enrolment in the Diamantveld region, by study field

26

Table 4.2: Student enrolment in the Benede-Oranje region, by study field

27

Table 4.3: Student enrolment in the Kalahari region, by study field

27

Table 4.4: Student enrolment in the Namaqualand region, by study field 28

Table 4.5: Proportion of students among the youth in the Northern Cape, 1996 29

Table 4.6: Unemployed among the economically active (EA) youth in the Northern Cape,

1996 29

1

INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONNNN Skilled workers are regarded as vital for a country’s economic growth (Griffiths & Jones,

1980; Van Dyk et al., 1997; Barker, 1999). When people acquire skills they not only become

more productive in terms of producing more output for a given amount of time and effort,

they commonly also make themselves more adaptable to changes in the workplace (Booth

& Snower, 1996). It is therefore imperative that education and training should be appropriate

and responsive to the requirements of the labour market as well as to individual desires and

social needs (Kerr, 1979).

Various innovative measures for enhancing the skills base of the country have been

introduced since the first-ever democratic elections in April 1994 (e.g. the South African

Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Act, the National Skills Bill, the Further Education and

Training Act, the Employment Equity Act, numerous Green/White Papers and Strategies –

precursors to these bills, as well as the Green Paper on National Youth Service). This

legislation and other initiatives will affect the work and organisation of technical colleges and

other education and training institutions in South Africa. However, it is not the function of this

report to describe and discuss the possible impact the new legislative framework.

The National Business Initiative (NBI) was commissioned by the Business Trust to support

the institutional upgrading of the public, as opposed to the private, Further Education and

Training (FET) college sector in South Africa. To this end the NBI requested the Unit for

Labour Market Analysis (LMA) at the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) to carry

out a labour market situational analysis for public FET colleges across eight provinces in the

country (excluding the Western Cape Province). This initial study should provide the

baseline information required by the colleges to better inform their business planning and

strategies aimed at improving college responsiveness to workplace skills needs.

In order to respond effectively to these needs, education and training institutions must have

access to reliable labour market intelligence. An in-depth study of each province to identify

the skills needs and training requirements of the local economy would be time consuming

and expensive. Because the Skills Development Act, 1998, requires all organisations to

prepare workplace skills plans and training strategies from this year (2000) onwards —

which should help to identify skills needs — such a study would also lead to unnecessary

duplication. Bearing these considerations and budgetary and time constraints in mind, a

process of data mining (from primary and secondary sources) was followed to obtain

relevant information on inter alia the following:

2

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FIGURE 1.1: NATIONAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

NW8%

W C10%

EC16%

FS6% KZN

21%

M P7%

GP18%

NC2%

NP12%

• The profile of the economy and labour market in the locality of the different colleges.

• Economic and employment growth trends, by sector and province, as well as the

educational levels of the population, by province or region.

• The state of training provision (e.g. fields of study and enrolments).

The first section of this report provides a demographic profile of the particular province,

which gives the reader an overview of the total population residing in the province, the level

of urbanisation, the distribution of population groups and the age structure of the

population. Then the labour force is discussed in terms of people’s economic status (not

economically active, employed, unemployed), their age, and educational levels. The section

ends with a profile of the employed in the province with reference to the economic sector

and the occupations these people are involved in.

The second section deals with the economy in the particular province, i.e. the main

economic activities, possible growth sectors and the economy’s strengths and weaknesses.

A regional analysis in terms of economic sectors and occupational distribution is given in

Section 3. These three sections provide a backdrop against which technical colleges can be

discussed in terms of their distribution, student enrolment and course offerings (in Section

4).

Although this study will give insight into future workforce needs, the results of the

implementation of the National Skills Development Strategy will provide up-to-date data on

the labour market situation. The National Skills Bill compels organisations to develop

workplace skills plans and to submit it to a relevant sector education and training authority

(SETA). The SETA has to devise a sector skills plan and implement it by establishing

learnerships; by approving workplace skills plans; by allocating grants to employers, and

education and training providers and workers; and by monitoring education and training in

the sector. Technical colleges in turn will have to establish close relationships with SETAs

and business enterprises in order to identify training needs, to develop learning materials

and to conclude learnership agreements.

1.1.1.1.DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILEDEMOGRAPHIC PROFILEDEMOGRAPHIC PROFILEDEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Geographically the Northern Cape is the

largest of all the provinces, constituting 29,7%

of the total area of South Africa. It is, however,

the smallest province in terms of population

3

size and is mostly urban in character, with two-thirds of the population located in the north

and north-eastern region of the province. The Northern Cape is one of only two provinces

where coloureds and not Africans are in the majority.

1.11.11.11.1 TOTAL POPULATIONTOTAL POPULATIONTOTAL POPULATIONTOTAL POPULATION

The province's total population, estimated at 840 323 in 1996, represents 2% of all the

people living in South Africa (40 million) (Figure 1.1). Most (70,1%) of its inhabitants live in

the urban areas of the province. At an average of only two persons per square kilometre it is

the province with the lowest population density in South Africa.

The majority of people living in the province are coloured (51,8%). The rest of the population

includes Africans (33,2%), whites (13,3%) and Indians (0,3%).

At the time of the October 1996 population census the number of people potentially

available for work (the supply of labour) in Northern Cape was 512 133 (61,6%), while 318

974 were dependent - 277 224 (33,4%) fell in the age category 0-14 years old and 41 750

(5%) were older than 64 years (Figure 1.2). Although a demographically young population,

declining fertility and the HIV/AIDS epidemic will impact on the age structure of the

population. These changes will have social and economic implications for the country as a

whole. The number of elderly people (65 and older) could double to 89 050 (8,7% of the

population) by 2021.

Previous population projections estimated an 88% growth in South Africa’s total population

for the period 1990-2020 (Calitz, 1996). This would almost double the population from 38,9

million to 73,4 million people (assuming slow fertility and infant mortality transitions, and a

moderate HIV/AIDS effect). More recent projections, assuming declining fertility levels and

life expectancies – due to AIDS, indicate that earlier 2020 population projections of around

80 million will not materialise and that the size of the South African population will be closer

to 50 million in 2020 (Van Aardt et al., 1999). If similar growth rates are applied to the

Northern Cape population, the total population in the province could grow from 804 321 to

1,04 million instead of 1,6 million people over the next two decades.

FIGURE 1.2: TOTAL POFIGURE 1.2: TOTAL POFIGURE 1.2: TOTAL POFIGURE 1.2: TOTAL POPULATION, POTENTIAL PULATION, POTENTIAL PULATION, POTENTIAL PULATION, POTENTIAL LABOUR FORCE AND ECOLABOUR FORCE AND ECOLABOUR FORCE AND ECOLABOUR FORCE AND ECONOMICALLY NOMICALLY NOMICALLY NOMICALLY AAAACTIVE POPULATION OF CTIVE POPULATION OF CTIVE POPULATION OF CTIVE POPULATION OF THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996996996996

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Potential labour forcePotential labour forcePotential labour forcePotential labour force (supply of labour)(supply of labour)(supply of labour)(supply of labour)

61,6%61,6%61,6%61,6% 33,4%33,4%33,4%33,4%

5%5%5%5%

41,1%41,1%41,1%41,1%

16,8%16,8%16,8%16,8%

Children in theChildren in theChildren in theChildren in the age groupage groupage groupage group 0000----14 years14 years14 years14 years

ElderlyElderlyElderlyElderly

EEEEmployedmployedmployedmployed 42,1%42,1%42,1%42,1%

UnemployedUnemployedUnemployedUnemployed

Not Not Not Not economically economically economically economically

activeactiveactiveactive

Adults in theAdults in theAdults in theAdults in the age groupage groupage groupage group

15 15 15 15 ---- 64 64 64 64

Total populationTotal populationTotal populationTotal population Economically activeEconomically activeEconomically activeEconomically active populationpopulationpopulationpopulation

UnemployedUnemployedUnemployedUnemployed 28,5%28,5%28,5%28,5%

EmployedEmployedEmployedEmployed 71,5%71,5%71,5%71,5%

840 323840 323840 323840 323 512 133512 133512 133512 133 301 583301 583301 583301 583

4

Source: Calculated from Census ’96 dataset (Stats SA, 1999).

1.21.21.21.2 LABOUR FORCELABOUR FORCELABOUR FORCELABOUR FORCE

Of the potential labour force an estimated 210 550 people (41,1%) were considered not to

have been economically active (housewives/homemakers, scholars/full-time students,

pensioners/ retired people, disabled persons and people not wishing to work). The

economically active population consisted of 301 583 people, of whom 215 523 (71,5%) were

employed, while 86 060 (28,5%) could not find a job.

The 1996 demographic profile of the potential labour force in Northern Cape reveals a

young population. Almost two-thirds of the population (60,9%) are under 30 years old. A

third of the total population (33,4%) is younger than 15 years, and almost half the potential

labour force (44,7%) younger under 30 (Figure 1.3).

FIGURE 1.3: AGE DISTFIGURE 1.3: AGE DISTFIGURE 1.3: AGE DISTFIGURE 1.3: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPURIBUTION OF THE POPURIBUTION OF THE POPURIBUTION OF THE POPULATION, BY GENDER, 1LATION, BY GENDER, 1LATION, BY GENDER, 1LATION, BY GENDER, 1996996996996

Source: Census in Brief (Stats SA, 1998).

Although this group (age 15-29) accounts for almost half the potential labour force, it should

be borne in mind that it could consist largely of scholars or students. The majority (77%) of

the population in the age category 15-19 years during October 1996 was indeed not

economically active, with 62% busy with schooling/studies (Stats SA, 1998). This

percentage declined in the categories 20-24 years (30% not economically active, with 13%

studying) and 25-29 years (22% not economically active, with 2,2% studying) as people

entered the labour market.

70 + 65 – 69 60 – 64 55 – 59 50 – 54 45 – 49 40 – 44 35 – 39 30 – 34 25 25 25 25 –––– 29 29 29 29 20 20 20 20 –––– 24 24 24 24 15 15 15 15 –––– 19 19 19 19 10 – 14

5 – 9 0 – 4 A i

%%%%112111088 811161114111 211 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

27,5%27,5%27,5%27,5%

M ale Fem ale

33,4%33,4%33,4%33,4%

34,1%34,1%34,1%34,1%

44,7%44,7%44,7%44,7%

Economicallyactive:

Unemployed

34,8% 47 0%

Not economicall

y active 21,7% 30 0%

5%5%5%5%

FFPPHH((

It should be noted that more youths in the Northern Cape enter the labour market at an

earlier age than in the other provinces. For example, 88% of the population in the age

category 15-19 years in the Northern Cape Province were not economically active, while

77% were at school. In the Northern Province, by comparison, 93% of the youth in the age

category 15-19 years were not economically active, with 82% at school.

At the time of Census ’96, unemployment was high among the youth in the Northern Cape.

More than half (54%) of the economically active youth aged 15-19 years could not find a job.

Almost half (47%) of those in the age group 20-24 years were unemployed, while more than

a third (35%) of those aged 25-29 could not find a job (Figure 1.3). Unemployment was,

however, at least 10 percentage points higher in each of the age categories for the North

West Province and the Northern Province.

The collapse of the youth labour market – an indication of the extent of the malfunctioning of

the South African labour market – is a major reason for setting objectives aimed at

improving the quality and relevance of learning programmes.

Various innovative measures for enhancing the skills base of the country have accordingly

been introduced (e.g. the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Act, the National

Skills Bill, the Further Education and Training Bill, the Green/White Papers and Strategies –

precursors to these bills, as well as the Green Paper on National Youth Service).

