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Centre for Historical Archae':>logy University of Sydney

Resource Co11ect~on

Not to be Removed

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BETJ.A VISTA

CFNrRE EOR HISIDRICAL UNIVERSITY OF SYmEY

JULY 1986

"1'

AlCIAIDI.OOlCAL REPORI."

Final Report to the

DeparI:DEnt of EnvixaliE!llt and Planning

Pn>ject DiJ:ector: Jtdy BirIniDjham June 1987

en t. ve'. M, ...

MATTHEW PEARCE m. MARTHA PARKER

I ELIZA OOPHIA m. GEORGE BOWMAN

1797-1884 1795-1878

I 1URTHA m. JD RN HI LLAS

b.1004 1796-1847

1762-1831 I 1767-1843

I CHARLOTTE m. JAMES 3-1:ITH

AUGUSTA 1 ~-1863 1002-1854

9 SODS, 2 daughters 4 sons, 3 daughters 2 sons, 10 daughters I I I I

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I MATmEW m. MARY ANN

WOODWARD BRIEN 1806-1878 1809-1870

8 sons. 3 daughters

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I W'ILJ.I..AJ( m. THOKAS

1008-1865

••

ELlZA FLETCHER 1812-1878

•

WILLIAM JOHN m. BESSIE 1835-1898 CHARLOTTE

EDWARD HENRY In. ISABELLA

1839-1912 J!ELAIDE ARCHDALL

JOHN THOMAS d. young 1839

MATTHEW SQUIRE m. ALICE 1850-1917 ROSSINA

JOHN PHI LIP 11. ELl ZA I

Also 6 DAGGS JOSEPH AUGUSTUS I ROSETTA daughters

1841-1921 JRBNER 1850-1927

b.1852 1854-1919: MEURANT ,

10 issue 1 son, 2 daughters -----,--I

EDWARD WILLIAM m. NELLIE CHARLES ARCHDALL HEDGES

1878-1933 1882-1941

IUUD ELIZABETH 11. HAROLD ,ARCHDALL 'WILLIAM

1876-1937 JCRES 1879-1951

- I RENRY MERVYN 11. APHRIA WILLIAM mOJW3 m. NONA

ARCHDALL VICTORIA lOUIS ARClIDALL BERTHA 1880-1919 LANGLEY 1883-1949 LANGLEY

1 son, 1 daughter 1 son, 2 daughters 1 son, 2 daughters I I

ISABEL MAR! m. WILL!AM BEST IDWARD HilfR! m. V AIBRIA DILY DAWOOI

OORlX)1 IORHAN ROBERTOON m. JOAN BERENICE ARCHDALL ROBILLIARD 1915-1933

1 san, 1 daughter 4 sons 3 sons, 3 daughters

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I b.1854 1 son, 2 daughters

I LOUISA ADELAIDE m.REGINALD ISABELLA ARCHDALL SUTTON

b.1886

:10 issue

I KEITH HAMILTON m. P AIJU I

ANlfE MOCAT'l'A

3 sans

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TABLE OF a:ErENrS

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-r FORM OF REPORl' 1

11 RESUME OF PAST WORK AT BELIA VISTA 2

III INVENTORY OF SITES AND STRUCTURES AT BELIA VISTA OF HISTORICJll, OR ARCHAEOIOOlCAL INl'EREST 3

Ma.jor Structures 4 Cisterns 10 Fencing & Gates 13 Archaeological Features 14 Plantings & Flowerbeds 17 Cemetery 17

IV CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELIA VISTA COMPLEX 19

V THE OUTBUILDINGS AT BELIA VISTA AND THEIR ClIAN3ING USES 68

VI ~HE ARCHAEOIOOlCAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BELIA VISTA 73

VII RECOMMENDATIONS 74 ., VIII LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS 76

IX LIST OF PHJI'OORAPHIC CAPl'IONS 77

APPDIDICFS

A CONSULTANT'S BRIEF 82

I am indebted to the Special Projects Branch of the Public Works Department, N.S.W. for many copies of maps, plans and drawings and for their organisation of a large-scale survey of the site as well as a study of field gates.

I would like also to thank all those in the Heritage and Conservation Branch of the Department of Environment and Planning involved in this project since 1981 for their help at all times: and also Mr. Len Ward, Caretaker at Bella Vista, for his unstinting co-operation and friendliness on site.

Various sUb-consultants worked on aspects of this project, including Robert Vannan, Justin McCarthy and Peter Graves who were largely responsible for the descriptions of individual structures. Other colleagues such as Dr. Brian Davey and Andrew Wilson participated actively in the recording and interpretation of this remarkably attractive and interesting site in an honorary capacity~ I am indebted especially to Dr Bairstow for her survey of paddocks and fences, and ground-plans of two of the outbuildings, and also to Dr. Brian Egloff and members of the Port Arthur project for giving me early access to the manual of recording terms and techniques in preparation at Port Arthur.

Especial acknowledgement must be made, however, to the considerable numbers of uni versi ty of Sydney Historical Archaeology students who worked at Bella Vista as part of their field training, and spent long days peering into dark, dusty sheds, measurin~i and-­photographing, or counting the muddy smelly contents of two cisterns. Their unfailing enthusiasm and hard work was a constant reminder of the magic spell cast on all who have visited Bella Vista •••

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I :mRM OF REPORI.'

The Brief for the Bella Vista consultancy is appended (See Appendix A). In essence it asks for three major areas of investigation ~ the consultant:

o inventory of items features and structures of archaeological relevance

o developmental history of the site o recommendations for future work in two specific areas

The Table of Contents sets out these areas of investigation as defined, and as finally offered. It may be noted that many events intervened in this commission e.g. the Department of Public Works,

,at one stage committed to producing elevations and ground plans of all structures, was later interrupted in this work. Thus structures A, B, & C have P.W.D. ground plans and elevations; F, G, H & J have some elevations. A, nunilJer of changes occurred in the administration and liaison aspects in relation to both P.W.D. and the D.E.P.

In the course of this commission, it became necessary to ensure the availability of adequate water supply for fire fighting purpose:i? Cisterns No.l and No.4 were cleared to provide water storage space, and considerable archaeqlogical resources were di verted into this aspect of the project. Ad'di tional budgetting was retrospectively advanced for the site supervision of this work • Its results were presented as the Second Interim Report on Bella Vista and are not included in this Report in detail.

A major feature of this commission has been the im~lvement of Sydney Um versity undergraduates in the investigation and reoording of the Bella Vista outbuildings, and in the sorting and listing of rubbish from cisterns 1 and 4. Bella Vista was a major focus of undergraduate field training in 1982-3 and 1986 as well as playing a lesser but significant role in other years.

In the course of this programme structural development matrices for structures G, H, J and N were completed in 1986, and other studies were also completed in areas of researdl associated with the Bella Vista property, past and present. These have not been included in this Report, but are available to interested parties fro~ the University of Sydney's Centre for historical Archaeology •

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II RESm OF PAST ~RK AT BEUA VISrA

Very little additional material has reen available to those engaged on this Brief.

The major historical source has reen Ms.JA.Pearce's published book A Short History of "Bella Vista", 1981, as well as her earlier Notes which formed the basis of that work.Other than these any add­itional historical research was carried out by students of Sydnay Uni versi ty.

Two Interim Reports precede the present Draft Final Report;_the second of these contained a summary of archaeological work of two of the Bella Vista cisterns and their contents. Recording and survey work by the Special Projects department of the P.W.D. has already reen noted.

Mention may also be made here of a study of aerial photographs carried out as a separate consultancy which yielded an interesting analysis of visible remains of ordharding on the Bella Vista estate A comp:>site map of those remains is included here as fig.17~ it is minimally relevant to the lay-out of old fence lines within the study area.

Other studies such as the highly pertinent garden and plan­tings survey thought to have been initiated shortly after the arch­aeological report unfortunately have not reen available, nor -less significantly - the recently completed repo.rt by Craig Benton (Historical Curtilage Study of Bella Vista). It will be essential to check the archaeological report here presented against Ms .Pearce I s updated historical work, also unseen.

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III INVEN.l'ORY OF SrrES & Sl'RlJCl'URES AT BEUA VISrA. OF BISl'ORICAL OR A.RC8MX)UX;ICAL INTERESr

The accompanying maps (figs.l & 2) identify the locations of structures, cisterns and other fea.tures of interest at Bella Vista, both within the immediate curtilage and where relevant at a greater distance.

Each structure or feature has been identified alphabetically, keyed into the appropriate location map, and briefly described by means of photographs, plans and/or elevations together with on-site ootes.

It may be noted that structures (excluding in any detail A & B,the Victorian residence) fencing, cisterns and other archaeological features alone comprise the Inventory. Plantings have been omitted since they were to be the subject of a separate study •

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Major structures

A. Main Residence

Two-storey Victorian brick structure rendered throughout with stone-struck cement. The pitched roof is now terracotta tiles, with single chimneys on north and south elevations and two on the west. Verandahs on north and south elevations are of concrete (blue metal aggregate) over sandstone; fi ve iron columns on the s-outh face and six on the north are by Fletcher & Son, Waverly. The south elevation also has an upper balcony with wooden floor, five iron columns (only three intact) and ornamental late Vict0Fian cast iron balustrade brackets and fringe (now vandalized).

Original front door on south elevation with fanlight, has two shuttered windows either side, with an extra door added to the east. This and the four french windows in the upper storey have shutters also. The two windows in the east wall are Late-Victorian in form - triple with arched head.

At the west end of the south elevation can be seen evidence of a former verandah roof, and the west elevation also shows the line of an earlier roofline at single-storey level with a later blocked window a1:x>ve.

B Service Wing

Single-storey three-roomed structure of brick (Bl-3) with shingled gabled roof subsa::ruently clad with galvanized iron. This wing is joined to the main residence by a weathe.r1:x:E.rd construction (A8 &16); later extensions in fibro (B4-7) abut the west elevation of the original brick building. The east elevation has a veran1a.h supported by square posts set in concrete. The north gable has a door into the loft, and evidence of a former external stairway leading up to it.

C The Cottage (or the Shop)

!Dng single-storey weathe.r1:x:E.rd cottage with iron roof. (Cl-2,7-10). The north elevation has neither doors nor windows, the east face only two small rectangular winCbws whidl are widely­separated and not aligned. A small room (C2) projects to the south east. There is a fibro extension to the south and south-east end of the building conprising a large rectangular enclosure (C3) with entries to the south and north. Adjoining this is a construction of wire and wooden beam supports apparently an old avicu:y ~

The west elevation shows the three-stage construction of the complex clearly; the earliest weatherboard section. It also has a corrugated iron awning supported by three thick wooden beams (C7&8) has a flyscreen door and three windows, two square and one rectangular. In the next section (C9) the winCbw is of a different shape and neither awning nor porch extend to include it.

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There is also a fire place or stove; south again is a fibro extension (Cl,2,3,lO) with an entrance porch on the west elevation of corrugated iron with wooden beam supports.

