northwest indian college
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Welcome to Northwest Plants. Northwest Indian College. ENVS 201 Spring Quarter 2012. Plant Parts. reproductive components:. vegetative organs:. flowers. stems. fruits. roots. seeds. leaves. Today: Stems. Stem Features & Functions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ENVS 201 Spring Quarter 2012
Northwest Indian College
Welcome to Northwest Plants
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Plant Parts
stems
roots
leaves
flowers
fruits
seeds
vegetative organs:
reproductive components:
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Today:Stems
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above ground axis of vascular plants, as well as anatomically similar below ground portions (e.g., rhizomes, bulbs & corms)trunks & branches are stemsmay be photosynthetic (e.g., cacti)may store food (in some species)etc.
Stem Features & Functions
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node (region where leaves may be borne)internode (region between nodes)apical (or terminal) bud (at tip of stem)axillary (or lateral) bud (in axil, on side of stem)flower budbud scale & bud scale scarepidermis, barklenticels (in some species, also in some roots, fruits, etc.)
Stem Regions & Other Features
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leafy branch (silver maple), showing nodes, internodes and buds)
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silver maple with buds
apical (terminal) bud
lateral buds
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flower buds (silver maple)
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stems of silver maple with bud scales, bud scale scars, bark & lenticels
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leaf scar (site of leaf abscission)vascular bundle scarstipular spine (in some species, e.g., black locust)
Stem Features Associated with
Leaves
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silver maple leaf scar and vascular bundle scars
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black locust stipular spines
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stolon (runner) - aerial, horizontal, often root at nodes (e.g., strawberry)rhizome - +/- horizontal, underground (e.g., bamboo, irises, ferns)tuber - end of underground stem, fleshy, food storage (e.g., potato)corm - shortened, usu. below ground, enclosed by dry scalelike leaves (e.g., gladiolus)
Stem Modifications
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stolon (Fragaria, strawberry)
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rhizome (Polypodium, fern)
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tuber (Solanum, potato)
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corm (Gladiolus)
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bulb - short, underground stem with fleshy leaf bases (e.g., onion)cladophyll (also: cladode, phylloclad) - leaflike stem (e.g., cactus)tendril - long, slender, coiling stem (e.g., grape) in climbing plants (or a leaf or other structure in other species)thorn - hard, sharp-pointed, modified branch (e.g., honey locust)prickle - sharp-pointed superficial outgrowth (e.g., Rubus)spur (spur branch/shoot, or short shoot) - short stem on a branch with very short internodes (e.g., ginkgo)
Stem Modifications (continued)
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bulb (Allium, onion)
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cladophyll (Opuntia, prickly pear)
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tendril (Vitis, grape)
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thorn (Gleditsia, honey locust)
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prickle (Rubus)
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spur branch or shoot
Ginkgo
Betula (birch)
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vascular cambium - thin region of cells that give rise to (secondary) xylem, (secondary phloem) and parenchymacork cambium (phellogen) - thin region of cells that give rise to phellum (cork) outwardly and phelloderm inwardly
Stem Anatomy—Lateral Meristems
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vascular cambium (Tilia)
cambial zone—>
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cork cambium (Tilia)
<—cambial region
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xylem (wood) - main water- & mineral-transporting tissue (in vascular plants)phloem - main food-conducting tissue (in vascular plants)periderm (bark) everything outside vascular cambium: phelloderm, phellogen & phellum (bark sometimes said to also include secondary phloem)
Stem Anatomy—Tissues
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“sap” - edible region from vascular cambium outward, including cambial cells, phloem and possibly some phelloderm (inner layer of the bark); mainly the softest parts (e.g., of cottonwood)“inner bark” - region possibly as described above (e.g., of red cedar)
Stem Anatomy—Cultural
Considerations
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stem (3-year-old, Tilia)
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Questions & Comments?
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Stemsarecool.
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Hy’shqe!
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