The potential labour force could grow from 512 133 people in 1996 to a total of 565 089 by

the year 2001 and to 609 872 by 2006. From the point of view of economic growth and

development, it is not just the size of the labour force but rather its quality that really counts

(Van Dyk et al. 1997).

1.31.31.31.3 EDUCATIONAL PROFILEEDUCATIONAL PROFILEEDUCATIONAL PROFILEEDUCATIONAL PROFILE

The level of education of a population can be used as a means of measuring the quality of

the labour force and is an indication of that population's ability to successfully undertake

training and acquire useful skills. A sound general education is an essential foundation for

all subsequent training. This is an area of concern, especially in the Northern Cape. Almost

half (43,2%) of its labour force has not attended school or completed at least the primary

school phase, as opposed to an average of 36% for South Africa.

According to Stats SA (1998) almost a quarter (22,7)% of people aged 20 years or older

have received no education. People who have not had at least six years of formal schooling

5 FIGURE 1.4: PERCENTAGE OF THEIGURE 1.4: PERCENTAGE OF THEFIGURE 1.4: PERCENTAGE OF THEIGURE 1.4: PERCENTAGE OF THEPOPULATION AGED 20 YEARS AND OLDER, BYOPULATION AGED 20 YEARS AND OLDER, BYPOPULATION AGED 20 YEARS AND OLDER, BYOPULATION AGED 20 YEARS AND OLDER, BYHIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION COMPLETEDIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION COMPLETEDHIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION COMPLETEDIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION COMPLETED(OCTOBER 1996)OCTOBER )(OCTOBER )OCTOBER 1996)

6

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5555,8% Higher education,8% Higher education,8% Higher education,8% Higher education 21,7% No schooling21,7% No schooling21,7% No schooling21,7% No schooling

8,8% 8,8% 8,8% 8,8% Complete Complete Complete Complete Primary Primary Primary Primary

30,9% Some30,9% Some 30,9% Some30,9% Some secondarysecondarysecondarysecondary

11,9%11,9%11,9%11,9% Standard 10Standard 10Standard 10Standard 10

21% Some21% Some21% Some21% Some primaryprimaryprimaryprimary

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3%7%

5%

7%

9%

9%

12%5%

43%

��Legislators, senior officials and m anagers

��Professionals��

�� Technicians and associate professionals��Clerks��

�� Service workers, shop and m arket salesworkers��Skilled agricultural and fishery workers��

�� Craft and related trades workers��Plant and m achine operators andassem blers��Elem entary occupations

are regarded as functionally illiterate (Barker, 1992; Harley et al., 1996). Of the Northern

Cape population aged 20 years or older, 192 263 (42,7%) could be considered functionally

illiterate at the time of the population census in 1996 (Figure 1.4).

It is generally accepted that the rate of economic progress in a country is closely related to

the stock of human capital that that country can draw upon (Griffiths & Jones, 1980; Van

Dyk et al. 1997). In South Africa, as in any developing

country, there is an oversupply of unskilled workers,

and a shortage of skilled workers.

Source: Census in Brief (Stats SA, 1998).

Similarly, in the Northern Cape only 11,9% of the

population who were 20 years and older in 1996 had obtained Standard 10, while only 5,8%

had a post-school qualification (Figure 1.4). The level of education of a worker is reflected in

the job he/she obtains. In the following section a profile of the employed in the Northern

Cape is provided, with reference to the economic sector and the occupation these people

are involved in.

1.41.41.41.4 WORKERSWORKERSWORKERSWORKERS

It has been stated that low educational levels impact negatively on the employability of the

labour force. This becomes apparent when comparisons are drawn between the

occupational profile and the levels of education of the labour force. The pattern of education

is reflected in the occupational distribution of the labour force. More than a third (42,3%) of

the workforce are employed in elementary occupations (Figure 1.5).

FIGURE 1.5: EMPLOYED, BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, 1996FIGURE 1.5: EMPLOYED, BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, 1996FIGURE 1.5: EMPLOYED, BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, 1996FIGURE 1.5: EMPLOYED, BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORY, 1996

Source: Calculated

from Census ’96

dataset (Stats SA,

7

1999).

Apart from those employed in elementary occupations a further 17,6% of the labour force

are employed in production, mining and similar occupations. Another 15,2% are employed

as legislators or senior officials, in managerial and professional occupations or as technical

and associate professionals, while 15,8% work as clerks and as service workers, and shop

and market sales workers. Only 9,2% of all workers in the Northern Cape are employed as

skilled agriculture and fishery workers.

The Northern Cape Province ranks last as a contributor to the total wealth created in South

Africa, employing a mere 2,4% of all the workers in the country. Formal employment growth

in the private economy of the Northern Cape started declining from 0,2% during the period

1970-1980, to -2,6% from 1980-1990 and, on the basis of currently available figures, it was

also negative in the 1990s – -2,7% from 1990-1995 (WEFA GROUP, 1997).

The industries in the Northern Cape provide jobs for an estimated 215 523 workers (71,5%

of the economically active population). The following three economic sectors in the province

provide almost three-quarters (70,6%) of the total formal employment in the province:

• Community, social and personal services (33,8%)

• Agriculture (25,1%)

• Wholesale and retail trade, and catering and accommodation services (11,7%)

FIGURE 1.6: PERCENTAGE OF THE EMPLOYED AGED 15FIGURE 1.6: PERCENTAGE OF THE EMPLOYED AGED 15FIGURE 1.6: PERCENTAGE OF THE EMPLOYED AGED 15FIGURE 1.6: PERCENTAGE OF THE EMPLOYED AGED 15––––65, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, 65, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, 65, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, 65, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR, 1996199619961996

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12%5%

4%1%

9%

5%

4%

35%

25%

��Agriculture, hunting, forestry andfishing

��M ining and quarrying��

M anufacturing��Electricity, gas and water supply��

Construction

��W holesale and retail trade��

��Transport, storage andcom m unication��Financial, insurance, real estateand business services

��Com m unity. Social and personal

services

8


Mining and quarrying (9,4%); construction (5,2%); transport, storage and communications

(5,1%); manufacturing (4,5%); finance, insurance, real estate and business services (4,0%);

and the electricity, gas and water sector (1,2%) provide employment to the rest of the

workforce in the Northern Cape (Figure 1.6).

1.51.51.51.5 EMPLEMPLEMPLEMPLOYMENT IN THE INFORMOYMENT IN THE INFORMOYMENT IN THE INFORMOYMENT IN THE INFORMAL SECTORAL SECTORAL SECTORAL SECTOR

An estimated 29 000 people or businesses were neither registered nor defined themselves as being in the informal sector at the time of the 1995 October Household Survey (OHS). Of those working in the informal sector, 86% worked for their own account (as employers or self-employed), while 14% were employees in the informal sector.

The community, social and personal services sector is a major contributor to self-employment in the informal sector of the Northern Cape. Other industry groups providing opportunities for self-employment are the wholesale and retail trade sector and agriculture.

The majority of all self-employed people active in the informal sector are in elementary occupations (84%). Only a few are able to create employment opportunities for themselves as legislators, senior officials or managers (4%), skilled agricultural workers (4%), craft and related trades workers (4%), and as service, shop and market sales workers (4%).

9

2.2.2.2.ECONOMIC PROFILEECONOMIC PROFILEECONOMIC PROFILEECONOMIC PROFILE The Northern Cape has a largely resource-based economy that is dependent mainly on

mining, agriculture and services (WEFA, 1996; DBSA, 1998).

2.12.12.12.1 MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVIMAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVIMAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVIMAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESTIESTIESTIES

According to Porter (1990), nations can be differentiated on the basis of the stage of

competitive development (in international terms) achieved by their industries. He puts

forward four stages of such development: factor-driven, investment-driven, innovation-

driven, and wealth-driven. In a factor-driven economy the industries are reliant on basic

factors of production, such as mineral resources, favourable growing conditions for crops,

and an abundant and inexpensive semi-skilled labour pool (Porter, 1990). In this stage, an

economy is sensitive to world economic cycles and exchange rates.

The Northern Cape province has a factor-based economy, which is evident from the

dominance of services and mining (Figure 2.1). In terms of gross geographic product per

capita (GGP) and employment opportunities, agriculture; community, social and personal

services; wholesale and retail trade; catering and accommodation services; and mining are

the main economic activities. Together these four industrial sectors provide employment to

81% of the Northern Cape’s workforce and are responsible for 71% of the province’s GGP

(Figure 2.1).

FIGURE 2.1: EMPLOYMENT AND GGP (%)FIGURE 2.1: EMPLOYMENT AND GGP (%)FIGURE 2.1: EMPLOYMENT AND GGP (%)FIGURE 2.1: EMPLOYMENT AND GGP (%)

Source: GGP contribution: CSS. 1997. RSA Statistics in brief. Table 20.3

The community, social and personal services sector contributed 21% to the GGP and

employed 27% of all the workers in 1995. Although the second largest employer in the

province, it is the sector that will shed the largest number of jobs (Whiteford et al., 1999).

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Total employment in this sector is likely to decrease as a result of the commitment of

government to downsize the civil service. Job losses, due to transformation and

rationalisation processes, are currently taking place in, for example, the National Defence

Force and Transnet.

2.22.22.22.2 CHALLENGES AND OPPORCHALLENGES AND OPPORCHALLENGES AND OPPORCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESTUNITIESTUNITIESTUNITIES

The Northern Cape covers a large area, but has the smallest population of all the provinces

in the country, which is concentrated in the north and north-east. Extensive parts of the

province are either uninhabited or sparsely inhabited. As in the Western Cape, the majority

of the people in the Northern Cape are coloured.

The economy of the province is small and is dominated by mining and services. Formal

employment is heavily concentrated in the government sector. Although the mining industry

is getting smaller, it is still the predominant industry in terms of contribution to the GGP. Six

per cent of the total value added in mining in South Africa is generated in the Northern

Cape. As a result of the dependence of a number of districts on one mining product (iron

ore) — and therefore their vulnerability to fluctuations in business and external conditions —

diversification has been introduced, but formal employment is still declining. On behalf of

the Northern Cape provincial government, Mintek and RISMAC are going ahead with a

technical support programme for small-scale miners in Namaqualand. If successful, the

concept could be extended to other areas. Samancor is funding this initiative (Mintek, 1997).

The Anglo American Corporation is planning to develop a R4 billion zinc mine, concentrator

and smelter, producing 200 000 tons of refined zinc a year – about 4% of the current annual

Western world production. The development, which will create 2 000 jobs, will be located at

the site of the Northern Cape’s Gamsberg deposits. These deposits contain approximately

90 million tons of ore, with an estimated 6,4% zinc content (Business Day, 2000).

Agriculture, which has developed mainly along the Orange River, is an important provider of

formal employment and also offers opportunities for casual and seasonal work. Agriculture

can increase output and export earnings, but is subject to climatic and market fluctuations.

The manufacturing industry is relatively underdeveloped – the province’s competitive

advantage lies mainly in the mining and agricultural industries, and its economy is therefore

almost exclusively factor-driven. The economic activities that may in future contribute to

faster economic growth in the province are mining, agriculture and the agro-industry, and

tourism (WEFA, 1996).

11

2.32.32.32.3 EMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT GROWTH

The demand for labour is based on the economic activity of a country/province/region. No

detailed forecasts of labour demand on a provincial or regional level are currently available

in South Africa. The HSRC has, however, conducted a study on South African labour market

trends and workforce needs with respect to formal employment for the period 1998 to 2003.