D Blacksmith's Hut

Building D is a small structure in a bad s~ate of preservation. It is constructed of wooden slabs, with the entrance on the east side. The roof now consists of undressed wooden beam supports with chicken wire between them. The west end of the building has wooden slabs still remaining. The loft-like area above this small shed was used as a coop presumably for chiCkens.­The loft floor is made of rotted, re-used timber slabs. There is access to this area by a wooden beam ladder-type construction. There are nCM chicken coops in the rcx:xn belCM.

All principle framing exhibits post World War 11 nailing (including roof); however, timbers are much earlier (i.e., secondary usage). The split slabs exhibit similar nailing -several earlier nails survive in situ; in one case the nail was simply bent back to allow for the new nailing. A fowl rest is located at the west wall. It seems likely that the structure was dismantled and rebuilt

The north and south wall plates contain three corresponding notches for bearers. Two bearers remain in the central position but do not relate to the notches. East gable contains small framed doorway, but no door. The plate above it shows no evidence of nailing, ditto for west doorway. The west gable is weatherboard. All rafters and framing are of natural-section timbers. Gable studs are squared. Studs and weatherboards are pit sawn. Roosting chanbers are located against north wall.

E Thunder 1:ox privy

Post World War 11 Le. '40s - '50s.

F Coach House

The roof of Building F is constructed of corrugated iron sheets with slab & weatherboardiits north face weather1:oard is in a bad state of preservation. Its east face is also weatherboard. There are two large doUble doors constructed of slab,and one smaller door in the upper section to which there is no v.:i§,ible access from the exterior of the building. There is also a door towards the north end, and two windows. Its south face is also weatherboard. The small brick porch is covered by a corrugated iron awning supported by wooden beams. There are two doors tCMards the east end and two additional large openings. There are also two winCbws and a chimney is visible through the roof on this face.

The west face F is of corrugated iron, with wide slit-like

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The west face is of corrugated iron, with wide slit-like openings above a horizontal wooden beam. The interior of structure F presents some complexity in interpretation, discussed elsewhere. Essentially F3-8 form one complex with internal slab walls; adjacent is the large room FIO once wholly timber-lined and accessible only by means of two pairs of doors in the east elevation. These two units form a square to which was added skillions to west and north (F2, Fll) with a narrow verandah to the south (Fl). Subsequently an additional skillion was added to the west.

Cisterns 1 & 2 are adjacent to the north west corner.

G Barn

The most impressive structure among the outbuildings, comprising a central gabled barn with mainly slab walls, weatherboard gables and shingled, iron-covered roof, and skillions on north, east and south sides. The north, south and north end of the west elevation are constructed of iron on a timber framing.

The west elevation has double doors in the central section (G6); the south skillion (Gl) is open, with horizontal weatherboard above, the north. skillion, (G6) of iron below, with a single door, and vertical weatherboards above.

The east skillion (G2-4) has a central opening to allow access to the double doors of G6, east wall. This area (G3) has been damaged, and evidence for the form of this opening in the east elevation is missing.

The barn (G6) has a wooden floor, with lower parts of the walls lined with horizontal boards. The roof has no collar ties; there is light diagonal bracing. Top plates on each long side of G6 are single massive tirribers, and great posts are c.18" square.

The south skillion has an earth floor, the north skillion a recently poured concrete floor which shows the outline of now­renoved slabs on the line of the north wall.

H Inplernents Shed

Long shed oriented north-south with its east side open. The shed (H3,S,7) has weatherboard gables, a narrow verandah (H2) on the east, and skillions to the north (H8-9) west (H4,6,9) and south (HI). In the south gable a former door opening has been half­blocked to form a winCbw.

Internally a line of slabs sawn off just below top nailing divides the north part of the shed (HS & 7) from the north part of the west skillion (H6). The remains of a loft extends over the same area of the main shed (HS & 7). The north skillion (H8) shows past use as a stable with two feeding hopper flaps in the north wall of H7. The whole shed shows extensive evidence of re-use as a fowl house, and the nature of original floors (if other than earth) is unknam.

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J Stables & Feed Shed

This structure is one of several showing evidence of use for stabling horses but appears to have been the main one in the early periods. Oral information (Mr. E.H. Pearce) suggests that formerly it had more extensive stabling accommodation (J) i the robbing of __ the slabs from the north wall of J has removed much of the evidence.

Its plan is that of a gabled shed (J2) oriented east-west, with skillions to north (J3) and south (Jl)i at a later stage an additional skillion was added to the north. (J4-6), and the older skillion (J3) became a feedong passage to service stables on either side. -

The roof of (Jl & 2) is of shingles overlaid by galvanised iron; (J3-6) is of iron only. The north wall is open except for the central section (J2) which is walled with iron and has a sandstone flagged floor. It appears that this flagging certainly extended into the north west area (J4) where they abutted the concrete strip under the manger, and also in (J6) from the uneven edge of the surviving flags in (JS). The manger survivors in (J6); hopper feed doors and slots for stall rails show that six stalls existed.

The stables have a skillion roof which is now covered by corrugated iron but was originally shingled. The north wall is open on two sides with a room in the middle partitioned with corrugated iron and floored with sandstone flagging. The eastern room of this section has a wooden feed trOlght, which has above it rectangular hinged doors (Refer photo 20). The western room was at one time cemented but this has since been removed.

The east wall of the stables (J2-3) is built of slabs and has a large double door (J2)with a smaller door in the gable which led to the loft now non-existent.

The west wall is of slab with a weatherboard gable. There is corrugated iron on the south skillion (Jl) and on the upper section of the north wall (J3) which compensates for the raised roof line. There was originally a door in the gable to the hay loft. The main door on this wall was of beaded machine-sawn weatherboard.

The roof supports of (J2) are square with crossed batons and shingles in their original situation. The great posts are adze cut and squared with some raised on stumps. The walls are unlined and the south wall has a door thrOlgh to the ski 1 lion area. The floor in (J3) is of wooden floorboards, while the stall area, (J2) is cobbled with tree stumps and earth fill few now remaining. The south wall of the central section (J2) has been patched with flattened corrugated iron.

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K CCM Shed

The poultry house is a makeshift single storey square building currently used as a poultry house as shown by egg boxes and roosts; its construction is of sapling posts and machine dressed beams with walls of corrugated iron. The northern extension was paved with bricks which were later covered with a thin layer of cement.

The western section of the structure consisted of a rectangular area which appears to be older due to the use of slabs. This area lies between the byres and the poultry shed but it is difficult to ascertain its exact function. it has several large posts inside, which have been cut in half at an angle. These may have originally divided the area into stalls. The northern section of this area contains a wooden feed-box with fine dove-tailing.

L Cow Bails

This long structure was a feeding area where the dry cows were given their supplementary feed. A locking 'device was used to hold the cows heads to prevent them from over-eating. The west end was of slab construction. The building had a concrete floor and a corrugated iron roof which was supported by de-J:::arked round-section posts. Some joints were bolted and some of the beams were dressed. The surrounding fences were of re-used pieces of wood.

The south side contained a large feeding trough and was open to the elements. The concrete floor and west wall extended beyond the present roofline. The concrete also showed evidence for a southern extension in the two rOIls of holes which once held support beams and joined the extended western wall.

M New Dairy

The roof of the dairy was of corrugated iron while the gables were of fibro with wooden louvres. The walls were of fibro with four lower courses of machine-made bricks, the floor of concrete with a rough aggregate. The structure was divided into three sections:

1. The eastern section was the actual dairy and had six well constructed milking J:::ales. These were made of wood and had doors that opened out onto an exterior yard.

The walls of this section were made of corrugated iron which was painted black and white and was manufactured by Lysaghts. The support posts were jacked up onto concrete to prevent rotting.

2. The middle room had an iron tub supported on concrete, and a built-in brick boiler lined vertically with bricks, with a chimney. The lower external section of the boiler had a tiny door for cleaning and stoking. The west wall of the room had a number of electrical switches, and the fusebox outside indicated the use of

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electricity for cooling, a water heater and three fuses for a motor. The building also had facilities for running water.

3. The west room was probably the cool room and had one small window and two doors lined with gauze. The building was surrounded by post and rail fencing bolted together.

N Packing & Wool Shed

This structure is known as the woolshed and fruit packing area with visible traces also of more recent use as a stable. The hipped roof of corrugated iron has weatherboard gables on the north and south elevations. Walls are of roughly squared slabs, with large double doors on the east, south and west sides. The west door was painted with primer, while some of the wall slabs were painted brcwn.

The tcp hinges of the east door were rectangular with three recessed grooves and horizontally placed bolts: while the bottom hinges were of an arro,.,red shape with haphazardly placed bolts.

o. w.e.

Former dunny now disused.Lined with galvanised corrugated iron nailed on inside. larger than usual, possibly a double one.

P. Smithy

Slab and iron structure north of residence. No positive signs were" found to suggest it had been a smithy although it was a versatile form of shed with open south and east ends and may have had a portable forge. Roof of re-used currugated iron, battens arranged erratically, rafters natural sectioned on natural section ridge beam.Timbers mostly re-used from one or several demolished structures.Upright posts natural sectioned, some roughly squared. Wall plates natural sectioned, rafters rest on wall plates without nailing, attached by fencing "wire. North and west walls of re-used galvanised iron attached with re-used nails of 1930s or later.In battens are late 19th century roofing screws.Roof possibly lowered at some stage, accounting for lack of nails. In N.E. corner remains of low bench using flat head bolts and nuts similar to those in COIlbales.

Q Piggery

Area to east of structure F showing remains of a ruined structure and a large area of padoock fenced with palings.

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R Ruin

One 'wall only remaining, with post World War I nailing in the re-used split slabs. Corner post of remaining wall re-used from elsewhere;east corner of post chamfered. The west one is natural sectioned.Wall plate of remaining wall also natural sectioned.Roof has fallen, rafters natural sectioned.World War I-II nailing in the rafters. Galvanised corrugated iron roofing re-used from elsewhereiroofing screws and lead washers. Battens of rafters show signs of secondary use.

S Shed

Remains of milk truckiframing of miscellaneous timbers with galvanised iron roof. Sticker "Milk tastes better"

T HayBarn

Stumps only survive in paddock east of structure (G) from a former structure set upon them. This structure is said to have been a Dutch barn (or staddle). Twelve log stumps remain of which ten are probably in situ, outlining a structure at least 15 metres (probably 36ft) long.

U Ranp and drafting yard

Between Cow bales (L) and the New Dairy (M) is a rectangular yard with loading ramp. Evidence of later changes around entrance to ramp.

Cistems

Cisterns 1,2,3,5 & 6 (Cistern 4 report already presented to D.E.P)

During the preliminary survey prior to cistern clearance, certain similarities became apparent:

1 Similar construction methods for the fences, cisterns and covers have been used throughout.

2. All the cisterns studied (or cistern grcupings) have drain pipes feeding into them.

3. All the cisterns studied are located close to buildings with large roof areas. It is apparent that run-off from the roofs supplemented seepage into the cisterns.

