nos and plant exp.ppt
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Agree or Disagree?
• When cows fall asleep standing up, it is easy (and fun!) to sneak up next to them and tip them over.
• Birds eating rice thrown at weddings swell up and die (even burst).
• Animals exposed to radioactive waste mutate and turn into other types of animals.
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Agree or Disagree?
• Earthworms come up onto the sidewalks after heavy rain to avoid being drowned in their underground tunnels.
• People licking toads have hallucinations.• Lennon wrote better music than
Tchaikovsky.• Heaven is not in our solar system, but it is
somewhere in the universe.
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Science involves…
• Using and extending the senses
• Observing and collecting
• Probing and testing
• Deductive hypothesis testing
• Inductive search for patterns
• Building increasingly accurate explanations based on evidence
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Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements
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Fleming and the serendipitous discovery of the first antibiotic
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Goodall and the willingness to break with convention
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The Scientific Method
• There is simply no fixed set of steps that scientists always follow, no one path that leads them unerringly to scientific knowledge.
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“The Scientific Method”
1) Question or Problem 2) Hypothesize
3) Predict Consequences 4) Experiment
5) Interpret Experimental Results
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Experiments
• An experiment is a test used to determine if there is evidence to support a hypothesis
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What is a hypothesis?
• A hypothesis is a guess or prediction about a phenomenon.
• Hypotheses can be stated as positive or negative.
• The “null” hypothesis predicts that there will be NO difference between experimental groups.
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Write your own hypothesis
• Write your prediction for the outcome of the radish seed experiment
• You should also provide a REASON…why do you think the experiment will turn out the way it will?
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What is a theory?
• A theory is an explanation that has a very large amount of evidence to support it.
• A fact is an observation about nature. A theory is an explanation. So a theory can never “become” a fact.
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Experiment Titles
• Usually, experiments are titled in a format like this:
• “The Effect of _______ on _________”
• Sample title: “The Effect of Light on Growth of Radish seeds”
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Experimental variables
• The ONE factor that you cause to be different between experimental groups is the MANIPULATED variable (also called INDEPENDENT variable).
• Sample: In the radish seed experiment, the manipulated variable is”Amount of Light”
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Experimental variables
• The factor that you measure as the outcome of the experiment is called the RESPONDING variable (also called DEPENDENT variable)
• In the radish seed experiment, the responding variable is ___________.
• The responding variable is LENGTH of STEM, measured in millimeters.
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Constants
• All other factors in the experiment must be controlled so they are the same for all groups.
• Examples of constants in radish seed experiment:
• Type of Petri dish type of seed
• Number of seed paper towel
• Water, Location temperature
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Measure the responding variable
• Draw a data table for recording radish plant sizes
Date Light Dark
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Writing an experiment description
• Title
• Hypothesis
• Short description of procedure
• Identify control and experimental groups.
• Name the manipulated, responding variables
• Identify five constants
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Measurements
• Obtain a flexible plastic ruler and measure the length of the radish seeds today in millimeters.
• Record your data and your partner’s data in the data table.
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Fact, Hypothesis, Law, Theory
• Fact = a stated observation• Hypothesis = a proposition that may
be investigated• Law or Principle = a description of
observable phenomena• Theory = an explanation based on
extensive evidence
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Big Questions
• What is LIFE? • How can we tell things that are alive from things that were alive or were never alive?
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OBSERVING LIFE and NONLIFE
• We now need to practice making observations of things and determining if they are alive, once alive, or never alive.
• This activity will allow you to practice writing CAREFUL and THOROUGH descriptions of what you see.
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Life or Nonlife?
• Watch the short video clip of the Rover “Spirit” which is explored the planet Mars.
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Life or Nonlife?
• Imagine that you have two soil samples returned from somewhere on Earth. Your job is to examine them, write a complete description of the objects you see, and determine whether objects are ALIVE, ONCE ALIVE or NEVER ALIVE
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Observing soil samples
• I will place soil samples on your desk: today you will examine soil from a DESERT.
• Observe a part of each sample in a half Petri dish
• Use a microscope and a magnifying glass.
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Observing soil samples
• Each person should write careful descriptions of soil samples
• Use as many adjectives as you can
• Describe size, shape, color of particles
• Explain WHY you think each object you see is alive, once alive or never alive
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Observing soil samples
• You will be able to add to your observations tomorrow.
• TODAY< before you leave, please add clean spring water (with no chlorine) to the DESERT SOIL only.
• Add water until the cup is half full.
• Water sometimes activates dormant living things.
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Soil samples: Day Two
• Observe forest soil and desert soil again, adding to your descriptions of the objects you see in the soil.
• Make small drawings of any objects you see in the soil.
• Make note of any changes you see in the samples today.
• (Use a pipette to add a few drops of desert water to the Petri dish, so you can look at it under the microscope
• Then you will turn in your written observations on Friday.
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Observing plant growth:
• Take bean and pea seeds and put them in containers of soil under our light source.
• Water them consistently.
• Each day in class, take note of any changes that you observe.
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The Borderlands of ScienceShermer, (2001)
• Normal Science– Empirical claims
– Vast body of evidence
• Borderland Science– Empirical work
– Growing body of evidence
• Pseudoscience– Fake science disguised as
normal science
– Lacks evidence
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10 different areas of inquiry:
• Acupuncture• Astrology• Big Bang• Big Foot• Chiropractic
• Heliocentrism• Hypnosis• Neurophysiology of
Brain Function• Punctuated
Equilibrium• Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)
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The Borderlands of ScienceShermer, (2001)
• Heliocentrism, .9• Neurophysiology of Brain Function, .8• Punctuated equilibrium, .7 ……normal science• SETI, Hypnosis, .5• Chiropractic, .4 ……………borderland science• Acupuncture, .3• Astrology, Big Foot, .1 ………pseudoscience