Although the study portrays a national outlook, the participating organisations (in eight of

the broad sectors, excluding the agricultural sector) represent industries in the different

provinces and regions. It is therefore reasonable to assume that certain national trends will

be reflected on a provincial or even regional level (e.g. mining in the Kalahari region).

Provincial development plans and investment procurement initiatives are a further source of

information on job creation possibilities in the Northern Cape.

2.3.12.3.12.3.12.3.1 NATIONAL TRENDSNATIONAL TRENDSNATIONAL TRENDSNATIONAL TRENDS

National prospects indicate a growth in joblessness in this period1 (Whiteford et al., 1999).

There will be an increase in the demand for highly skilled human resources and a decrease

in the demand for unskilled human resources (a global trend attributable to changes in

technology and the information explosion). Only a few of the broad industrial sectors

indicate possible growth and a consequent increase in the demand for labour. These

sectors are

• trade, catering and accommodation (arising from increasing numbers of overseas

tourists, as well as increasing numbers of local tourists whose disposable income is

rising following moderate growth in the economy as a whole);

• the construction industry (highly labour-intensive – with a close relationship between

growth in output and growth in employment. A rise in employment is forecast based on

the expectation that government will accelerate the delivery of infrastructure, and in the

context of the economy growing at between 2% and 3%);

• the finance, insurance, real estate and business services sector (this sector is likely to

expand rapidly as it encompasses much of the IT and financial services industries, which

are both growing fast. Although the banking sub-sector is likely to grow, a reduction in

staff is expected due to the merging of banks and the effect of computerised banking);

• the communications sector (although it is one of the fastest growing sectors of the

economy – on the back of rapid growth in the telecommunications sub-sector – it is

highly capital-intensive and has limited ability to create employment).

1 Fewer than 50 000 jobs will be created, despite an estimated annual growth in output of 2,7%.

12

In the HSRC’s labour market survey Whiteford et al. (1999) found that in most of the broad

industrial sectors a further decline in employment is expected between 1998 and 2003:

• Community, social and personal services (as a result of the commitment of government

to downsize the public service)

• Electricity, gas and water (a major contributing factor is the amalgamation of municipal

electricity departments with Eskom)

• Mining and quarrying (owing to a shift to capital-intensive open-cast mining and labour-

saving technology in underground mining)

• Manufacturing (technological change and the need to be internationally competitive are

major contributing factors)

• Agriculture (owing to mechanisation to enhance competitiveness, increased minimum

wages and labour costs, and the new legislation that guarantees residential rights to

farm labourers)

• Transport (owing to ongoing retrenchments, employment at Transnet is expected to

decline considerably)

2.42.42.42.4 QUEST FOR JOB CREATIQUEST FOR JOB CREATIQUEST FOR JOB CREATIQUEST FOR JOB CREATION IN THE NORTHERN CON IN THE NORTHERN CON IN THE NORTHERN CON IN THE NORTHERN CAPEAPEAPEAPE

Employment in the private economy of the Northern Cape showed a steady decline between

1980 and 1996, with a dramatic increase in unemployment (from 8,1% to 37,8%) (WEFA,

1996; Meintjes et al., 1995; DBSA, 1998; Stats SA, 1999).

Spatial development initiatives (SDIs), or development corridors, could open up

opportunities for jobs and small businesses. As one of the key investment strategies of the

South African government, the SDIs aim to unlock inherent economic potential in specific

Southern African locations by enhancing their attractiveness for investment. The SDIs will

thus facilitate the creation of viable new jobs (SDI, 2000). South Africa has a well-established

SDI programme with 12 SDIs at varying stages of delivery. Following a number of studies,

areas have been identified for investment on the basis of their unrealised potential for

economic development; similarly, lead sectors have been identified for possible future

investment.

The Gariep Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) falls mainly in the Northern Cape. This

development corridor should contribute to further development in the province. The area is

rich in minerals, particularly base metals, and diamonds are mined onshore and offshore. In

agriculture, the area is characterised by a belt of high- value crop production under irrigation

along the Orange River from Prieska westwards to the Atlantic coast. Various mariculture

13

projects have been initiated on the Namaqualand coast, and the prospect of increased

catch quotas in the fishing industry raises the possibility of new investment opportunities.

The farming of wild game animals in the more arid areas of the Gariep SDI area is a growing

industry. The tourism sector is also showing signs of growth following the establishment of

the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and the possible development of another transfrontier park

linking the Richtersveld National Park in South Africa and the Fish River Canyon Park in

Namibia. The designation of the Orange River mouth wetland as a RAMSAR site also holds

the prospect of increased tourism opportunities. Along the Orange River and in the

Richtersveld a number of opportunities exist for the development of adventure tourism

projects.

The following opportunities have been identified in different sectors of the economy in the

Northern Cape (SDI, 2000):

• Tourism: The establishment of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (linking the Kalahari

Gemsbok Park and the Gemsbok Mabuasehube National Park) has been approved.

Investigations into the feasibility of linking the Richtersveld National Park (SA) and the

Fish River Canyon Park (Namibia) to form the Richtersveld/Fish River Canyon

Transfrontier Park will be undertaken soon.

• Investment projects: Feasibility studies will be conducted on various individual projects

linked to mariculture on the Namaqualand coast. These projects include: abalone, kelp,

alginates, oysters, shore-based fish farming, spirulina and brine shrimp.

• Infrastructure: The construction of a water storage dam on the lower Orange River to

expand the Vioolsdrif and Boegoeberg Dams/irrigation areas; the lower Orange River,

below the Boegoeberg Dam. 4 000 hectares of additional water rights made available on

lower-Orange River for commercial emerging farmer settlement. Port Nolloth port and

back of port development; the construction of the Kudu-Oranjemund-Saldhana-Cape

Town gas pipeline for transporting gas to the Western Cape; the development of a deep-

water harbour on the Northern Namaqualand coast at Buchu Bay/Doring Bay; the

development of a perishable and international cargo hub at Upington airport, the

construction of the Gamsberg “Loop 10” railway line. A study has also been conducted

on the feasibility of a new deep-water harbour on the Namaqualand coast between Port

Nolloth and Alexander Bay.

• Gas and power generation: Feasibility studies will be conducted on the construction of a

combined cycle gas turbine power station at Oranjemund.

• Agriculture: Projects include: Prieska pistachio nuts, lower Orange River olives and olive

oil, Upington table grapes, Carstens/Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) table

14

grapes, game breeding and the production of game meat products (phase: pre-

feasibility). An investigation into the allocation of new water rights and the settlement of

emerging farmers who will utilise the water rights, has commenced.

• Mining and mineral processing: Several large mining and mineral-processing projects

are under investigation, such as those at the Skorpion and Gamsberg zinc mines and

refineries, the Aggenys zinc mine (new shaft to be sunk), the O’Kiep and Haib copper

mines, the Sishen (Kathu) mine (direct reduced iron and processing of iron fines), the

Hotazel mine (ferro-manganese smelter), and the Rosh Pinah zinc mine.

3.3.3.3.REGIONAL ANALYSISREGIONAL ANALYSISREGIONAL ANALYSISREGIONAL ANALYSIS The Development Bank of Southern Africa’s demarcation of the province into regions will be

used to discuss the labour market in the areas surrounding technical colleges (Meintjes et

al., 1995; DBSA, 1998). The Northern Cape has been divided into six regions (Figure 3.1).

The population of the province is unevenly distributed among the six regions, with most

(72,3%) of the people living in the three northern regions. Almost half (41,3%) the inhabitants

of the Northern Cape live in the Diamantveld region, with 21,8% in the Benede-Oranje region

(the largest geographical region) and 10,2% in the Kalahari region. The three southern

regions are sparsely populated, with 12,9% of the Northern Cape’s population living in the

Bo-Karoo region, 8,7% in the Namaqualand region and 5,0% in the North West region (due

mainly to the unfavourable natural features of these regions).

��

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Kalahari12%

Benede-Oranje23%

Bo-Karoo11%

Nam aqauland10%

North W est6%

Diam antveld 38%

FIGURE 3.1: NORTHERN CAPE REGIONSFIGURE 3.1: NORTHERN CAPE REGIONSFIGURE 3.1: NORTHERN CAPE REGIONSFIGURE 3.1: NORTHERN CAPE REGIONS

FIGURE 3.2: FORMAL EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY REGION,1996FIGURE 3.2: FORMAL EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY REGION,1996FIGURE 3.2: FORMAL EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY REGION,1996FIGURE 3.2: FORMAL EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION BY REGION,1996

The Diamantveld (38,2%) and Benede-Oranje (22,5%) regions provide almost two-thirds of the formal employment in the Northern Cape, while the Kalahari and Bo-Karoo regions respectively provide jobs to 12,4% and 11,3% of the workers in the province. The Namaqualand region provides jobs to a further 9,9% workers, while the North West region provides jobs to a

m
15

ere 5,5% of all the workers in the province.

16

3.13.13.13.1 ECONOMIC SECTORSECONOMIC SECTORSECONOMIC SECTORSECONOMIC SECTORS

In proportion with its share of the national population (2%), the Northern Cape provides

employment to 2% of South Africa’s workforce. The Northern Cape’s job opportunities are

mainly in the Diamantveld and Benede-Oranje regions (Figure 3.2). In the Benede-Oranje

region — with Upington as the nodal point — the agricultural sector is the largest employer,

involving 42,7% of the 48 529 formal workers in the region. The community, social and

personal services sector is the second largest employer with 27,7%, and wholesale and

retail trade follow with 10,9% (Figure 3.3a).

FIGURE 3.3a: EMPLOYMENT, BFIGURE 3.3a: EMPLOYMENT, BFIGURE 3.3a: EMPLOYMENT, BFIGURE 3.3a: EMPLOYMENT, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS, Y ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS, Y ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS, Y ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS,

1996199619961996


The services sector employs 39,3% of the formally employed in the Diamantveld region

(Figure 3.3a), while the agricultural sector employs 17,4% and the trade sector 13,4% of the

total number of 82 838 workers. According to the DBSA (1998) the economy of this region is

highly capital-intensive, with the exception of the agricultural and mining sectors, which are

relatively labour-intensive. Kimberley, as the nodal point, dominates the production structure

of the Diamantveld region. In the Kalahari region of the province the community and social

(government) services sector is the largest employer, involving 29,9% of the 26 811 formal

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Benede-Oranje��

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b29.7%

d0.7%c3.1%

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i29.9%

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h2.8%

a17.0%Kalahari

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i39.3%

e5.4%

d1.5%

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a17.4%Diam antveld��

�� a-Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing�� b-Mining and quarrying��

c-Manufacturing��d-Electricity, gas and water supply��

�� e-Construction��

f-Wholesale and retail trade��g-Transport, storage and communication

f-Financial, insurance, real estate and business��

i-Community, social and personal servicesservices

17

workers in the region. The mining sector is the second largest employer with 29,7%, and

agriculture follows with 17% (Figure 3.3a). Although the mining sector — iron ore at Sishen

— contributes the largest share of the region’s GGP, it is extremely capital-intensive. The

economy of the region is the least labour-intensive of all the regions in the Northern Cape

(DBSA, 1988).

The Namaqualand region is the largest provider of employment in the province’s mining

sector (Figure 3.3b). Mining — mainly producing diamonds — employs 29,7% of the

formally employed, services employs 26,1%, trade 11,3% and agriculture 11% of the total

number of 21 428 workers in the region. The Bo-Karoo region — with De Aar the largest

production centre — employs 24 434 workers, 38,6% of whom work in government and

related community services. A further 30% are employed in the agricultural sector, and 12%

in wholesale and retail trade (Figure 3.3b).