Cisterns 1 & 2

Enclosure: This is a simple enclosure consisting of post and rail (2)

fence on three sides and the northern weatherboard wall of Shed F on the fourth side. A single strand of barbed wire has been strung between the rails. There is no evidence of gates in any part of the fence.

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Cisterns: As these had not been cleared at the time of record;i.ng there

are no details of the cistern construction or covering.

These two cisterns are full of rubbish and water. The brick­lining is visible down to the waterline in both. A clay pipe enters Cistern No. 2 on the south-west side and appear to connect to the guttering downpipes on Shed F (on its norther-west corner).

The coverings of these cisterns comprise heavy round logs squared on two sides to form the base framework with lighter flat timber slabs laid at rightangles to form the coverings.

Cistern No. 3

Enclosure~ The fences are of two and three rail 'post and rail'

construction. In the north-west corner is a section of weatherboard walling which has been used as part of the fence to cover the opening of an earlier gate. (See photograph 19). Similarly, galvanised iron is used for this purpose in an adjacent section, next to Shed K. The posts supporting this iron have five rail holes each and show reuse in this situation. (See photograph 3).

In the south-west corner is an opening which has no evidence of ever having had a gate: it therefore seems likely that stock had permanent access to this enclosure next to the cistern. The tree in this area has been protected by rails which also gives support to this notion.

The large gate in the south-west corner is of tubular piping with wire strands and appears to have replaced an earlier gate. The small timber gate in this section consists of four rails, is cross­b:re.ced and has bolted metal hinges.

Comment: Appears as if the enclosure next to the cistern may have had a water trough at which stock could have been systematically watered. Its small size would have permitted control by only admitting a few animals at a time.

Cistern: This is bricklined as far as is visible to the waterline

(8Scm or 12 courses down from rim). It is approximately 4.2m dianeter.

A clay pipe enters on the north-west side of the cistern. This is approximately 13cm. from the rim and may connect to the guttering downpipes of Shed K adjacent.

The diameter of the logs forming the base framework of the covering vary from lS-23cm. These have been squared on two sides to provide a solid base for the covering slabs to rest on.

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The slab used as the covering vary immensely and whatever was at hand appears to have been used. The covering slabs were fastened to the framework by sPkes in some places but were mainly just loosely laid in place.

Cisterns (5&6)

Enclosure: Post and rail fencing butted onto the east side of Shed N

which comprises one end.

The design is unusual in that the northern side section of the fence has two upright slabs attached to the rails one on either side of the main posts. These are fairly evenly spaced at betw~en 3O-50cms each side.

There is no evidence of gates in the fence.

Cisterns: The covering of cistern No. 6 was removed during earlier

clearing works (M.W.S.D.B) and all that remains are three large beams. These would have been the base of the covering slabs. Stacked nearby are some timber slabs which could be the covering naterial.

Cistern No. 5 still has most of its cover in place. The design is similar to that of the other cisterns. It is bricklined and has a diameter of 388cm.

Cistern No. 6 has a diameter of 394cm. At the rim it is two bricks wide (24cm). The water level is 131cm from the rim. A pipe enters the cistern 4 brick courses d:>wn on the south-west side and comes from the guttering downpipe at the south-west corner of Shed N. This pipe has an approximate diameter of 8cm. and projects approximately 17 cm out from the brickwork.

Cisterns 7, 8 and 9 are no longer visible, being now turfed over by the back lawn. Cisterns 7 and 8 are located immediately in front of structure B, and cistern 9 is further to the east of cistern 7 in line with the east wall of structure A. These cisterns are visible as darker cirles in the grass when the lawn has been mown, ori"n dry weatheri they appear about 10ft. in diameter and probing suggests masoru:y surrounds.

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Fences and Field Gates

The rich variety of fencing at Bella Vista is one of its most attractive features. In addition to its visual charm this variety is an interesting guide to developments on the site as a whole.

. . The primary form of fencing, dominating major field divisions

to the west north and east of the site, is post and r~il, both triple and double rail, in which the posts are fulry morticed for the' slip rails. While these fences in areas of heavier use have suffered a degree of deterioration and r~ir over the years, long stretches away from the yards are in a fair state of repair. In one or two places around the outbuildings - notably around K -five-rail fencing is found.

A later form of double and triple post and rail fencing has the rails nailed into notches cut into the side of the posts. In this form the posts are large stripped natural timber posts. Later again is the use of 3" x 2" rails, either open, or closed in by sheets of re-used corrugated galvanised irrn. A number of gates survive both in situ and either removed or re-used. Most of these have been recorded and illustrated in the attached schedule prepared by the PWD in 1982. The standard form of earlier field gate was five-barred with additional post and one cross-brace. They are bolted and hung on natural timber posts. Narrow gates occur in the nearer paddocks (R6 and R8) and also adjacent to the residence.

Around the residence (A & B) a variety of fencing can also be seen. The oldest appears to be fully morticed double post and rail with nailed split palings surviving just south of structure C, and between structures C and F. Areas of picket fencing survive adjacent to the south west and south east gates. Acorn-topped pickets are nailed to triangular-section rails morticed through square-section posts with rounded tops. The surviving picket fencing is adjacent to and includes the two double gates (SW and SE) which gave formal access to the front (south elevation) of the residence.

Fencing to the north and north west of the residence is of gal vanised corrugated iron on double post and rail. Here large natural or sp!it timber posts have square notches to support the­rails; there -aoes- not appear to have been any nailing earlier than the iron.

It may be noted here that the composite plan (fig. 17) of former orcharding activity based on a series of aerial photographs c.1930 -82 is generally of terrain beyond the study area. However, the lines of cuI ti vat ion there shown to extend to the north and north east of the study area do appear to echo surviving lines of old fencing as shown on fig. 19.

13

l

ArdlaeologiCBl. Featur:es

Some features of the inventory are here termed archaeological features. These are of three kinds: visible non-identifiable features susceptible to further investigation by archaeological excavation: items mentioned by oral or other sources which should be present but are noti and past features of the site neither visible nor documented.

i. Brick-burning sites:

Two former brick burning sites were noted at Bella Vista, both outside the present boundaries over which licence was granted to the Minister of Planning and Environment by the Metrq:>alitan Water Sewerage and Drainage Board.

The large and best preserved out of the two sites is located at a small dam south-east of the farm complex. (The dam may be seen at the tcp right-hand side of an aerial photograph published in Heritage Conservation News vol. 1, N? 3, p.S).

It is thought that the dam was primarily created for the purpose of brick making with a secondary view of creating a water reserve for stock or agricultural purposes.

The brick burning took place to the north-east of the dam. The evidence suggests that brick burning took place in clamps of piled bricks rather than in permanent kilns. A permanent kiln would have left substantial remains.

The clamp remains may- be seen in section along the eroding bank of the dam. The clamp floor was composed of - compacted' clay, _ the clay shows signs of scorching. The floor may be traced about 6 m along the section and can be traced northwards under the grasso OVer the clay floor some rCMS of bricks and vitrified lumps of clay were noted. Charcoal was also in evidence. The remains of partly burned bricks were seeni these decompose into a bright red clay. This red clay was also noted above the floor level in contrast to the greyer clay below floor level.

The most common type of brick found near the clamp remains measured around .230mm x .110mm x.63-6Smm, with a rectangular frog 2Smm x .1SOmm. The frog at its deepest point was lOmm and sloped in a curve upwards on all sides to the face of the brick. The bricks on the clamp floor could not be prcperly examined. A frog­less brick was also noted near the clamp remains measuring around .22Smm x .103mm x 6Smm.

Quantities of brick were scattered throughout the general area. Most bricks were in a fragmentary state so full measurements could not be taken. (It should be remembered that there is a high rate of differential shrinkage in anyone burning because of unequal heat distribution. This results in a great range of sizes from small vitrified bricks to large soft "dough boys" (usually reburned in the next firing). Many of the bricks showed that the

14

clay had been mixed with a fair amount of organic material.

Apart from the two noted al::x::>ve (these should be considered as a and b respectively) the following bricks were noted in the brick scatter (all measurements in mm);

c 225 x 110 x 70 dark red "s" impressed on face 45 x 20-22 d ? x 105 x 67 red and spotted small thin rectangular frog,

? x 25 wide. l2rnm deep e ? x 110 x 68 red brick large rectangle? long x 55 wide

12 deep with an impressed ''A'' 35mmlong x 26 wide f ? x 110 x 75 red brick. Large heart-shaped frog ? long x

50 wide about 23 de,ep ,

(Another brick of the same heart shape was found to measure ? x 105 x 68 due to excessive shrinkage in kiln?)

g ? x 110 x 67-68 red brick frog like a rectangle with points at each end 90 lOOg,36 wide,lO deep.

It is thought that this area may have been the chief area for brickrnaking at Bella Vista though at least one other site is known.

Artificial water reserves were often created in association with bric1anaking during the 19th century. An area was chosen for its suitable brickmaking clay and the clay was dug out and left to weather. Water collected in the pit and used for the puddling process. In the case of Bella Vista the excavation was made in the path of a natural run-off channel. The bank opposite the clamp remains may have been created at the time to farm a dam to retain more water or this may have been done at a later stage for stock or agricultural purposes. No remains of puddling activities were fOmld. Brick moulding and drying in hacks would have been carried out nearby'.

There were probably several clamps in operation in the area, the remains of the others may be hidden belCM gromld.

It is suggested from the diverse frogs found in the brick scatter that ~everal brickmakers worked on the site, probably over a period of time. The usual method of obtaining bricks in country areas during the 19th century was to employ a local or itinerant brickmaker to make bricks after firing. If two were employed each would use a different frog so that their bricks could be distinguished for counting after f~ring.

It should be remembered that only the best bricks were selected for external brickwork. The kitchen and original farm house were both originally of exposed brickwork. The original farm house had exposed brick and tuck-pointed walls. (This was rendered at a later stage). '

15

L

ii. Rubbish Dumps

One major deposito~ for household and out-building rubbish was cisterns 1-6 as demonstrated by the clearance of cisterns 1 and 4 in 1982. The only other indication to date of a possible dump was information from Len Ward, caretaker, that in the course of maintenance work he suspected that there was an accumulation of glass, china etc. a few metres to the south west of his caravan and tank. stand. No investigation has been made.

iii. Rubble mounds north of K

Adjacent to the north face of K3 and K4, and also some metres northwards into the yard are areas of uneven ground, building debris and paving. There is also a considerable drcp in level from the north edge of structure K to the yard below. Sub-surface building debris from an earlier structural change appears likely.

i v. Drinking Trough

A long galvanised iron drinking trrugh stands to the west of cisterns 3 and 4 close to the main entry road. This is in good conditionr there is another, now deformed.

v. Sheep Dip

More than one informant has spoken of a sheep dip supPosedly located adjacent to the woolshed N to west or north west. There is no surface indication of such a depression in this area, which is anyway uneven and disturbed. However, there is a line of bricks abutting the base of the west elevation at its north end which may be relevant to this function. Surface stripping should reveal more infornation.

vi. Summer House

Informants have mentioned a summer house to the east of the residence on the lawn. No indication of this feature is now apparent although its footings would possibly be susceptible to excavation.

vii. Surfaces, entrances, routes and vanished structures (non-visible)

So much survives at Bella Vista that what is not visible is easily overlooked. It is likely that much of the past use and appearance of the Bella Vista prc:perty lies below the build-up of grassy humps which gives it its air of quiet, decaying charm. Hard gravel surfaces, wear marks outside stables, Ipst tools and implements and traces of structures and features once part of the working property and demolished or changed as they lost their usefulness are all aspects which require to be borne in mind as potential sources of information. In effect, they comprise the non-visible items of the site invento~ and require a bulk entry as such.