FIGURE 3.3b: EMPLOYMENT, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, FIGURE 3.3b: EMPLOYMENT, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, FIGURE 3.3b: EMPLOYMENT, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, FIGURE 3.3b: EMPLOYMENT, BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS,

1996199619961996


The North West region is the smallest in terms of production, employing only 5,5% (11 938)

of all the workers in the Northern Cape. The agriculture sector provides jobs to 40,2% of the

workers in the region, while the community and social (government) services sector is the

second largest employer, involving 33,2% of the formal workforce. The trade sector is the

third largest employer with 12% (Figure 3.3b).

��

a-Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing��b-Mining and quarrying��

�� c-Manufacturing��

d-Electricity, gas and water supply��e-Construction��

�� f-Wholesale and retail trade�� g-Transport, storage and communication

f-Financial, insurance, real estate and business�� i-Community, social and personal services

services

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g2.9% b37.7%

c2.8%d0.8%

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Nam aqualand

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Bo-Karoo

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18

3.23.23.23.2 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONUTIONUTIONUTION

There is a strong correlation between the major economic activities per region and

occupational distribution. For example, the Benede-Oranje, Bo-Karoo and North West

regions have proportionally more skilled agricultural workers than the other three regions,

while the Kalahari, Diamantveld and Namaqualand regions have more craft and related

trade workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers (Figure 3.4a & b).

There is also a strong correlation between the employability of workers and their educational

levels. Between 34% and 54% of all the workers in the Northern Cape Province are

employed in elementary occupations (Figure 3.4a & b). Almost half of the province’s labour

force has not attended school (22%) or completed at least the primary school phase (21%)

(Figure 1.4).

The Benede-Oranje region has proportionally more skilled agricultural workers (14%) and

elementary workers (50%) than the other northern regions. Job opportunities exist mainly on

irrigation farms adjacent to the Orange River. A further 12% of the workers in this region are

employed as craft and related trade workers, and as plant and machine operators and

assemblers. Clerical, sales and service workers make up 12% of the workers in the Benede-

Oranje region, while 12% of the workers are in legislative, administrative, managerial and

professional occupations. (Figure 3.4a).

FIGURE 3.4a: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION INFIGURE 3.4a: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION INFIGURE 3.4a: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION INFIGURE 3.4a: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTHERNTHE NORTHERNTHE NORTHERNTHE NORTHERN REGIONS, 1996REGIONS, 1996REGIONS, 1996REGIONS, 1996

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i38%

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Kalahari

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�� a-Legislators, senior officials and m anagers��b-Professionals��c-Technicians and associate professionals��

��d-Clerks��e-Service workers, shop and m arket sales��f-Skilled agricultural and fishery workers��

��g-Craft and related trades workers��h-Plant and m achine operators and assem blers��i-Elem entary occupations

workers

19


The Kalahari and Diamantveld regions have proportionally more craft and related trade

workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers (24% and 20% respectively)

(Figure 3.4a). Mining activities — iron ore production at Sishen — in the Kalahari region

provide work opportunities in these occupations. Mining (diamonds) and manufacturing

operations in the Diamantveld region — situated mainly in and around Kimberley —

contribute to employment opportunities for craft and trade workers, and machine operators

and assemblers (Figure 3.3a). A further 16% to 18% of the workers in the two regions are

employed as clerks, as service workers, and as shop and market sales workers, while

between 14% and 18% are employed in professional, managerial and administrative

occupations.

More than a quarter (27%) of the workers in the Namaqualand region are employed as craft

and related trade workers, and as plant and machine operators and assemblers. Most of

these work opportunities are attributable to diamond-mining operations in the region. A

further 17% of the workers are employed as clerks, and sales and service workers, and 16%

as professionals, managers and administrators (Figure 3.4b).

FIGURE 3.4b: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, 1996FIGURE 3.4b: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, 1996FIGURE 3.4b: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, 1996FIGURE 3.4b: OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS, 1996


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�� a-Legislators, senior officials and m anagers��b-Professionals��

��c-Technicians and associate professionals��d-Clerks��e-Service workers, shop and m arket sales��

��f-Skilled agricultural and fishery workers��g-Craft and related trades workers��h-Plant and m achine operators and assem blers��i-Elem entary occupations

workers

20

The Bo-Karoo and North West regions have proportionally more skilled agricultural workers

(11% and 14% respectively) and elementary workers (49% and 54% respectively) working in

the regions (Figure 3.4b). A further 11% to 14% of the workers in the two regions are

employed as clerks, as service workers, and as shop and market sales workers, while

between 10% and 14% are employed in professional, managerial and administrative

occupations. In the Bo-Karoo 12% of the workers are employed as craft and related trade

workers, and as plant and machine operators and assemblers, while workers in these

occupations constitute 11% of the workers in the North West region.

3.33.33.33.3 TRENDS IN THE DEMANDTRENDS IN THE DEMANDTRENDS IN THE DEMANDTRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR CERTAIN OCCUPAT FOR CERTAIN OCCUPAT FOR CERTAIN OCCUPAT FOR CERTAIN OCCUPATIONSIONSIONSIONS

In the absence of provincial and regional forecasts for the Northern Cape the HSRC’s study

on South African labour market trends and workforce needs in respect of formal

employment for the period 1998 to 2003 provides some insight into future workforce needs.

Although the study portrays a national perspective, the participating industries have

provincial connections. Exhibit A provides an overview of the occupational distribution in the

economic sectors of the five regions, alongside national trends in the demand for broad

occupational groups. The results of the implementation of the National Skills Development

Strategy will indicate these needs more precisely.

It is expected that job creation will take place mainly in the professional and managerial

categories, while job losses will occur in the semiskilled or unskilled category, largely

because of the impact of computerisation and new technology. According to Whiteford et al.

(1999), the highest growth is expected in the field of IT – for example, computer systems

analysts, software systems engineers and computer consultants (Exhibit A). Chartered

accountants will also experience rapid growth in demand in various sectors due to the

flexible way in which their skills can be applied in most companies. Commercial

occupations, such as accounting and financial and economic occupations, are also

expected to show high (15% to 40%) growth.

High to moderately high (10%-15%) growth in demand is also foreseen for engineers, with

electrical (including electronic) and chemical engineers being in the greatest demand.

Mining engineering is the exception, with expected growth of less than 5% by 2003.

Budgetary constraints on government mean that there will be limited growth in the demand

for teachers, nurses, librarians and social workers.

According to Whiteford et al. (1999) the growth in demand for artisans (3,9%) will be much

slower than the growth in demand for professionals (9, 6%). In fact, no artisan occupations

are expected to experience an increase in demand of more than 10% over the period 1998

21

to 2003. The highest growth rates are expected in the food-processing, motor vehicle and

building trades. Negative growth (0% to -10%) is expected in the furniture and printing

trades.

Shortages of multiskilled managers, electrical and mechanical engineers, IT professionals,

and particularly of systems and software-related specialists, accountants and engineering

technicians, were reported. The engineering (e.g. fitters and turners, millwrights) and

electrical and electronic categories (e.g. electricians) reported the greatest shortage of

artisans.

4.4.4.4.TTTTECHNICAL COLLEGESECHNICAL COLLEGESECHNICAL COLLEGESECHNICAL COLLEGES

In this section technical colleges in the Northern Cape will be discussed in terms of their

distribution, student enrolment and course offerings. In the last part of the section the

common threads running through Sections 1 to 4 are highlighted, and suggestions made for

aligning technical colleges with the economic activities in their locality.

4.14.14.14.1 DISTRIBUTION OF TECHDISTRIBUTION OF TECHDISTRIBUTION OF TECHDISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL COLLEGESNICAL COLLEGESNICAL COLLEGESNICAL COLLEGES

The Northern Cape lacks educational institutions – the reason for this may be that the

province has the smallest population of all the provinces in South Africa. Although there are

no universities or agricultural colleges, there is a technikon (Kimberley), five technical

colleges, one nursing college and three teacher-training institutions in the province (Du Toit

& Craemer, 2000). According to the records in the South African Training and Capacity-

Building Providers Database at the HSRC, a number of organisations (NGOs, CBOs, private

companies, public and university departments) provide training in a wide variety of courses

(Exhibit B). In this section an overview of the technical colleges in the Northern Cape will be

provided.

FIGURE 4.1: DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN CAPEFIGURE 4.1: DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN CAPEFIGURE 4.1: DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN CAPEFIGURE 4.1: DISTRIBUTION OF TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN CAPE

22

��

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Northern Cape33%

Nam akwaland6%

Kim berley28%

Kathu 20%

Upington 13%

The five technical colleges in the

Northern Cape are unevenly spread

across the province, with two in the

Diamantveld region, which has the

largest population in the province. The

Benede-Oranje region, with the second

largest population, has one technical

college. There is one technical college

each in the Kalahari and Namaqualand

regions (Figure: 4.1).

Of all the technical colleges in the Northern Cape, the Northern Cape Technical College, in

Kimberley, is the only one that offers courses in ‘agriculture and horticulture’ (Table 4.1),

while the Kathu Technical College is the only one that offers a course in ‘mining and

metallurgy’ (Table 4.3). The technical colleges in the province offer computer courses and a

wide variety of courses in especially the ‘business’ and ‘engineering’ fields (except for the

Upington College which does not offer ‘engineering’ courses). In addition to these courses,

the technical colleges offer courses in ‘social services and educare’ and ‘general education’.

4.24.24.24.2 STUDENT ENROLMENTSTUDENT ENROLMENTSTUDENT ENROLMENTSTUDENT ENROLMENT

A total of 2 422 full-time equivalent (FTE) students are enrolled at the five technical colleges

in the Northern Cape. Almost two-thirds (61% or 1 468 FTEs) are studying at the two

technical colleges in the Diamantveld region (Figure 4.2). It should be borne in mind that

this region accommodates 41% of the total population in the Northern Cape.

FIGURE 4.2: STUDENT FIGURE 4.2: STUDENT FIGURE 4.2: STUDENT FIGURE 4.2: STUDENT

ENROLMENT AT TECHNICAL ENROLMENT AT TECHNICAL ENROLMENT AT TECHNICAL ENROLMENT AT TECHNICAL

COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN COLLEGES IN THE NORTHERN

CAPECAPECAPECAPE

A further 20% (478 FTEs) are enrolled at the Kathu Technical College in the Kalahari region and

23

13% (323) at the Upington College in the Benede-Oranje region. The Namaqualand region has the second smallest population in the Northern Cape (9%), and the technical college in the region attracts only 6% (153 FTEs) of all the technical college students in Northern Cape (Figure 4.2).

The technical colleges in the Northern Cape offer courses in the further education and

training2 and the higher3 education national qualifications framework (NQF) bands, with

more than half of the students at all the colleges (except at the Namakwaland Technical

Institute) enrolled in courses on the higher education level (Table 4.1 – Table 4.4). Most of

the technical colleges present courses on a formal basis as well as a non-formal basis.

The majority of the students (89,3% or 1 296 FTEs) in the higher education band at technical

colleges in the Northern Cape are enrolled in ‘business-related studies’ (Figure 4.3). Most of

the students (92,4%) in the further education and training band at technical colleges in the

province are enrolled in two of the five broad study fields presented collectively at the

technical colleges: almost half of these students (48,7% or 472 FTEs) are enrolled in

‘business-related studies’, while a further 43,7% (424 FTEs) are engaged in ‘engineering

sciences’ (Figure 4.3).