16

....

•

plantings & FlowedJeds

The identification and recording of former plantings and garden lay-out formed the subject of another consultancy for the Heritage & Conservation Branch and therefore are not considered here.

The Pearce family cemetery while not in the Bella Vista hoose and outbuildings area is of considerable interest historically and has therefore been recorded and included in this survey. it is located 2.3 kms from the entrance to Bella Vista, close to the junction of the Old Windsor Road and Seven Hills Road. It is clearly visible in a group of pine trees.

In chronological order of the date of death those buried in the Pearce family cemetary were:

1 Matthew Pearce: Died 28th December, 1832: Age 69

2 Mrs. Martha Pearce: Died 16th NOvember, 1843: Age 76-

3 Martha Susannah Pearce: Died 24th February, 1850: Age 1 year, 8 months

4 William Pearce: Died 9th February, 1865: Age 56

5 Barry Yel verton Archdal1: Died 29th October, 1872: Age 20

6 Mati1da Louisa E1inor Archdall: Died 4th May, 1875: Age 20

7 Mary Ann Pearce, wife of Matthew Pearce: Died 10th November, 1876: Age 61

8 Matthew Woodward Pearce: Died 1879: Age 72

9 Rev. Charles Archda1l: Died 1879: Age 72

10 Darcy Frank F1etcher: Died 26th January, 1882: Age 4 years, 4 m:mths

11 George Henry Pearce: Died April, 1887

12 Henrietta, wife of John F. F1etcher: Died 25th Deceniber, 1888

13 Mati1da Pearce: Died 1890: Age 80

14 William and Eh"ana S. Pearce: Died 28th March, 1895 (Wi1liam) Died 13th August, 1918 (Erma)

15 Fdward Henry Pearce: Died 1912: Age 78 Henry-M.A. Pearce (rector St. Peter, Drunttoyne)

Died 1919: Age 38 16 Matthew Pearce - Third son of. William Pearce of Kings

17

L

Lang1ey, Seven Hills: Died 3rd February, 1917: Age 66

17 Mary A.A. Pearce, wife of Arthur Pearce: Died 27th March, 1920 In the same plot - W. Arthur Pearce: Died 12th October, 1938

18 George Woodward Pearce: Died 1922: Age 70

19 Amelia Erni1y Pearce: Died 1933: Age 76

20 Oswald Woodward Pearce: Died 5th May, 1936: Age 55

21 Minnie A.C. Ranken: Died 6th May, 1952: Age 73

In addition the following names had illegible dates:

Erma S. Pearce George Henry Pearce & his brother E1iza Pearce, widow of Wi1liam Pearce Wi11iam Pearce-

"

IV. <lIRHlI:OOICAL ~ OF THE BEUA VISrA a::M?IEX:

Historioa1 Phases: The Site Phase ~

In its most recent usage by man (1788 to present) the site can be seen as having eight distinct occupational phases. These are listed below. They are based on documentary and oral information, and are each named after the person or persons known, or likely, to have had a major role in changes on the site. '

Phase Name Associated Date Activity

1 Jdm & Elizabeth Macarthur -1821 Sheep

2 Cra,.m rand

3 James Robertson

4 Acres W. T. Pearce

5 Edward Henry Pearce

6 Toby Pearce

7 E.H. Pearce

8 Olarlie Jones

1821-27

1827-28

1838-65

1865-1912

1912-1933

1933-,1950

1950-1974

Fauna1

Fruit & Sheep

Fruit & Sheep

Fruit & Sheep

Dairy & Pigs

FON1s

Some structures can be dated from oral and documentary sources (as knc:wn to us).

Structure Phase

Cottage 3-4

All Structures 5

Packing Shed 5 (last structure)

New Dairy 6

Irrplement Shed 8 Conversion

Walls 8

Date

1865-1912

1890s

late 19305

19

Name

Robertson­Pearce

EdwardHenry

Edward Henry (late) "

Toby Pearce

Source

E.H.Pearce

(J. Pearce pp.12,15,24)

11

Char1ie Jones Oral

Olar1ie Jones Oral

L

Moreover in general terms it is clear that the major building programme place under Edward Henry, with no new structures other than the New Dairy being constructed after his death.

However, it is clear from the structures and other features on the site that the historical and oral references listed by no means exhaust the total range of construction alteration "and demolition visible. Investigation of these changes in the physical fabric was undertaken with the follaving objectives in mind.

1) To check whether the chronological attributions the oral and documentary sources as set out in the Site Phase Model are consistent with the physical features of the site.

2) If so to extend the model to include the remaining evidence of past events and activities at Bella Vista as reflected in structures and features.

In order to reach those objectives a developmental analysis of each structure was undertaken; these analyses are set out below. On the "basis of these analyses development stages were identified and characterised for each structure.

In the final synthesis (IV.3 below) an attempt is made to correlate these stages across the complex as a whole as well as to integrate them with the Site Phase rrodel above.

20

~ , '

"t'

Develqxu::ntal. Analysis of Structures at Bella Vista

The developmental analysis of structures was based on three principles applied successively.

1. Identification and recording of visible stratigraphic relation-ships in each structure. 2. The identification of datable technological features in the stratigraphic stages already noted. 3. The characterisation of these stages in terms of human attitudes and behaviour, such as over-engineering, meticulous craftsmanship, economising on materials or effort, or lack of concern for the future •

Only after the third stage is completed can a final synthesis be attempted.

For each of the major structures a summary is first given of the Phases of Development; this is followed by a detailed Description. . .

A & B: Phases of Develq:m!nt.

Building B was built first, as indicated by the brick front with no cement rendering and the generally more dilapidated condition of the building. The diagonal line on the north wall suggests an outside stairway leading to a hayloft. The fibro laundry to the west added much later, but the chimney stack appears original.

Building A was then built to the south as a typical Georgian single-storey structure, with a single-storey extension (subsequently demolished) to the west as indicated by differential shading of the wall on that side. At this stage the house had a single-storey verandah with wooden posts.

A major enlargement of A comprised an extension to the east (possibly a ballroom) and the addition of a second storey. A two­storey verandah with cast iron lace and iron columns replaced the earlier verandah on the south side. These changes effectively produced an asynrnetrical high Victorian Italianate-style villa.

An additional extension to the east, indicated by a diag:mal line in the cement render of the east wall, no longer exists.

The northern verandah was subsequently extended beyond the line of the wrought iron posts to a line of wooden posts 1::x::>th iron and wood posts survive in situ. The wooden verandah fringe also survives.

The next building phase occurred when Buildings A and B were joined together, as is shown by the later weather1::x::>ard of the top storey connection and the verandah supports which are not connected by a cross beam.

Subsa;ruently large fibro additions were built on to the west.

21

North Elevation

- Roof of terracotta tiles. Cement-rendered chimney with decorated cornice. - Upper storey verandah roof of corrugated iron. - Walls of brick rendered and lined out in such a way that the surface had a sandstone appearance. - Three doorways were found on this side. The eastern one was shuttered, the middle one was missing and the third Chor had a fan light at the top. - Verandah supports of wrcught iron. It had been extended out at a later date because wooden posts were erected parallel to, but beyond the original wrcught iron supports. - French doors on the eastern part, windavs with louvred shutters. - Wooden fringing extended along both the or;iginal and extended verandahs. That of the original verandah is found along the east and north sides of the building, on both top and bottom storeys. The fringing of the extended verandah occurs only along the east side, and is of a different style to that of the original verandah. This provides further evidence of the later date of this verandah.

East Elevation

- Wall cement rendered~ guttering and drain pipes recent. - Top storey has double arched windavs with divided sill. - Lower storey had three arched windows - one large one in the middle and two smaller ones ~or balance flanking it on either side. - Above the windJws a line of bricks follaved the arches. - Evidence of a past extension no longer standing in a diagonal line in the rendering of the wall underneath the upper storey windows. An iron hook was embedded into this line and several other holes of uniform width were also seen along this line -evidence of hooks no longer there. The hooks seem to have been supports of sane sort. - Verandah on northern-most end, with wocden' fringing extension also had fringing, but it was of a different pattern.

South Elevation - Roof in terracotta tiles, evidence of slates on the ground from the earlier slate roof. - Bases of chiJrneys different to their upper sections. - Upper storey verandah had an iron lace rail. There were three full length windows and a fourth one in the eastern extension. This extension is part of a total renovation of the house which gave it an Italianate or High Victorian appearance. East end extension can be detected by a division line along the wall. The brick colour was also different. other aspects of this renovation were the iron lace work and verandah columns. This extension ended· the Georgian symmetry of the building. These windows were shuttered, with rectangular fan-lights. - Walls cement rendered. Two large rectangular windows one on each side of the door. - There were French doors on the ground level of the extension.

22

- Fi ve iron verandah supports. Four of these were original and the later fifth one was added onto the extension. - Flag stones were used on the ground floor verandah. Later on, cement slabs were placed on top of the flagstones.

West Elevation

- Terracotta roof. - ChiImey was cement-rendered. - Two windONs in upper storey. These were sealed off. - Evidence that a lower storey extension had once been attached to this building. The exterior shows a discrepancy in the colouration of the wall. The colour of the upper section of the wall is pink, while the lower part is a yellowish colour. The top pink part has a rectangular area extending downwards, which at first appeared to have been a window. However, due to its unusual position in relation to the two sealed-off winCbws, it was concluded that this was once a french door which led to a balcony. The balcony is indicated by two circular areas shaded pink cut into the yellow­shaded lower section. These may have been supports for the balcony. This extension no longer stands, but would'have been created symnetrically with the eastern extension, also gone.

B: Descripti.cn

North Elevation

- Pitched roof with skillions to the east and west. - East skillion: 0 Verandah of fibro. There is fibro on the

- Central skillion:

- West skillion: East Elevation

upper sloped part of the verandah and also on part of the wall in this section.

o Wooden upright posts support verandah.

o Pitched roof, weeden door centre. Below the door are three wooden slats. Bricks were used to fill the spaces between the weed but there was no mortar binding the bricks together.

o Brick wall with some evidence of cement rendering. Window at the bot tom with a cement sill and vertical bricks at the top;

o Evidence of an extension from differential marking on the wall.

o also evidence of fixed stairway descending from door on eastern side-two mortices in brickwork. where wooden beams were attached.

o Fibro extension with two windows and a door.