FIGURE 4.3: ENROLMENT, BY STUDY FIELD IN THE NFIGURE 4.3: ENROLMENT, BY STUDY FIELD IN THE NFIGURE 4.3: ENROLMENT, BY STUDY FIELD IN THE NFIGURE 4.3: ENROLMENT, BY STUDY FIELD IN THE NORTHERN CAPE (2000)ORTHERN CAPE (2000)ORTHERN CAPE (2000)ORTHERN CAPE (2000)

Most of the students on the higher education level at the Kimberley College (96,8%) and the

Northern Cape Technical College (83,8%) in the Diamantveld region are enrolled in

‘business-related studies’ (Table 4.1). The bulk of further education and training students

(52,7%) at the Kimberley College are enrolled in ‘business-related studies’ and in

2 N0, N1, N2 or N3.

N0-N340%

N4-N660%

��

��

��

��

Business-related Studies 49%

General Education 6%

Social Services, Educare 1%

Engineering Sciences 44%

Agriculture & Horticulture

0,1%

Further Education and Training

��

��

��

Social Services, Educare 1%

Engineering Sciences 9%

Business-related Studies 90%

Higher Education

24

‘engineering sciences’ (42,2%), with only a few students enrolled in ‘general education’

courses (5,1%). This pattern is reversed in the case of further education and training

students at the Northern Cape Technical College: 55% of the students on the further

education and training level are enrolled in ‘engineering sciences’, with 39,5% engaged in

‘business-related studies’. In addition to ‘engineering sciences’ and ‘business-related

studies’ the Northern Cape Technical College offers courses in ‘agriculture and horticulture’,

‘general education’ and ‘social services and educare’ (Table 4.1).

The higher education students enrolled at the Kimberley College and the Northern Cape

Technical College in the ‘business-related’ study field take courses in ‘computers and IT’

(35% each), ‘business management’ (34% and 24%), ‘general business studies’ (24% and

19%), ‘accounting and financial management’ (3% each), and ‘human resources and public

relations’ (1% and 3%) (Table 4.1). Further education and training students enrolled in

‘business-related studies’ at the Kimberley College take courses in ‘general business

studies’ (24%), ‘computers and IT’ (12%), ‘secretarial’ courses (9%), and ‘accounting and

financial management’ (7%).

Most of the further education and training students enrolled in ‘business-related studies’ at

the Northern Cape Technical College take ‘general business studies’ (25%). The rest of the

‘business’ students are enrolled in ‘accounting and financial management’ courses (6%),

‘secretarial’ courses (5%), and ‘computers and IT’ (4%). Most of the students enrolled in the

‘engineering’ field at the Kimberley College (on both levels) take ‘general engineering’

courses (Table 4.1). Similarly, most further education and training students at the Northern

Cape Technical College take ‘general engineering’ courses, while most of the higher

education ‘engineering’ students are enrolled in ‘electronics’ (Table 4.1).

The Upington College in the Benede-Oranje region does not offer courses in the

‘engineering sciences’ study field (Table 4.2). The majority of the students on the higher

education level (90,2%) and on the further education and training level (83,3%) are enrolled

in ‘business-related studies’. The Upington College also offer courses in ‘general education’

and ‘social services and educare’.

The ‘business’ students enrolled on the higher education level at the Upington College take

courses in ‘general business studies’ (31%), computers and IT’ (26%), ‘business

management’ (25%), ‘accounting and financial management’ (6%), and ‘human resources

and public relations’ (3%) (Table 4.2). Further education and training students enrolled in

3 N4, N5 or N6.

25

‘business-related studies’ at the Upington College take courses in ‘general business studies’

(49%), ‘computers and IT’ (15%), ‘secretarial’ courses (14%), and ‘accounting and financial

management’ (6%).

In the Kalahari region the Kathu Technical College offers courses mainly in ‘business-related

studies’ and ‘engineering sciences’ (Table 4.3). Most of the students on the higher

education level (84,2%) are enrolled in ‘business-related studies’, while most of the further

education and training students (64,4%) are enrolled in ‘engineering sciences’. In addition to

these two study fields, the Kathu Technical College offers courses in ‘general education’ and

‘social services and educare’.

The higher education students enrolled at the Kathu Technical College in the ‘business-

related’ study field take courses in ‘computers and IT’ (46%), ‘general business studies’

(19%), ‘business management’ (18%), and ‘accounting and financial management’ (1%)

(Table 4.3). Most of the further education and training students enrolled in ‘business-related

studies’ at the Kathu Technical College take ‘general business studies’ (16%). The rest of

the ‘business’ students are enrolled in ‘accounting and financial management’ courses

(6%), ‘secretarial’ courses (4%), and ‘computers and IT’ (2%). Most of the students enrolled

in the ‘engineering’ field at the college (on both levels) take ‘general engineering’ courses

(Table 4.3).

All the students on the higher education level at the Namakwaland Technical Institute are

enrolled in ‘business-related studies’, while more than half the further education and training

students (51,1%) are enrolled in ‘business-related studies’ (Table 4.4). A further 34,4% of the

further education and training students (34,4%) take ‘engineering sciences’ and 5,3% study

‘general education’.

The ‘business’ students enrolled on the higher education level at the Namakwaland

Technical Institute take courses in ‘general business studies’ (33%), ‘computers and IT’

(30%), ‘business management’ (28%), and ‘accounting and financial management’ (9%)

(Table 4.4). Further education and training students enrolled in ‘business-related studies’ at

the institute take courses in ‘general business studies’ (28%), ‘secretarial’ courses (15%),

‘accounting and financial management’ (10%), and ‘computers and IT’ (3%). Most of the

students enrolled in the ‘engineering’ field at the Namakwaland Technical Institute (on both

levels) take ‘general engineering’ courses (Table 4.4).

The equivalent of 73 full-time students are enrolled in non-formal courses at the technical

colleges in the Northern Cape. Almost half of these students (48% or 35 FTEs) are enrolled

26

in ‘engineering’ courses. A further 27% (20 FTEs) take ‘business studies’, 20% (15 FTEs)

‘general education’ courses, 3% (two FTEs) are enrolled in ‘utility industries’ courses, and

1% (one FTE) take ‘art and music’.

The youth in the Northern Cape are keen to obtain educational qualifications. The majority

(61,6%) in the age category 15-19 years were enrolled as scholars/students during October

1996 (Table 4.5). This percentage declines in the age categories 20-24 years (13,1%) and

25-29 years (2,2%) as people enter the labour market. The question that arises is how many

of those who enter the labour market can be accommodated in the formal economy.

It was stated earlier (Paragraph 1.2) that unemployment is high among the youth in the

province. At the time of Census 96 an estimated total of 54 969 economically active young

people between 15-29 years were unemployed, accounting for two-thirds (63,9%) of the

unemployed people in the Northern Cape. The unemployed figure for economically active

youths varies considerably among the six regions, with the youth in the Diamantveld and

Bo-Karoo the worst off (Table 4.6).

The challenge to education and training institutions is to disabuse people of the idea that

they are unemployed until someone else gives them a job. According to Clem Sunter,4 self-

reliance is becoming a global trend: almost 95% of new jobs being created worldwide are in

the small business and informal sectors.

A further, equally important, challenge is to foster dignity and professionalism in the job

situation. According to Maria Brassiolo,5 the chairperson of Transparency International

(Italy), young people assume that a general education will lead to wealth, and they claim

more-and-more rights and at the same time want fewer duties. She believes that change can

come about only by increasing professional awareness and giving every job the same

dignity.

People should be proud of the fact that they are contributing to the economy, regardless of

whether they are self-employed/self-reliant (subsistence farming, repairing cars from home,

making and selling baked goods, creating crafts and clothing, hosting tourists) or formally

employed. People should receive a thorough education, involving a combination of

theoretical basic studies (e.g. at a technical college) and professional/practical training in a

company, a (guest)house, a shop, in agriculture, in cattle breeding, in a milk-processing

4 Community Self-reliance News/Notes. p. 1. Issue 14. March 2000. 5 Community Self-reliance News/Notes. p. 2. Issue 14. March 2000.

27

plant, etc. Professionalism helps form self-awareness, self-esteem and instils moral

standards.

4.34.34.34.3 POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONPOSSIBLE IMPLICATIONPOSSIBLE IMPLICATIONPOSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNINGS FOR PLANNINGS FOR PLANNINGS FOR PLANNING

The demand for labour is based on the economic activities in a particular

country/province/region. The Northern Cape province has a factor-based economy, evident

from the dominance of services and mining. The economy of the province is small and is

dominated by mining and services. Formal employment is heavily concentrated in the

government sector. Agriculture, which has developed mainly along the Orange River, is an

important provider of formal employment and also offers opportunities for casual and

seasonal work. The economic activities that may in future contribute to faster economic

growth in the province are mining, agriculture and the agro-industry, and tourism.

Several economic development projects have been planned for the province. They will help

ensure economic growth, concentrating primarily on expanding the agricultural sector (in

the Benede-Oranje region), infrastructure development (in especially the Benede-Oranje and

Namaqualand regions), mining projects (in the Namaqualand, Kalahari and Diamantveld

regions) and tourism development (in all the regions, but especially in the Namaqualand

and Kalahari regions). Technical colleges will have to align themselves appropriately to

respond effectively to new skills needs in the wake of the transformation of the province’s

economy. The following steps should be considered:

• Enhancing the educational levels of unemployed adults (and the community in general).

All the technical colleges, but especially those in the Benede-Oranje, Kalahari and

Diamantveld regions, should broaden their focus to include adult and community

education. Gardening lectures and practical demonstrations (e.g. on sewing and how to

cook nutritiously for the family) could, for example, be offered to members of the

community.

• Retraining retrenched workers – who have skills only for a particular sector – so that they

can acquire the new skills and expertise needed in the local economy.

• Enhancing the educational and skills levels of the vast number of economically active but

unemployed youth (especially in the Diamantveld region).

• Instilling a culture of self-reliance (imparting the skills needed for self-employment,

running small businesses, entrepreneurial activities and community development, and

introducing community-relevant self-improvement programmes) This will present a major

developmental challenge to technical colleges, especially those in the Namaqualand,

Benede-Oranje, Kalahari and Diamantveld regions. Technical colleges should liaise with

28

the provincial departments concerned (the Departments of Agriculture, Welfare, and

Trade and Industry) to identify opportunities for the training of agricultural extension

workers as well as entrepreneurship and community development extension workers.

The technical colleges in the Benede-Oranje region – evidently the agricultural heartland

of the Northern Cape – and in the Kalahari and Namaqualand regions should consider

offering courses in ‘agriculture and horticulture’. Subject matter (for formal and non-

formal courses) could include: diversification of farm household income sources, agri-

business, management and technical training, production of home-grown fruit and

vegetables, and how to access markets to sell surplus produce. The

NamakwalandNamaqualand Technical College should consider investigation into the

feasibility of offering courses in ‘mariculture’. The Cape Technikon, which presents

courses in oceanography (NDip and BTech), could give guidance in curriculum design in

this field.

• Grasping the opportunities for tourism presented by the Gariep SDI and the learnership

drive. This applies particularly to the technical colleges in the Namaqualand, Benede-

Oranje and Kalahari regions (Tables 4.2 & 4.3). For example, at the Presidential Jobs

Summit that was held in October 1998 it was agreed that 5 000 new learners should be

trained in travel and tourism through a structured programme of learnerships (Erasmus,

1999). Learnerships could be established with local hotel and resort managements, and

guidance in course content could be obtained from technical colleges offering ‘tourism,

catering and hospitality’ courses in other provinces (e.g. the Welkom Technical College

in the Free State). Subject matter (for formal and non-formal courses) could include:

protection of conservancies/natural resources, community policing/security and crime

prevention, arts and crafts, and eco-tourism

• Offering of courses in jewellery and metalwork design by the technical colleges in

Kimberley and the NamakwalandNamaqualand Technical Institute (diamonds from

Alexander Bay and Kimberley). The Ruth Prowse College of Art and Design in

Woodstock, Western Cape, which presents a diploma course in jewellery design and

manufacturing, could give guidance in curriculum design. Several higher education and

training institutions, such as the Cape, Natal, Pretoria and WITS Technikons (offering

National Diploma and National Higher Diploma courses in jewellery design and

manufacturing), and Stellenbosch University (offering a BA (Fine Arts) course in jewellery

and metalwork design), could also be of assistance.

• Assessment by technical colleges of the training needs of informal business

owners/managers in their catchment areas. Although all the technical colleges in the

Northern Cape offer various business-related courses, they could consider offering

29

general business training on a non-formal basis. The findings of a recent study,

completed by the Bureau for Market Research in 1998, provide some insight into the

training needs of the owners/managers of small, medium and micro-enterprises and their

employees (Exhibit C).

• Workshopping by the technical colleges in a region on the possibility of specialisation

(what education and training should be offered by which college, and on what NQF level)

and of clustering in order to share resources.

!"The majority of the students at the technical colleges in the province (except for the

Namakwaland Technical Institute) take courses on the higher education level. These

colleges could consider transforming into higher education institutions, as there is

currently only one technikon and no university in the Northern Cape.

!"All the technical colleges in the Northern Cape have to come to terms with the

economic environment in which they are operating. The challenges facing the

Benede-Oranje region are agricultural (moving people from subsistence to productive

farming) and tourism development. In the Namaqualand and the Kalahari regions it is

the mining, tourism and agricultural/fishery sectors and in the Diamantveld region the

mining, manufacturing and agricultural sectors that can provide more employment

opportunities.

• Distributing a list of all the technical colleges in the Northern Cape and the courses they

offer, to government departments, businesses and industry in the province, and to SETAs

as soon they are established.

• Invitation by technical colleges of stakeholder representation (government departments,

business and industry, SETAs, labour and the community) in college governance. This

could enhance the technical colleges’ sense of commitment (to be responsive to

workplace skills needs) and provide an opportunity for direct guidance from

stakeholders.

The ideas offered above are merely broad suggestions. However, it is clear that close links

have to be forged between various stakeholders – the technical colleges, SETAs, provincial

and local government structures, local business chambers, local economic development

projects and initiatives, formal and informal business, labour and the community. Such links

will of course take time to develop and mature to a level where technical colleges are aware

of and capable of responding swiftly and effectively to changing workplace skills needs in

their particular environments.

30

FIGURE 4.1: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE DIAMANTVELD REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.1: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE DIAMANTVELD REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.1: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE DIAMANTVELD REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.1: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE DIAMANTVELD REGION, BY STUDY FIELD

TECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGE KimberleyKimberleyKimberleyKimberley Northern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern Cape Total: Diamantveld regionTotal: Diamantveld regionTotal: Diamantveld regionTotal: Diamantveld region STUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELD LEVELEVELEVELEVELLLL

N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%% N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%% N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%%

Agriculture & HAgriculture & HAgriculture & HAgriculture & Horticultureorticultureorticultureorticulture 0,80,80,80,8 0,30,30,30,3 0,80,80,80,8 0,20,20,20,2 Accounting, Financial Management 17,5 6,9 11,4 2,6 17,3 6,4 15,0 3,0 34,8 6,6 26,4 2,8 Human Resources & Public Relations

4,6 1,1 13,4 2,6 18,0 1,9

Computers & IT 31,3 12,4 152,1 34,8 10,3 3,8 177,3 35,0 41,6 7,9 329,4 34,9 Secretarial 23,5 9,3 13,0 4,8 36,5 7,0 Business Management 148,7 34,0 120,7 23,8 269,4 28,5 Public Management 0,1 0,02 0,1 Business Studies (General) 60,5 24,0 106,8 24,4 66,8 24,6 97,8 19,3 127,3 24,3 204,6 21,7 BUSIBUSIBUSIBUSINESSNESSNESSNESS 132,8132,8132,8132,8 52,752,752,752,7 423,7423,7423,7423,7 96,896,896,896,8 107,4107,4107,4107,4 39,539,539,539,5 424,2424,2424,2424,2 83,883,883,883,8 240,2240,2240,2240,2 45,845,845,845,8 847,9847,9847,9847,9 89,889,889,889,8 General EducationGeneral EducationGeneral EducationGeneral Education 12,912,912,912,9 5,15,15,15,1 13,313,313,313,3 4,94,94,94,9 26,226,226,226,2 5,05,05,05,0 Social Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, Educare 1,01,01,01,0 0,40,40,40,4 0,90,90,90,9 0,20,20,20,2 1,01,01,01,0 0,20,20,20,2 0,90,90,90,9 0,10,10,10,1 Building, Construction & Joinery 0,4 0,2 1,0 0,4 1,4 0,3 Mechanical 7,0 2,8 1,4 0,3 1,0 0,4 10,3 2,0 8,0 1,5 11,7 1,2 Motor & Transport 8,7 3,5 0,1 0,02 23,2 8,5 31,9 6,1 0,1 0,01 Engineering (General) 61,8 24,5 6,6 1,5 84,3 31,0 26,2 5,2 146,1 27,9 32,8 3,5 Electrical 14,3 5,7 3,0 0,7 20,2 7,4 15,7 3,1 34,5 6,6 18,7 2,0 Electronics 14,1 5,6 2,7 0,6 19,8 7,3 29,4 5,8 33,9 6,5 32,1 3,4 ENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCES 106,3106,3106,3106,3 42,242,242,242,2 13,813,813,813,8 3,23,23,23,2 149,5149,5149,5149,5 55,055,055,055,0 81,681,681,681,6 16,116,116,116,1 255,8255,8255,8255,8 48,848,848,848,8 95,495,495,495,4 10,110,110,110,1 Sub-Total 252,0 36,5 437,5 63,5 271,9 34,9 506,5 65,1 523,9 35,7 944,0 64,3 TOTAL 689,5 28,5 778,4 32,1 1 467,9 60,6

31

FIGURE 4.2: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE BENEDEFIGURE 4.2: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE BENEDEFIGURE 4.2: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE BENEDEFIGURE 4.2: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE BENEDE----ORANJE REGION, BY STUDY ORANJE REGION, BY STUDY ORANJE REGION, BY STUDY ORANJE REGION, BY STUDY

FIELDFIELDFIELDFIELD

TECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGE UpingtonUpingtonUpingtonUpington STUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELD LEVELLEVELLEVELLEVEL N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%% Accounting, Financial Management 8,5 5,8 10,9 6,2 Human Resources & Public Relations 5,4 3,1 Computers & IT 22,0 14,9 44,9 25,6 Secretarial 20,5 13,9 Business Management 43,1 24,6 Business Studies (General) 71,8 48,7 53,8 30,7 BUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESS 122,8122,8122,8122,8 83,383,383,383,3 158,1158,1158,1158,1 90,290,290,290,2 General EducationGeneral EducationGeneral EducationGeneral Education 24,824,824,824,8 16,816,816,816,8 Social Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, Educare 17,317,317,317,3 9,99,99,99,9 Sub-Total 147,5 45,7 175,3 54,3 TOTAL 322,8 13,3

FIGURE 4.3: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE KALAHARI REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.3: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE KALAHARI REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.3: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE KALAHARI REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.3: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE KALAHARI REGION, BY STUDY FIELD

TECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGETECHNICAL COLLEGE KathuKathuKathuKathu STUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELD LEVELLEVELLEVELLEVEL N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%% Accounting, Financial Management 11,8 5,7 3,5 1,3 Computers & IT 5,0 2,4 124,5 46,0 Secretarial 8,0 3,8 Business Management 47,9 17,7 Business Studies (General) 33,3 16,0 51,9 19,2 BUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESS 58,158,158,158,1 27,927,927,927,9 227,8227,8227,8227,8 84,284,284,284,2 General EducationGeneral EducationGeneral EducationGeneral Education 5,55,55,55,5 2,62,62,62,6 Social Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, EducareSocial Services, Educare 10,510,510,510,5 5,15,15,15,1 0,40,40,40,4 0,10,10,10,1 Building, Construction & Joinery 2,8 1,3 0,1 0,05 Mechanical 10,6 5,1 14,2 5,3 Mining & Metallurgy 0,1 0,05 0,4 0,1 Motor & Transport 9,8 4,7 Engineering (General) 82,4 39,6 13,6 5,0 Electrical 15,5 7,5 7,0 2,6 Electronics 12,7 6,1 6,9 2,6 ENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCES 133,9133,9133,9133,9 64,464,464,464,4 42,242,242,242,2 15,615,615,615,6 Sub-Total 207,9 43,5 270,4 56,5 TOTAL 478,3 19,7

32

FIGURE 4.4: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE NAMAQUALAND REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.4: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE NAMAQUALAND REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.4: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE NAMAQUALAND REGION, BY STUDY FIELDFIGURE 4.4: STUDENT ENROLMENT IN THE NAMAQUALAND REGION, BY STUDY FIELD

TECHNICAL COLLEGESTECHNICAL COLLEGESTECHNICAL COLLEGESTECHNICAL COLLEGES NamakwalandNamakwalandNamakwalandNamakwaland STUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELDSTUDY FIELD LEVELLEVELLEVELLEVEL N0N0N0N0----N3N3N3N3 %%%% N4N4N4N4----N6N6N6N6 %%%% Accounting, Financial Management 9,5 10,5 5,6 9,0 Computers & IT 2,8 3,1 18,5 29,8 Secretarial 13,5 14,9 0,0 Business Management 0,0 17,5 28,2 Business Studies (General) 25,3 27,9 20,4 32,9 BUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESS----RELATED STUDIESRELATED STUDIESRELATED STUDIESRELATED STUDIES 51,151,151,151,1 56,356,356,356,3 62,062,062,062,0 100100100100 General EducationGeneral EducationGeneral EducationGeneral Education 5,35,35,35,3 5,85,85,85,8 Mechanical 5,8 6,4 Motor & Transport 4,7 5,2 Engineering (General) 21,3 23,5 Electrical 1,7 1,9 Electronics 0,9 1,0 ENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCESENGINEERING SCIENCES 34,434,434,434,4 37,937,937,937,9 Sub-Total 90,8 59,4 62,0 40,6 TOTAL 152,8 6,3

33

TABLE 4.5: PROPORTION OF STUDENTS AMONG THE YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 199TABLE 4.5: PROPORTION OF STUDENTS AMONG THE YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 199TABLE 4.5: PROPORTION OF STUDENTS AMONG THE YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 199TABLE 4.5: PROPORTION OF STUDENTS AMONG THE YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996666

Northern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern Cape NamaqualandNamaqualandNamaqualandNamaqualand BenedeBenedeBenedeBenede----OranjeOranjeOranjeOranje KalahariKalahariKalahariKalahari DiamantveldDiamantveldDiamantveldDiamantveld BoBoBoBo----KarooKarooKarooKaroo North WestNorth WestNorth WestNorth West

Age categoryAge categoryAge categoryAge category TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% Students 52 553 61,6 3 682 54,1 10 910 54,0 4 760 59,5 24 383 68,6 7 313 62,9 1 505 47,4 All 15-19¹¹¹¹ 85 366 37,3 6 802 35,7 20 219 38,4 7 997 34,5 35 545 36,9 11 630 41,1 3 173 33,9

Students 9 765 13,1 232 3,9 1 105 6,4 945 12,4 6 031 19,0 1 373 15,6 79 2,6 All 20-24¹¹¹¹ 74 333 32,5 6 008 31,5 17 188 32,7 7 603 32,8 31 748 33,0 8 787 31,0 2 999 32,1

Students 1 499 2,2 27 0,4 124 0,8 125 1,6 990 3,4 225 2,8 8 0,3 All 25-29¹¹¹¹ 69 155 30,2 6 247 32,8 15 193 28,9 7 594 32,7 29 033 30,1 7 910 27,9 3 178 34,0

Students 63 817 27,9 3 941 20,7 12 139 23,1 5 830 25,1 31 404 32,6 8 911 31,5 1 592 17,0 All 15-29¹¹¹¹ 228 854 100 19 057 100 52 600 100 23 194 100 96 326 100 28 327 100 9 350 100

¹¹¹¹ The percentage cell in this row represents the proportion of the age category in relation to the total youth population.