23

- North Section:

- South Section:

o skillion rex>f of corrugated iron. o Brick front painted white o Three "doors, one large winoow. o Shaped timber posts for verandah supports. o Two planks,both small in width,for the cross

beam of the verandah.Near the south end of the verandah these arejoined to a single wider plank.

o Two storey. o Top storey is weatherboard, thus probably

being later than the north end. o Rectangular window on the top storey has in

its lower half 24 panes, but no glass. o Two flat supports for the verandah. A

horizontal beam was placed on top of the two, but above the right hand support it was notched. Directly behind this latter support are two vertical posts joined together with a square headed belt. This support and the one directly in front are not connected by a cross beam along the top. This indi cates that the north and south ends of the east side are not contemporary.

o Under the verandah the corrugated iron has no beam supports in the middle. The iron is just bent to fit the vertical supports.

- South Section: 0 Connected to Building A and therefore not visible.

West Elevation

- North Section

- South Section

o Fibro.

o also a fibro wall. o One door in the centre. This leads into the

enclosed verandah of the south-east side. o Two windows on either side of the door.

There is also another window above these and to the right which has been blocked off.

24

...

If

c. Phases of develqment.

The Shcp or Cottage appears to have been built in stages, the earliest part being C7 at the north end of the late nineteenth or early twentieth centw:y, and the latest the fibro additions Cl,lO, 3 and 6 all post 1930s.

C8-9 were added to C7 in the course of the earlier twentieth centw:y; later alterations together with the general re-use of older building materials makes accurate dating difficult.

Possibly of similar date to C7 was the primary construction of C4-5 as a typical small gabled shed with two side aisles {note that the view expressed below is that c4-6 is all of late date.Subsequently it was extended by additions to the west. Whether C4-5 was originally built as an aviary is unknown; if not its conversion to this use by means of added galvanised iron sheeting was done with considerable care, and would seem to date to the earlier rather than the later twentieth century.

25

"~

c ..

C7, 8 & 9:

Roofing Galvanized corrugated iron and ridging ditto. Secured by galvanized iron screws and lead washers.

Construction: Rafters and collar ties creating three-faceted ceiling Three sets of battens Rafters are attached to the ridge board and wall plate by birdmouth joint

Foundations C7 as seen fron east elevation:

Base plates of roughly squared or natural sectioned timber placed between square-edged corner posts. Studs rest on the wall plates North-east corner post is square--adzed (approximately 6e 7" x 6.711

).

C8:

Base plate: "the north end is nailed into corner post of C7 (i.e. butted). At south end it is nailed into C8's machine squared corner post (lower post 7" x 2.8"). Base plate measures 3.1" x 5.711

, is squared, and has been later propped using dry pressed and earlier bricks.

C9:

Base plate 3.1" x 4.7" morticed into south-east corner post of C8. The studs here are halved into the wall plate. The plate has also been propped as in C8. No corner post in C9's south-east corner, or at least it" has rotted off at wall plate level. C9 uses C8's south-east corner post, C8 ditto C7.All timbers in C9 are circular sawn - and badly rotted. Elevations

C7 NOrth: Gable end consists of feathered circular sawn weatherboards attached to a stud frame. Angle battens with beaded mouldings (3" x 1.4" plus bead .7" wide). Nails 1880/90s.

C7 East: As for North elevation. Battens are 2' apart - beneath winoow 1.5' spacing. Window 6: Single fixed sash now covered in clear perspex. Originally a six pane fixed sash (as indicated by glazing bar rrortices) •

Enframements - plain timber sill, styles beaded (bead .7"). The head is plain and of recent origin (mitred joints at top}.Enframe­ments largely original.

26

.."

...

C7 West: Weatherboard (feathered as for north elevation. (6.5" wide .8" thick at base, 3" at top end). 6.5" wide, Window 7: Enframements - drop sill (does· not project at side 1) mitred joints at tops. Post and head: 1.3", x 1.4", bead .7". Sash missing. Window 8: ditto. Door 11:Jambs of simple squared timber -exteriors lined with strip beading (the same as window beaqing). Door ledged, battened on outside, masoni te cover on inside. Hangs on two tee hinges: secured by modern tower bolt. Flyscreen door (to door 11) attached to exterior frame of door (1930s/40s).Chip board in lower panels, upper two panels wire mesh fly screen.

Verandah (CV2): Sheathed in galvanized corrugated iron-REDCLIFFE (Crown in Centre) BRAND. Verandah plate supported by natural-sectioned verandah posts secured by nut, bolt and washers. The rafters are a combination of pit and machine sawn (fine and standard circular sawn). Concrete floor (blue metal mix, broken brick and stone rubble as grOlmd for concrete). The plinths for the posts are four sided and pyramidal in form composed of concrete.

C8 East: Weatherboards similar to C7. Nails slightly different (diamond type, drawn wire) but of similar date. Battens spaced about 2.5' apa.rt (compare C7 which are 2' apa.rt).

C8 West: Weatherboards as above. (Here too the obvious signs of a circular saw can be seen - C7's boards were prob:tbly smoothed). Window 9: Sill flush with weatherboards. Enframements - mitred jointed top 1.3" wid~ with .4" bead by .9" thick.Sill projects at sides; Sash is missing.

C9 East: Weatherboard as for C8. Nails slightly different again. Battens spa.ced about 1'10" apart. Wincbw 6: Appa.rently reduced at the tcp by 2 weatherboards.Enframe­ments; timber drop sill, simple post and head. Sash missing.

C9 West: Fireplace: constructed of flat sheet iron (proba.bly reused). Joints connected byclout nails, screws, soldering and hammered overlapping folds of iron. Fireplace Stack:Top half joined by solder.Bears Lysaught Australian stencil (therefore after 1922). Topped by two cowls of varying dates. Fireplace rests on a foundation of Portland cement rendered brick. Window 10: Casement five pa.ne type - date probably 1940s. Sill drop type and projects at sides. This aperture appears to have replaced a former doorway. (Indications for this are the assorted

27

weatherboa.rds with nails of a post 1930s date covering what appears to have been the closed up sections of the door).

Fascia Boards (C7, C8, C9) C7 = chamfered at top, approx. 3.3" x .8"-.9", C8 = chamfered at top, approx. 3.5" x .8" C9 = not chamfered, 2.9" x .6".

ClO and Cl:

Roofing Galvanized corrugated iron and ridge capping ditto. Sheetre-use evidenced by bi turnen patching (to cover previous nailing). Rafters span between ridge-boa.rd and wall plate supporting 2 sets of four battens.

Foundations of Cl: Brick piers of modern dry pressed brick and Portland cement with galvanized sheet iron termite caps.

West Elevations of CIO and Cl Fibro-cement cladding with joints covered in bull-nosed fibre­cement fillets (SSmm wide).The gable end is of re-used weatherboards. Door 15: Four panel doors with moulded sunken panels (raised double mouldings). Upper two panels stretch from top rail to lock: rail. Door fittings: original lock and knob missing (evidence of another former lock and handle). Remains of an old barrel lock (probably 1920s/30s). A swivel door bell. Remains of letter slot at the top half of muntin. External architrave 1940s pagoda style. Screen door attached to architrave of five panels of plastic mesh.

. The door has b~n reset as evidenced by old hinge remains.

CVl Verandah: Sheathed in re-used galvanized corrugated iron nailed to 3 battens on 3 rafters. All timbers used are squared. The support posts are apparently re-used, one of which is chamfered on two sides. Verandah plate riveted to posts with nut, bolt and washer. Most timbers are re-used - some are pit-sawn and others circular sawn. Verandah frame attached to wall at east end. At north and south sides are two series of inverted pickets (upright frcUne saw-'"-marks on pickets). Pickets tongued and grooved with "V" joints. Pickets are secured to rails which are morticed into the posts. (Panel nails used to nail pickets which are identical to tongued and grooved boarding on the interior walls of Cl). Each picket is painted a different colour.

Floor' is of green-painted concrete. Window: drop sill with projecting ends and drip line. Enframements for a double casement (all fixed). Architrave: same style as door 15.

Comment:CIO and Cl appear to date to the 1940s(in their presentform).

28

South Elevation Cl WinCbw 1: Enframements as for winCbw 11. Hood is of timber and of flattened galvanized corrugated iron: double casement originally.

C2 and C3:

RoJfing Skillion roof of galvanized corrugated iron (re-used sheets).

Foundations Modern dry press brick plus Portland cement piers covered by galvanized sheet, iron termite caps.

South Elevation Feathered weatherboard construction, circular sawn and re-used. Some have beading (as at eastern end). Frame also appears to be of reusai timbers. Wall plate rests on brick piers and is morticed to receive studs.

WinCbw 2:Small casement window with timber sill(other enframements made up of odds and ends).

Window 3: Smal'l double casement windows. Sill is flush with weatherboarding but projects at the sides. Simple post and lintel enframerrent.s.

Door 2: Door missing. The entrance is blocked by plywood. Evidence may be' found here that the present floor level is approximately 160mm higher than the original floor level of the frame.

Step located outside door are of dry press bricks and Portland cement. One mortice may be seen in the wall plate a1x>ve and below doorway (indicating secondary usage of the framing of the room). East Elevation (C3) Weatherboard as for south elevation, reused from several structures. Nails: post 1930s. Door 3 (C3) Wide ledged and braced door with beaded tongued and grooved J::attens Door modified to fit present aperture. Remnants evident of locks either side. Cast metal letter slot of 1890s-1900s date (but is of secondary usage). There are two mortices in the wall plates beneath and above c1oor---- -­(illustrating that the original scheme of the room framing did not allow for a door here).

NOrth Elevation C3 Roof: Skillion of galvanized corrugated iron. Wall: fibro. Door 9: Panelled door 1930s/40s date.Architrave - per<pla style. Window 4: 2 large casement windOWS: lower half east casement formerly of 3 panes, lower half west casement formerly of 5 panes. Upper half of fixed casements. Sill of timber with drip line; moulded edged reveal.

29

C4: Gabled Roof and East Skillion Reused galvanized corrugated iron (sheathing missing on east skil­lion) •

Elevations South Galvanized corrugated iron (some of whiCh has been flattened out) reused (buckshot ventilation). Door 4: ledged and braced construction, butted battens (slightly spaced due to shrinkage). Hung on Tee-hinges. The inside is covered with ply board between ledges and bracing.

East (South End) Galvanized corrugated iron as in South Elevation - remainder left as open framing. Posts and base-plate of natural-sectioned timber. Top wall plate of squared timber. Roof above latter section of 15mm wire mesh.

North Open framed structure with gable end and in middle remnants of 15mm mesh on central and western sections. Elevation immediately west of gabled section is constructed of a double bed frame as support for wire mesh. West corner is the aviary housing of packing case slats - the roof is a low gable of flattened galvanized corrugated iron.

West North end: aviary of packing cases. Mid area galvanized wire mesh.

West Elevation C6 Re-used weatherboard construction inside lined with wire meshing. Roof - North half (of the roof is covered in wire mesh; south is covered with galvanized corrugated iron. (no brands) Comment:The whole'structure is of a post 1930s date. Interiors

C7: Three faceted:the middle facet is of re-used matCh boards (machine cut, rebated joints and IVI jointed (i.e. IVI - grooved); 3.9" in width; the other two facets (sides) are of asbestos panels with timber jointing fillets. Pagoda style architraves. Windows 7 and a originally had sliding sashes but could only be opened to half position. Light fittings 1940s; external wiring contained in tubular steel.

ca:

Ceilings and walls as for C7. Doors 12 and 13 as for C7. WinCbw 9 as for C7. ArChitraves are of bull-nosed form, 2.6" x .7" Floor - Soft wood tongued and grooved 5.9" x east-west). Covered in floral pattern lino. renoved.

30

6" width (running Skirting has been

C9:

Ceiling as for C7 am 8 except that boards are 5.9" - 6" wide (also re-used) •

Flooring - Butted hardwood circular sawn floorboards (width between 5.5" x 5.9"). The boards are possibly re-used. Linoleum covering western half on tar paper. Found under the eastern half were newspapers dating to 13.7.1975.

Walls - Similar in style as C7 and 8, except that skirting, arChitraving and junction between ceiling and wall are beaded (beaded timbers?). The south-east corner evidently had a kitd1.en sink and was used for kitchen purposes (within the last 40 years up until the late 19605). Tap remains mal' be seen at this corner (eastern wall).

lXx:>r 13: Pe:rpendicular architraving (beaded). No evidence of door ever having been there (as is also the case for D12). Curtain rod sockets found at D13. Sockets and rail in D12. D14 - ditto, but is narrower am the head has been made lower. No evidence of door: however there is a· screen door affixed to the CIO side.

Window 5 as for Windows 7-9, however the architraves are beaded (the base batten has dominance). Window 10: Appears to have been a door as the side architraves (beaded and pagoda style) reach to floor level. The sill is a make-shift one. The present casement wincbw is an installation of the Public Works Departn:ent) • N.B. Wincbws 5,7,8 and 9 have no glazing.

Fireplace: Former fireplace with wooden mouth supported by brackets. The inside lining is of asbestos sheeting and the floor of concrete. The sides,inside the arch, have been bricked and rendered on three sides to support a grate or stove.

CIO:

Ceiling Match boarded, tongued and grooved, beaded (width 5.7" - 5.9", bead is .311 north-south orientation). The tongue and groove appears to be rebated but this is due to the breaking off of one side of the grooving giving the appearance of rebating. Electrical wiring not encased in tubing. Moulded timber cornice of Grecian profile. Concrete slab covered by three layers of lino - each of different design (top layer as for C9 IIrolled plastercine").

Walls Match boards tongued and grooved, beaded (width tends to 5.7 11

-

5.911 evidence of re-use).

31

Door 14 Architrave: - pagoda style, head piece is formed out of moulded architraving. Side pieces are of plain timber fillets with quadrant moulding (.4" width on exterior edges) attached to the sides. The doorway is approximately 16.5" above floor level (see steps). Door 14 Flyscreen: Upper two panels of plastic fly mesh. Lower panel of chip-fibre board. Hinges of the spring loaded self closing type.

Steps: Two- tread stair of 7 ply.

C2:

Ceiling Fibro with joints covered by bull nosed asbestos fillets. The roof slopes eastwards.Exposed plastic coated wiring clamped to wall.

Flooring Tongues and grooved boards (5.4"). Lino covering underfelt - 1930s. "Jazz" geometric design populular from the 1930s to the 1950s.

Walls Asbestos sheeting with joints covered by bullnosed asbestos fillets. The corners covered in quadrant mouldings. At the south end of the room may be seen the outlines of a bath.

Door 1: Four panelled recess moulded. Mouldings missing on the southern side. Remains of a former rim . lock may be seen in outlines. Architraving - double bull nosed with mitred joints.

Window 2: Casement window with bull nosed architraving and a moulded sill.

C3: Ceiling - none. Rafters and roofing battens exposed - re-used timbers.

Floor Re-used butted floorboards (north-south orientation). Width ranges from 5.1" - 5.9". The hardwood timbers tend to be earlier (evidence of previous nailing). Many assorted timber types. Assorted lino coverings.

Walls

North West of door 9: asbestos sheetingi east of door 9: unsheathed, though section backing cs and 6 of galvanized corrugated iron.

South and East Walls:no sheathing. All timbers noted here are re-used.(Mortices in top wall plates and studs, nailings and places of former nailings are not related to the present construction).

32

West Wall (South) partition wall of C2. Asbestos sheeting with squared timber joint covering fillets.

West Wall (North) partition wall of ClO - ditto.

Door 2: (21) Recent plywood door (Public Works). Door 3: (21) Ledged and braced door.The battens, ledges and braces are beaded (double beaded in the cases of the ledges and braces). This is an early door possibly 1870s~ not in original location. Door is secured to enframements by two early type tee hinges. The l::ase has been extended for the present aperture. Originally had a rim lock (evidence of which on both faces of the Cbor) •

Door 9: (21) As for exterior description. 1930s/40s combination finger plate, keyhold and door knob.

DoorlO: (21) Architraving of bull nosedtimber, mitred joint.

Window 4: (21) See external description. Plain frame but each casement has wincbw beading. A plank has been attached at the sill area - prol::ably for pot plants.

C4-C6:

Interiors CS and C6 are divided into small aviary units. The gable section of C4 appears to have been one large aviary - this section and the east skillion appear to have been built at the same time.

The builders appear to have started at the south of C4 using their most substantial secondhand materials and appear to have run out of the better quality materials as they worked northwards. The southern half of the gabled area is coveredin galvanized corrugated iron but this area is not respected by the construction framework. Theremaining areas are covered in .611 galvanized wire mesh.

33

h

D & E: Not cq;plicable.

F: Phases of Develcpment

This structure appears to have had six phases of development.

Phase 1 . Only the chimney survives of this phase. The construction of

the chimney reveals that it was originally built as an external chimney with the cottage situated to the east of it. One fragment of an upper wall plate remains arove the arch area.

At least two types of brick were noted, a frogless brick stamped with an "s" (which were also found in the brick-making area) and one with a small heart. The mortar is a loam mortar mixed with a minute amount of lime in powder form. The chimney was probably constructed in the 18505, with a broad range from 18405 to l860s.

Phase 2. Only part. of the south external wall and the south west corner

of F2 survive from this phase. They are identifiable in that . posts are set on their br03.dsides and the weather1::x:E.rds pit-sawn.

Nails and timbers suggest a late l860s-early l870s date. The chimney may have been made higher during this phase. Note the evidence of an early entrance (double door) into F4 from the west

The Phase 2 structure appears to have been used as a coach­house, with some sort of forge or other heat-process machinery on the flags behind the chimney.

Phase 3. This may have been an extension or rebuilding of Phase 2, and

includes the internal divisions of the older part of the cottage (F3-7) and the wall dividing it from the coach room (FlO) General date l870s.

Phase 4. This represents the building of the coach room (FlO) and the

verandah to its north (Fll). Since the site of F was the obvious place for a coach-house the earlier building was merely extended. A late l870s-80s·-date is indicated,possibly l890s. The verandah on the north and west sides (Fll,F2) was added soon after the construction of the coach room.

Phase 5. Closing in of north and west verandah (Fll,F2)

Phase 6. Construction of an additional verandah extension to the west

(F9)

34

F: Descriptial

original gable roof: (F3-8)

Sheathing corrugated galvanized iron, crest to crest 3.1" (80mm).No trademarks. Some have large flecks, others· small: appears to come from two manufacturers.

Ridging beam (approx. 2" x 2.8"), adzed timber. Distance between rafters 2' approximately - natural section unbarked timber approximately 2.5 - 3" diameter. .

Battens (approx. 2.1" x .8") :thickness varies between .6" to 1".

Distance apart (battens) varies from 2' to 2'4". Total of 6 each on main part of roof and are pit sawn.

1'11" from east face of chimney is a scarfed joint in ridge beam.

Northern half of roof: (FlO)

Subsequently extended over coachroom (FIO) and probably of an 1890s date: Corrugated galvanized iron (1 sheet "Best Thinner" brand), 3.4" (83mm) crest to crest. However, appear to be 2 types of iron used (due to galvanizing process).

Rafters approximately 3' apart on average. Round section unbar ked timber about 3.5" diameter.

Battens circular sawn (approx.l" x 2.8") and appear to be spaced about 3'7" apart.

Verandah roof (Fll): East and west sections are contemporaneous and sheathing is

Davies Crown Brand Brothers. Rafters are natural section timber and rest on top wall plate with a pen-nib nailed from above. South end of rafters rest on a plate attached to weatherboarding that end of rafters being rebated. Four battens on roof.

Chimney (F5) The part of chimney exposed in attic is whitewashed. Stack is

23.4" x 19.3'. First moulding is of 2 bricks thickness (6.3") and above this is 2 bricks (original height of Chimney) and when extended lead flashing was inset.

3rd batten from bottom extends through to western part of roof on the other side of the chimney.

Joining the rafters to ceiling joists also about 2' apart are jack studs. Along jack studs run two pi:t sawn planks. Two braces (similar to battens) from eastmost rafter to fifth rafter slant from top to bottom westwards.

35

L

East Elevation

(South End) Loft door frame (F 6-7). Stud to loft door pit sawn and

apparently original to the gable roof7 measures 2.7" x 3.5. All studs on this side original. Studs either side of door original but one on north side door has been added to make up for added height of pitch or roof. The weatherboards which would relate to earlier pitched roof are pit sawn whilst those that relate to current pitch are circular sawn. Second stud north of door also been extended.

Loft door: Ledged and braced. Ledges and braces have been pit sawn and been beaded on either side. However, the battens are circular sawn and beaded. Nails in battens are Ewbanks Patent. Door is hung on band and gudgeon.

North Elevation

Verandah (Fll) North Wall. Corrposed of 3 rails upon which sheets of re-used iron were used. This work appears to date from World War II. West end (F9) all timbers circular sawn (but re-used). Rafters rest on a plate attached to the original verandah plate. No evidence of what formerly existed, except that verandah wall was weather1:::loarded - nails, nail holes and gutter support.

Verandah (Fll) South wall (i.e. FlO north wall). Corner posts are set well into ground. Ground plates (top

surface adzed and made in sections) set between them with intercolumnal studs spaced l' 3" apart. The studs are morticed into the ground plates with tenons approximately 1" x 2". The top wall plate (natural sectioned except were adzed at the base in places) is in one piece over the full length. Studs and main posts are rebated at the top and nailed to top wall plate. The studs are all circular sawn and main posts all adzed. Weatherboards are feathered and are all circular sawn.