TABLE 4.6: UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (TABLE 4.6: UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (TABLE 4.6: UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (TABLE 4.6: UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE (EA) YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996EA) YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996EA) YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996EA) YOUTH IN THE NORTHERN CAPE, 1996

Northern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern CapeNorthern Cape NamaqualandNamaqualandNamaqualandNamaqualand BenedeBenedeBenedeBenede----OranjeOranjeOranjeOranje KalahariKalahariKalahariKalahari DiamantveldDiamantveldDiamantveldDiamantveld BoBoBoBo----KarooKarooKarooKaroo North WestNorth WestNorth WestNorth West Age categoryAge categoryAge categoryAge category TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% TotalTotalTotalTotal %%%% Unemployed 11 717 54,0 1 389 53,8 2 838 55,2 1 112 54,2 4 301 53,8 1 558 52,1 519 55,4 EA 15-19¹¹¹¹ 21 687 25,4 2 584 38,0 5 137 25,4 2 050 25,6 7 988 22,5 2 991 25,7 937 29,5 Unemployed 24 401 47,0 2 102 42,4 5 106 40,5 2 176 41,1 11 028 53,2 2 974 49,7 1 015 42,5 EA 20-24¹¹¹¹ 51 959 69,9 4 958 82,5 12 595 73,3 5 290 69,6 20 745 65,3 5 984 68,1 2 387 79,6 Unemployed 18 851 34,8 1 537 30,9 3 420 29,3 1 608 27,2 9 162 39,9 2 416 38,8 708 29,0 EA 25-29¹¹¹¹ 54 141 78,3 4 973 79,6 11 654 76,7 5 906 77,8 22 938 79,0 6 230 78,8 2 440 76,8 Unemployed 54 969 43,0 5 028 40,2 11 364 38,7 4 896 37,0 24 491 47,4 6 948 45,7 2 242 38,9 EA 15-29 127 787 55,8 12 515 65,7 29 386 55,9 13 246 57,1 51 671 53,6 15 205 53,7 5 764 61,6

¹¹¹¹ The percentage cell in this row represents the proportion of EA youth in the age category in relation to the total youth population (15-29, Table 4.6).

35

EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A:EXHIBIT A:

An overview of the occupational distribution in the economic sectors of the six

regions in the Northern Cape, alongside national trends in the demand for broad

occupational groups.

Contents:Contents:Contents:Contents:

Agriculture, hunting forestry and fishing

31

Community, social and personal services 32

Wholesale and retail trade 33

Mining and quarrying 34

Manufacturing 35

Transport and communication

38

Construction 39

Financial, insurance, real estate and business services

40

Electricity, gas and water supply 41

36

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHINGAGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHINGAGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHINGAGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHING

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHIOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHIOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHIOCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURE, HUNTING FORESTRY AND FISHING, NG, NG, NG, 1996199619961996

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37

COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICESCOMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICESCOMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICESCOMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES, OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES, OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES, OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICES,

1996199619961996

TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003) Broad occupational

group Sector

Professional

Managerial

Clerical/ Sales/Service Artisan

Semi-/ unskilled

Total

Government 5,6% 4,4% -11,8% 3,7% -18,8% 4,7% Artisan The dominant occupations in this category are mechanics, electricians, and

fitters and turners. Local government 6,1% 3,7% -4,6% 3,7% -5,2% -3,0%

Artisan No artisan occupations have been identified as showing growth substantially higher or lower than the category average.

Community and social

11,3% 10,0% 5,7% 4,7% 8,4% 8,4%

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SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION,SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION,SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION,

38

services This sector is likely to show substantial growth due to the rapidly increasing demand for private education and private health services.

Recreational and 6,8% 6,9% 4,6% 6,3% -0,7% 4,7% cultural services

The sector is likely to show moderate growth mainly due to the increasing number of cinemas and health clubs.

39

WHOLESWHOLESWHOLESWHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADEALE AND RETAIL TRADEALE AND RETAIL TRADEALE AND RETAIL TRADE

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, 1996

TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003) Broad occupational group

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Retail and wholesale 14,7% 9,0% 8,9% 8,7% 6,0% 8,4% Clerical/

sales/ service

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Motor trade 8,0% 7,6% 10,2% 13,6% 1,2% 8,0% Sales

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40

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41

MINING AND QUARRYINGMINING AND QUARRYINGMINING AND QUARRYINGMINING AND QUARRYING

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN MINING AND QUARRYING, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN MINING AND QUARRYING, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN MINING AND QUARRYING, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN MINING AND QUARRYING, 1996


Sector

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Coal mining 2,3% -1,9% -10,2% 7,0% -19,6% -14,0% Artisan Artisan occupations that are likely to show substantial growth

are those of electrician, fitter and turner, mechanic and millwright.

Gold and uranium mining -3,0% -3,5% -6,0% -3,5% -3,8% -4,0% Other mining -1,2% -6,5% -7,5% -4,5% -6,0% -6,0%

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42

MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING

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TRENDTRENDTRENDTRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998S IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998S IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998S IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003) Broad occupational group

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Food manufacturing 11,8% -2,0% -7,0% 3,0% -8,8% -6,9% Artisan Growth in artisan occupations is associated with an increased

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Beverage and tobacco 11,5% -2,1% -9,1% 1,0% -11,1% -7,5% Artisan The number of artisans employed is expected to show very

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Textile manufacturing 8,0% -1,0% -3,0% 4,5% -5,2% -4,4% Artisan Growth in artisan occupations is related to the increased

need for maintenance of machinery. TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003)

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Clothing manufacturing 17,3% 14,0% 6,0% 16,0% 11,3% 10,7% Clerical/sales/service Employment of sales and service workers is likely to increase,

while employment of clerical staff is likely to decrease owing to the computerisation of administrative tasks.

Artisan No artisan occupations have been identified as showing lower or higher than average growth.

Semi-/unskilled Sewing-machine operators, pressers and cutting room staff dominated this category. Fewer pressers may be employed in the future owing to automation. It should be noted that most of these workers show a considerable level of skill (despite being classified as semi-skilled), and this level is rising with increasingly sophisticated methods of production

Leather and footwear 41,0% 31,0% 24,0% 32,0% 26,8% 27,0% Clerical/sales/service Growth in these occupations is associated with an increasing

administrative burden of a predicted rise in output. Artisan This growth is mainly associated with an increased need to

maintain machinery (involving fitters and turners, electricians and mechanics),

Semi-/unskilled The predicted growth is limited to some extent by the use of computer-controlled machinery.

COMPOSITION OF MANUFACTURING, 1995COMPOSITION OF MANUFACTURING, 1995COMPOSITION OF MANUFACTURING, 1995COMPOSITION OF MANUFACTURING, 1995

Source: WEFA (1996)


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Wood and wood products 11,9% 2,55 2,0% 6,0% -15,4% -9,8% Clerical/sales/service Growth is expected due the increase in administrative tasks

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Textiles and clothing12%

Fabricated m etals9%

44

Artisan There will be a small increase in the number of joiners, which will be moderated by the increasing use of computer-controlled machinery. There will also be a small increase in the use of maintenance artisans such as fitters and turners, electricians and mechanics.

Furniture manufacturing 14,0% -4,0% -16,0% -6,0% -15,8% -13,8%

TRENDS IN THE DETRENDS IN THE DETRENDS IN THE DETRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998MAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998MAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998MAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003) Broad occupational group

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Paper and paper products 8,0% 1,0% -3,5% 1,0% -9,8% -5,7% Artisan Instrumentation technicians – arising from the implementation

of new technology – and occupations associated with the maintenance of equipment – such as electricians and fitters and turners will experience a rise in numbers employed.

Decreasing demand There will be a decrease in the number of artisans employed in printing activities. Trades such as that of compositor, typesetting, phototypesetting, photolithography, process engraving, machine minding and bookbinding will be negatively affected.

Printing and publishing 12,7% 4,0% -10,0% -14,0% -32,7% -12,1% Chemicals manufacturing 14,3% -2,0% -4,5% 4,0% -14,3% -5,2%

Artisan Occupations that are likely to experience an increase in demand include instrumentation technicians, fitters and electricians

Rubber and plastic products 6,5% -0,1% -2,1% 6,0% -14,7% -9,5% Artisan The further mechanisation of the industry is likely to result in

an increased demand for plasticians. The employment of artisans associated with the maintenance of machinery is also likely to increase. These include toolmakers, fitters and turners and electricians.

Non-metallic mineral products

8,0% -1,7% -4,0% -4,0% -3,9% -3,4%

Basic metals 6,2% 2,3% -2,0% 2,1% -10,9% -5,6% Artisan No artisan occupations have been identified as showing

lower or higher than average growth. Fabricated metal 8,0% 5,5% -9,0% 6,0% -2,1% -2,0%

Artisan Groups expected to show growth are toolmakers, fitters and turners, electricians, welders and sheet metal workers.

Machinery manufacturing 6,2% 1,0% -8,1% 4,0% -9,8% -5,6% Artisan No artisan occupations have been identified as showing

lower or higher than average growth. Electrical equipment 16,3% 8,2% -1,0% 4,2% -4,8% -1,0%

Artisan Growth categories include toolmakers, sheet metal workers, fitters and turners and electricians.

Motor vehicles and parts 3,0% -2,3% -6,5% -1,3% -6,8% -4,8% Other (e.g. jewellery) 10,)5 4,0% -3,2% 7,2% -13,0% -5,0%

Artisan Jewellery artisans such as diamond polishers, goldsmiths and jewellery engravers, dominate growth in this category. The number of diamond and gem setters is likely to increase at a slower rate since mechanisation is affecting this trade.

46

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONTRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONTRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONTRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION, 1996

TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATTRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATTRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATTRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998ED OCCUPATIONS (1998ED OCCUPATIONS (1998ED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003) Broad occupational group

Sector

Profes-sional

Managerial



Total

Transport 18,4% 0,1% -2,8% -3,6% -10,9% -4,4% Communications 23,2% 6,3% 6,4% 3,4% 10,0% 8,0%

Clerical/ sales/ service A small increase is expected

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Artisan Electricians employed in Telkom dominate this category. Although an increase is expected, new technology being adopted by Telkom will ensure that the demand for this category of workers is limited.

Semi-/ unskilled A small increase is expected.

48

CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN CONSTRUCTION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN CONSTRUCTION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN CONSTRUCTION, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN CONSTRUCTION, 1996

TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003)

Broad occupational group

Sector

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Total

Building 8,5% 7,0% 5,0% 9,0% 9,5% 9,0% Clerical/

sales/service The computerisation of administrative tasks is likely to offset the increased demand for this class of worker arising from increased business volume.

Artisan No artisan occupations have been identified as showing substantially higher or lower growth than the category as a whole.

Semi-/ unskilled

Employment in the building industry is dominated by this category of worker. The increase in expected business volume is likely to result in a substantial increase in demand for this category of worker.

Civil engineering 7,5% 7,5% 3,0% 9,0% 8,8% 8,0%

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Similar reasons for expected growth in employment in all three categories than of the building industry as sited above.

50

FINANCIFINANCIFINANCIFINANCIAL, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE AND BUSINESS SERVICESAL, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE AND BUSINESS SERVICESAL, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE AND BUSINESS SERVICESAL, INSURANCE, REAL ESTATE AND BUSINESS SERVICES

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN FINANCIAL, AND RELATED SERVICES, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN FINANCIAL, AND RELATED SERVICES, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN FINANCIAL, AND RELATED SERVICES, 1996OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN FINANCIAL, AND RELATED SERVICES, 1996

TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998TRENDS IN THE DEMAND FOR RELATED OCCUPATIONS (1998----2003)2003)2003)2003)

Broad occupational group Sector Professional

Managerial

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Total

Financial intermediation 49,6% -10,6% -15,2% 0,0% -9,5% -9,1% Total employment is likely to show a substantial decrease due to the

reduction in staff within major banking corporations. This reduction arises from the merging of banks and the effect of computerised banking

Insurance 18,05 -1,0% -11,0% -7,0% 16,8% -7,0% Due to mergers between large insurance companies as well as the

demutualisation of others a decrease in employment is expected. Business services 30,7% 7,8% 13,4% 19,0% 3,5% 17,55

Service Most of the growth arises from the increase in service workers such as security guards. There will be a decline in the number of clerical positions.

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ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLYELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLYELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLYELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY

SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996SECTORAL DISTRIBUTION, 1996 OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY, GAS OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY, GAS OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY, GAS OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY, 1996AND WATER SUPPLY, 1996AND WATER SUPPLY, 1996AND WATER SUPPLY, 1996


Sector

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Electricity 4,0% -2,0% -10,0% -3,0% -9,3% -7,0% During the period under review the electricity departments of the local authorities and Eskom are likely to be amalgamated. Some rationalisation is likely to occur with the amalgamation resulting in a decline in the numbers employed from 70 000 to 66 000.

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54

EXHEXHEXHEXHIBIT B: POTENTIAL COIBIT B: POTENTIAL COIBIT B: POTENTIAL COIBIT B: POTENTIAL COMPETITIONMPETITIONMPETITIONMPETITION According the records in the South African Training and Capacity-Building Providers

Database at the HSRC, a number of organisations (NGOs, private companies, parastatals

and public sector departments) provide training in a wide variety of courses. The Sakhiwo

Managing Services, National Institute for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders

and the Academy of Learning apparently are the most versatile in providing a spread of

courses, ranging from courses in the Engineering, Business Management, Computers & IT

study fields to Tourism & Hospitality study fields.

PROBABLE OTHER FET PROVIDERS IN NORTHERN CAPEPROBABLE OTHER FET PROVIDERS IN NORTHERN CAPEPROBABLE OTHER FET PROVIDERS IN NORTHERN CAPEPROBABLE OTHER FET PROVIDERS IN NORTHERN CAPE

Organisation Place Type AgricultureAgricultureAgricultureAgriculture

Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation Auto, Motor, ElectrAuto, Motor, ElectrAuto, Motor, ElectrAuto, Motor, Electrical, Metal & Engineeringical, Metal & Engineeringical, Metal & Engineeringical, Metal & Engineering

Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation Samancor Training Centre – Manganese Mines Northern Cape Private Company

Building & Civil EngineeringBuilding & Civil EngineeringBuilding & Civil EngineeringBuilding & Civil Engineering Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation

EducatiEducatiEducatiEducationononon Academy of Learning Upington Private Training

College Africon Engineering International Kimberley Private Company Catholic Institute of Education Upington NGO Masifundise Literacy Project Northern Cape NGO National Institute for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders

Kimberley Welfare Organisation

National Institute for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders

Springbok NGO

Operation Upgrade of South Africa Kimberley NGO Phillipstown Legal Resource Centre Phillipstown NGO Read Educational Trust Kimberley NGO Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation Samancor Training Centre – Manganese Mines Northern Cape Private Company Theodore Steyn Coetzer School of Business Training Northern Cape Private Company

Finance Finance Finance Finance & Insurance& Insurance& Insurance& Insurance Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation Theodore Steyn Coetzer School of Business Training Northern Cape Private Company

HealthHealthHealthHealth Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation St John Ambulance Kimberley NGO

PoPoPoPosts, Telecommunications, Broadcasting and Information Technologysts, Telecommunications, Broadcasting and Information Technologysts, Telecommunications, Broadcasting and Information Technologysts, Telecommunications, Broadcasting and Information Technology Academy of Learning Upington Private Training

College Community Education Computer Society Vryburg NGO Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation

Retail & ServiceRetail & ServiceRetail & ServiceRetail & Service National Institute for Crime Prevention and Kimberley Welfare Organisation

55

Rehabilitation of Offenders Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation

Textile, Clothing & FootwearTextile, Clothing & FootwearTextile, Clothing & FootwearTextile, Clothing & Footwear Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation

Tourism & HoTourism & HoTourism & HoTourism & Hospitalityspitalityspitalityspitality Phillipstown Legal Resource Centre Phillipstown NGO Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation

WelfareWelfareWelfareWelfare National Institute for Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation of Offenders

Springbok NGO

Sakhiwo Managing Services Northern Cape Close Corporation St John Ambulance Kimberley NGO

EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C:EXHIBIT C: TRAINING NEEDS OF SMTRAINING NEEDS OF SMTRAINING NEEDS OF SMTRAINING NEEDS OF SMMES IN SELECTED MES IN SELECTED MES IN SELECTED MES IN SELECTED

AREASAREASAREASAREAS

In 1998 the Bureau of Market Research (BMR) conducted a study among 425 formal and

425 informal businesses in 17 selected townships in the nine provinces. The main objective

of the study, funded by the Human Sciences Research Council, was to obtain data on

labour skills and the employment strategies of business owners or managers and their

employees. All told, 25 formal and 25 informal business were interviewed in Galashewe,

providing a total sample of 50 businesses in the Northern Cape.

Confirming the trends outlined in Paragraph 1.5, most of the businesses interviewed by the

BMR were found in the wholesale and retail trade, and in catering and accommodation

services. The four most common businesses interviewed – out of 22 different formal

enterprises – were general dealers and supermarkets (16% each), butcheries (12%), and

cafés, bottlestores and wholesale depots (8% each). In total, 15 different types of informal

enterprise were included in the survey, with Spaza shops (20%), shebeens/taverns and

hawking/street vending (12% each), panel beaters and upholsterers (8% each) topping the

list (Martins & Tustin, 1998).

Martins and Tustin (1998) found higher levels of education among the owners/managers of

formal businesses (76% with Standard 10 or a higher education qualification) than among

the owners/managers of informal businesses (28% with Standard 10 and higher, however no

graduates). The employees in formal businesses were found to be less educated than their

employers (36,2% with Standard 10 or a higher qualification), while the employees in

informal businesses were slightly better qualified than their employers (37,5% obtained

Standard 10 or higher).

56

The owners/managers of formal businesses had received formal training in technical skills6

at a training centre (60%), at a university (40%) and at a technikon (20%), while most of the

owners/managers in the informal sector in the Northern Cape mentioned technikons (50%)

and training centres (50%) as the source of their skills. None of the employers (in formal and

informal businesses) had been trained at a technical college. The employees in formal

businesses had attended technical colleges or technikons (40% each), while most of the

employees working in informal businesses had obtained their training at technical colleges

(67%) and through in-house training (33%) (Martins & Tustin, 1998).

Training in 'business management' was the most important training need of the

owners/managers in the formal sector (73,3%), as well as those in the informal sector

(71,4%). Similarly, in second place, the owners/managers of formal (66,7%) and of informal

(28,6%) enterprises also shared a need for training in 'computer skills'. As further priorities,

the owners/managers of formal businesses listed 'dressmaking/fashion design/cutting/using

machine' (26,7%), 'bookkeeping/credit control' and 'sales promotion/marketing/selling'

(13,3% each). Similarly, the owners/managers of informal enterprises said they needed

training in 'bookkeeping/credit control' and 'sales promotion/marketing/selling' (21,4% each),

but in addition they mentioned a need for training in 'panel beating' and 'electrical wiring'

(14,3%) as a fourth priority.

The owners/managers of formal enterprises (46,7%) would have preferred receiving training

at a technikon, followed by training at a university (40,0%), at a school for adult education

(26,7%) and at a technical college (13,3%). The owners/managers of informal enterprises

(78,6%) would have preferred receiving training at a technical college, followed by training at

a school for adult education (42,9%), at a technikon (28,6%) and at a university (14,3%)

(Martins & Tustin, 1998).

The most important need identified by owners/managers for their employees in the formal

and the informal sector was training in 'business management'. Other important training

needs listed by the owners/managers in the formal sector were 'customer

care/service/relations', 'bookkeeping' and 'computer skills', while the owners/managers in

the informal sector listed more technical skills such as 'hairdressing', 'carpentry', 'computer

skills' and 'electrician'. A comparison of the training needs of employees, as perceived by

their employers and as identified by themselves, showed similarities.

6 For example, 'chef/cook', 'business education, accounting and management skills', 'dressmaker/tailor' and 'hairdresser' for formal business owners and 'computer', 'chef/cook', 'hairdresser', 'dressmaker/tailor', 'bricklayer' and 'mechanic' for informal business owners/managers.

57

The owners/managers of formal businesses would have liked their employees to be trained

at technikons (42,1%), at technical colleges (42,1%), at schools for adult education (31,6%)

and through in-house training (10,5%). The employees in the formal sector indicated a

technikon as a first option (57,4%), then a technical college (39,3%), school for adult

education (31,1%) and a university (23,0%). The owners/managers of informal businesses

would have liked their employees to be trained, in order of priority, at a technical college

(28,6%), school for adult education (38,1%), technikon (28,6%), or through in-house training

(14,3%). Their employees opted for training at a technical college (54,2%), at a technikon

(41,7%), school for adult education (25,0%) and university (20,8%) (Martins & Tustin, 1998).

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Erasmus, J. 1999. Coping strategies of the unemployed. HSRC. Pretoria

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selected areas, 1998. Bureau of Market Research. University of South Africa, Pretoria.

Mintek. 1997. Annual Review 1997. [http://www.mintek.ac.za/pubs/ar97/industri.htm]

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population, 1996-2021. Bureau of Market Research. University of South Africa.

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Van Dyk, P.S., Nel, P.S., Loedolff, P. van Z. & Haasbroek, G.D. 1997. Training management:

a multidisciplinary approach to human resources development in South Africa. International

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Whiteford, A., Van Zyl, E., Simkins, C. & Hall, E. 1999. SA labour market trends and future

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northern cape: labour market situational … - nc labour market...3.3 3.3 trends in the demand for...

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