East Elevation (North end)

Verandah (Fll): Continuous ground plate. Posts (corner) set into ground. Studs as for Fll south wall. Weatherboards are feathered and circular sawn and the door is ledged and braced - 1 edges_ and brace are beaded on 2 sides and the battens'are beaded on 2 sides (inside and exterior). Rebated joint between battens. Square shafted nails used (in door). Hung on band and gudgeon and door is in original position and in sound condition.

Verandah roof are contemporaneous and sheathing is Davies Crown Brand Brothers. Rafters are natural section timber and rest on top wall plate wi th a pen-nib nailed from above. South end of rafters rest on a plate attached to weather-boarding that end of rafters being rebated. Four battens on roof.

36

Coachroom Double. DJors (FIO): 2 sets of double doors, braced and ledged. Battens are machine sawn (upright frame sawn). Hung on sets of 3 tee hinges. Battens are tongued and grooved and single bead on outside only.

3 posts supporting doors are adzed square and are independent of second phase structure.

Doors have pivoted wooden bar for securing door from inside. Weatherboarding above doors is contemporary with phase 3.

South Elevation (F3,FS,F6)

F6: Weatherboards are feathered, pit sawn on stud wall. Studs are adzed and support a wall plate (adzed square) and is in one length from G to I. There is another similar section along J. Brick paving exb;:mds F6-F3.

DJor (F6): Ledged door, tongued and grooved, band and gudgeon.

Door (FS): Ledged door, tongued and grooved, band and gudgeon, battens - unable to see saw work. Lock, internal - John Moreton & Co., Wolverhampton.

Window (FS): 12 pane single sash wit.h moulded horns. Sash bars are moulded. Window set in back to front and is secured by post World War II nails. Evidence of this still being part of a sliding sash arrangement due to evidence of paint at sides.

West Elevation

This is actually a skillion-verandah onto the coach house section, probably 1890s, which was built partly out of an earlier phase verandah relating to the second phase, probably 1860s/70s. Evidence of an entrance (for horse and a carriage) was found here leading from the west elevation. This was later obscured. Another lower verandah/skillion (F9, early 20th century) was added to the west elevation resulting in the present scheme.

Coach Room:(FIO) Each corner has huge adzed-squared posts - 2 at the centre sides. Wall plates are placed between these posts except at Eastern end.

Floor - large squared timbers spaced 2 ft. apart east/west orientation; resting on ground and floorboards are to these attached. Floorboards gutted: most 5.3" but occasional board 5.7" width.

Ceiling -Boards tongued and grooved and beaded between 5.7"-5.8" width; unpainted perhaps oilstained softwood (Baltic pine?). Rafters - squared circular sawn timbers. Top wall plates are of adzed timber.

N.B. localised charring on western half of ceiling along north wall, especially in centre section of area.

37

-'

North Wall, Harness Room (FIOA): Boards as for ceiling except 5.5" wide; inside lined and sealed in same boards, with sliding ledge door with 2 panels infilled with beaded boards as described. Only harness room part lined with tongued and grooved beaded boarding.

No internal lining or evidence of it (open studs and view of back of feathered weatherboards). Studs are circular sawn about 2 ft. apart (2.2" x 3.6-3'.'9").

East Wall: adzed roof dividing 2 halves of double garage-type door. Corner posts about 6"x 6" inch except for south-east corner - 5" x 6".

South Wall: composed of upright split slabs to an internal height of 6' 5". Widths vary between 7"- 11". Surfaces adzed and tops tapered to admit nailing. Above this boarding as described for ceiling on jack studs. Split slabs appear to have been taken down ' and adzed smooth during construction of the coach house, then replaced. One with beginnings of mortice evidently left in situ as support, this being left naturally sectioned on both sides.

West Wall: as for North wall except that the studs spaced on average 1'9" - 1'10". Door at south end is ledged and braced, constructed of upright frame sawn tongued and grooved boarding, has rirnlock. This aperture was evidently designed originally as such.

LOor to wft (East Elevation): Ledged and braced. Ledges and braces have been pi t sawn and beaded on either side. However, the' battens are circular sawn and beaded. Nails in battens are Ewbanks Patent. Door is hung on bam and gudgeon.

Northern half of roof: extends over coachroom (FIO) and probably 1890s: Corrugated galvanized iron (1 sheet "Best Tinned" brand), crest to crest 3.3" However, appear to be 2 types of iron used (on the basis of distinct types of galvanizing). Rafters approximately 3' apart on average; Round section unbarked timber about 3.5" diameter. Battens circular sawn 1" x 2.8" approximately, spaced about 3'7" apart.

South verandah: (Fl) South wall plate for both verandah and south wall are a ridge

and in one piece to point marked on plan.

Verandah timbers are a ridge. West section resheathed including battens. One "Rabbit Brand" at west end.

38

"',

I .'

G. Phases of Development

Phase 1 The barn was built with a large central floor space with

double doors to the east and west sides. Skillions or enclosed verandahs were built to the north (G6) east (G2-4) and south (Gl) sides.

The barn area was floored in timber butted floor boards, parts of which have been renewed over the years. The "dado" of weatherboards reveal that the central floor space was used for storing grain at some time (a typical arrangement of some early-mid 19th century granaries). The weatherboards appear to have been reused from an earlier structure. The earliest are tapered and pi tsawn, some have the thicker ends bevelled. other weatherboards of a later date 1880s/90s were also noted. It is not yet clear if the "dado" is an original feature or if it was constructed during the 1880s/90s.

The roof is shingled and at a later date was covered in galvanised corrugated iron. The original room, is the only fully load-bearing structure. All slabs are in their original position as- the concave face is always inward, they are all of the right length, are carefully fitted to the wall plate and bear no extraneous nail holes. It has the oldest roof in the structure, which is shingled and at a later date covered in galvanized corrugated iron as the roof is as old as the' gables but neither is as old as the walls: the wall plates and slabs are adze cut while the rafters are milled (or at least sawn). The weatherboarding on the walls would have been added at the same time as the roof and gables as they are of the same balloon style.

The skillions appear to be original to the structure, or after. The nailing was noted along the eastern elevation. The holes or mortices in the timber slabs along the eastern elevation are later judging by the method of boiling (Le. with auger or boring apparatus and then chiselled out). The mortices appear to have received rails for animal pens. Apart from the extra space created the skillions serve to stabilize the main structure.

The oldest timbers which could be definitely identified were those of the "dado" and those of the upper swinging doors of the east and west doorways. The latter were nailed with EWBANKS patent nails and one or two hand wrcught nails. It is possible that these doors also come from an earlier structure.

Apart from being used as grain storage, the structure may have been used for storing fruit. There is evidence that hay was also stored.

Phase 1 appears to date to the late 1860s' to early 1870s.

39

--

L

Phase 2

The north skillion (G6) was extended northwards, probably early this century.

The concrete floor may have been installed at a later date. This area was known as the ''horse works" (see Pearce) where machinery was driven by a horse driven mill or machine. Chaff cutting, wheat grinding and corn cracking took place in the structure. The brick platform in the main room probably supported a maChine. The bricks come from another structure and were probably placed there this century.

40

I

I ~ I

..

G. Descript.ial

North Elevation (G6)

Roof: Galvanized corrugated iron sheathing, most sheets unbranded. At S.E. corner an "Eagle" Brand was noted and one Davies Bros. "Crown" Brand. In the middle section unidentified small round brand and at the S.W. corner a Redcliffe trademark (with crown in centre). Also in middle similar in outline to unidentified brand. --Circle with 38 at top and ''OB''. Iron nailed with galvanized nails with washers to a simple wooden frame of four wooden adze cut posts about 8.3' apart (post,s 8"X 8"). No real evidence of reuse although repairs have been made over time (possibly localised replacements). Rafters (natural sectioned) stretch from N. wall plate of main room by joint Beds for the ends of former rafters may be seen at top of wall plate (approx. 1'7"-9" apart), north end. E. side rafter (natural section) from N.E. corner of main room to N.E. corner of skillion with jack rafters projecting East New galvanized guttering 5" x 2.4".

Wall: Galvanized corrugated iron reused, nailed to original squared adzed posts and recent rails - date post World War 11 (galvanized clout headed and patent roofing nails). Top plate, square-adzed, appears original with four sup.Port posts. North-east corner joint was formerly chisel-point spiked as at. south-east corner. Split slab construction of possibly reused slabs nailed to natural sectioned wall plate - majority resecured with wire. Posts connected by two horizontal beams, housed in: the beams in the eastern most section of the wall do not fit the original housing cut and are obviously machine sawn (beams 6"X 2") .The top plate is a single beam, axe hewn and roughly squared (6''X 5").

Floor: The floor of the northern area (G6) is of roughly poured concrete~ - obviously added late in the use of the building. Along the north wall the imprint of slabs can be seen in the concrete, which proves that this wall too was originally slab. The concrete raises the floor level in parts by 12".

East Elevation(Gl,2,3,4,6) Roof: S.E. skillion (G2) - Galvanized corrugated iron "Eagle Brand" -stamped in blue with picture of eagle above. Battens spa.ced apart about 1'2" centres. N.E. skillion (G4) - as above.

Walls: In these two areas wall plate is adzed, square sectioned and the rafters are pit sawn about 8.25" X 3.5"~ they extend from main room wall plate nailed on to the flanks of the rafters of the main room. At the Eastern end attached to wall plate via bird mouth joint as illustrated. Wall plate along Eastern elevation appears originally to have been in three sections~ North-end (G4) natural

41

sectioned timber; mid section square-adzed (G3); south section (G2) partially square-adzed. Rebates at the joints show that the original scheme at least was a continuous one. The original posts are of adzed square section with the base left natural sectioned. Nicks at the base of slabs accommodate these. Wall (G6) of roughly· squared slabs, 6" - 9" wide. They are wired to the top plate through drilled holes. They had also at one stage been nailed with rose head nails. The top plate is an undressed sapling, supported by two posts one of which is fallen. These are squared and adze dressed. Wall (G2-4; & Gl) is clad in the same type of slab as G6 nailed to the top plate with rose head nails. Posts and top plate roughly squared and adze dressed. Four holes are cut through the slabs on either side of the opening (G3) presumably to take rails.

South Elevation (Gl) Wall clad in slabs, same characteristics as Gl & G2-4 of East Elevation. Roofing of galvanized iron, same roofing construction as eastern skillions G2-4.

West Elevation (GI,GS,G6)

Slabs used as cladding on this wall same characteristics as Gl, north wall. Pa tched with 7 sheets of galvanized iron on the enclosed northern end. The half gable of southern skillion (Gl) triangularly . cut weatherboard, re-used weatherboards, hung vertically on the corresponding north extension. Roofing of main section of the building shingles, with galvanized iron overlaid, pit sawn rafters with closely placed shingle 1:::E.ttens. Only remains of the earlier north skillion (G6) is a small timber lath nailed against north-west corner post of main structure 4" long as reflected in same portion at south skillion. Mortice belonging to the plate of the skillion at the base of lath. Above and south of G6 doorway combination of weatherboarding placed vertically and reused galvanized corrugated iron. Iron sheeting post World War II; however, weatherboards may be part of original extension. North of G6 doorway reused iron sheeting nailed onto post and rail type framework of post World War II date. Door (G6) Ledged and braced, bracing of ceiling boards as are battens - tongued and grooved, beaded ledges V jointed tongued and grooved, date 1880s -90s. T-hinges on exterror.

South Skillion (G 1)

The southern extension has a corrugated iron skillion roof which slopes off the bottom of the middle sections gable.

The rafters are pitsawn and are approximately 18.9" apart. The top plates are roughly squared and may be adzed. The slabs are mostly odd sizes and some have rose head nails, while the rest are wired together. The slabs on the southern wall of the extension are bolted at both ends. This wall also has some examples of reused slabs and an old door used to repair it.

The floor is earth with clay packed underneath to level with

42

'" I

i .... I

I.

the 45 degree slope on which the skillion stands.

East Skillions (G2-34)

The eastern extensions are two smaller structures that may have been originally one long room. A centre section has been removed to allow access to the middle section. The roofs of both these rooms are the same as the southern extension and have no shingles underneath the corrugated iron (unlike the middle section). The slabs have some square holes in them· either for feed bins or rails.

Barn (G5)

Roof: Shingle roof with corrugated iron added later. The rafters aJ;'e milled or pit sawn maintaining a constant size of 3.9" x 2.2". The battens are similar and measure 2.5" x 1". The wooden shingles were made by splitting and have an average width of 3.5"x 3.9". The wood is probably sassafras. The wall plates are 6" x 6" and have all been shaped by the adze. They are made from hardwood. There are two tie beams stretching from East to West and are identical to the wall plates. They· are joined to the wall plate with a cbvetail joint secured by an iron peg.. The state of the entire roof is excellent.

Walls:

North Gable: The studs are most likely pit sawn as some are three sided, one side being the rounded edge of the tree.

The gable wall is constructed with balloon style weatherboarding. The wood is split and is of uneven width. Boarding mounted clinker fashion (i.e. each layer overlaps the one below it) and is fastened with rosehead nails. The wall is made of adze-cut wooden slabs grooved to fit flush with the wall plate to which they are nailed. The inside face is concave and there are no other nail holes in the slabs The three great posts are adze cut to square them off and measure 8" x 8". As well as the slabs the inner wall is cased in weatherboard to a height of nearly three feet. The weatherboarding is identical tQ. that on the gable. The nails however, were wire nails with coulitersinking heads. Door in NE corner (6.2 1 x 2.3 1

)

Space between door and wall plate filled with corrugated iron. Door itself is made of three milled planks, all averaging 10" wide. The wood is rough in texture and fastened with rosehead nails.

East Wall

The wall is made of adze cut slabs notched into the wall plate and nailed. Allowing for shrinkage they fit well, are of the same height and have no disused nail holes. P2 is the same as all the great posts (except P3) but it also supports the weight of the tie beam. P3 is the northern post of the east door. It is round, stripped of bark but adzed flat on the southern face. It is slightly taller than the other great posts and the wall plate is

43

b-

notched to accommodate it. The wall has a weatherboard covering identical to that on the north wall. East doorway: 10.8' high. The current gate is 3'3" high, wocden framed covered in corrugated iron. Slots and holes in P4 suggest remains of hinges for a full sized door These features appear in P12 and P13 but not in P3 suggesting P3 (coupled with its extra height) is a later addition.

South Wall

Slabs, gables and weatherboard (Fig. A) identical to north wall. PI: A small square cut post is set into the wall between P7 and P8. It seems to serve no purpa:;e and probably used to fill the small space of 150mm. The wall plates are joined in the corners with a dove tail joint. Wall plates attached to great posts with a housing joint.

West Wall:

Same materials used as in the other walls. P12: Two notches for hinges. One large notch for an unknown purpose. A heavy wooden board set into the ground at the base of the door. Doorway once closed by two well-made half doors (ledge and brace construction) Heavy hand forged gudgeon hinges. Door covered in beaded overlapping weatherboarding attached with rosehead nails.

44

North Skillion(G6)

Roof: No ceiling in the rCXJm; exposing the corrugated iron rCXJfing

internally.

Roof appears to be composed of second hand corrugated iron with eastern 9.8' of the rCXJf in markedly poorer condition than the rest.

Batons are of odd lengths, apparently also reused.

Roof beams are whole saplings of c.2.8" in diameter stripped of their bark and layed North-South. In South-West corner the beams are reinforced by 4 milled timbers of approx. 5.3' at an angle of c.50 degrees to the south wall.

The fifth beam from the West-end of the rCXJm is SUPIX'rted by a IX'st 9.8' from its southern end.

The quality of the workmanship for these repairs is very poor.

Floor: Cement poured in one piece around the existing superstructure.

Walls: Wall-plates of the North, East, and West walls are internal to the rCXJm and consist of a single debarked sapling.

North: Sapling has been squared off and cut to take other beams in a previous use. No wall cladding, thus exposing the external corrugated iron, which appears to have been reused, particularly in the Eastern 10 foot of the wall, where the corrugated iron has become quite flattened before being used.

Four wall posts are approx. 12" x 12" square, being squared tree trunks. They are extremely solid compared to the rest of the .existent superstructure.

East: Re-usa:i Slabs' wired to the tcp-plate, apparently some-time after the cement flCXJr had been IX'ured. Slabs fit redly tog~er leaving gaps of up to 1.2" - 1.8" between them.

Remains of tar-paper and batons on some slabs indicate that wall was once clad with tar-paper.

One slab is now missing from the Southern corner of the wall.

South: Slab construction with a much higher quality of workmanship than the rest of the room. The eastern 10ft. of the wall is of a slightly lighter construction than the rest and appears to have been built slightly later.

There is a doorway to the main area of the barn 11.5' from the Eastern end of the wall. The door is approx. 6.6' x 2.3' with

45

L

barrel hinge and has been sealed up recently. The doorway was cut into the wall after the initial construction (indicated by saw marks in surrounding slabs).

West: Corrugated iron to a height of c.6.9', with the upper southern section of the wall consisting of vertically placed weatherboard which is cut very unevenly. Both the weatherboard and the corrugated iron appear to have been re-used and the workmanship is extremely poor.

Pa:;ts are debarked trunks c.12/1 in diameter and c. 6.9' high.

Door, by its fixtures, would appear to be original and measures 6.2' x 4.3'

46

H. Phases of Develcpnent.

There appear to have been seven phases of this structure.

Phase 1: Area under existing loft plus the area extending N to the inner slab wall. Gables each end. Slab walls on N, W and S.

Phase 2:

An extension to the N. Removal of the N gable from adjacent to the existing loft (see existing mortices in tie beam for door in gable) to its existing position on the N wall of H7. Skillions added on Wand E - whole unit re-roofed (note consistent size and use of de­barked logs).

Phase 3:

An extension to the N. Addition of N skillion (H8). Area used as a stable withrut N slab wall. (Note mortices on inner N slab wall consistent with posts on NW side).

Phase 4:

An extension to W as a lean-to (H6) (skillion roof only).

Phase 5:

Later removal of the W slab wall to height of the lean-to extension of Stage 4. (Note slabs sawn off to a height just under the skillion support beam which is bolted to the remainder of the slabs on this wall.

Phase 6:

Re-use of existing slabs to create the existing W outer slab wall. Addition of the two doors.

Phase 7:

Re-use of slabs to close in the SW skillion. This could well have occurred at the same time as Stage 5 or even Stage 4.

47

h

Phase 1

This may have been built as such in the late 1860s - early 1870s. A small loft was also included. Stables and a room were partitioned off at the northern end.

Phase 2:

The internal slab walls were cut off at the top to create more open space for the keeping of fowls, prol::ably sometime after 1950.

Roof:

Corrugated galvanized iron sheeting. Roof appears to have been rebattened at some time.

Central section: __

Ridging board is plain. Extensively rotted at southern end. Different system of battens to south section, and rafters twice as c lose together.

In southern section four battens per side. In northern section six battens per side.

Central section rafters cross braced by two major and two minor braces.

Rafters meet at ridging board and rest on wall plates.

wft:

Timber floor retained at east and west sides by two and three lengths 0 boards respectively. Floorboards are butted and are rough frame sawn.

North section:

Ridging board (rebated to central section ridging board) is of different timber. Battens and rafters are of similar number and design as those in southern section.

Elevations:

Central section:

Wall plate at southern end has been replaced as the plank boards have been chocked up to allow for difference of circumstance. (Now it is a joist or tie beam). Appears to have a gabled roof.

Wall plate at northern end has evidence (nailholes) of slab walling. Verandah has similar battens (four) to interior of central section. Verandah of central section thus appears

48

...

"

contemporary with rest of central section.

North end gable H8: circular sawn weatherboards.

North section:

Northern wall plate extends to outer edge of eastern verandah and rests on verandah post (i.e. northern sections contemporary with northern verandah extension.) North wall is upright timber slabs -riot bottom wall plate, set in ground. Evidence of four pens along whole length to outer part (to northern skillion). Slaps open inwards (i.e. to south). West wall slabs cut at top by a power saw judging by the mark left in corner post. East and south walls left open. Northern verandah extension has three roof battens.

Salthern section gable:

Circular sawn weatherboards. Has machine sawn studs. Doorway in centre has been infilled with sections of weatherboards. No evidence of loft at all - speculate gable from south end of centrai section?

Southern section:

r Main brand is Rabbit brand of galvanized iron. fairly uniform (washers, screws, etc.)

Walls:

Exterior looks

Both east and west bearers in southern section are continuous, lengths of timber.

West skillion:

Central section has own skillion to west. The central section was built first and later extended northwards and southwards. The whole was re-sheathed when the extensions were added. Evidence for the earlier central section may be seen in the notches of the wall plate. Some of the upright slabs and posts appear to belong to the original construction.

North West Unit:

East wall: Wall plate is supported by a shored post on north end s secured against wall. Rafters sit on wall plate. At south end it is supported by a slab. Roof has "Gospel Oak" Iron. Slabs dividing this unit from the northern skillion appear older than those of the north wall of the north skillion. Most of the nails in the north wall of north skillion are post World War I.

North skillion: See also above.

Appears as though east and west walls are contemporary with construction of northern section. North wall of skillion added after World War I.

49

Scuthern ski1lion:

Nails in south and west walls show about 1890s. Slabs very uniform. Battens in original position.

Trade mark:

Red cross flanking cross in reel edge.

50

,.

..

..

J. Phases of Development:

Phase 1:

The proposed phase 1 ground plan for J comprises the central gabled section J2 with skillions Jl, and a narrower form of J3 to south and north respectively. Stall arrangements are unknown but must have covered part or all of J2.

Phase 2:

The major change in J comprised the widening of J3 by moving its north wall northwards and the addition of the skillion J4-6 to the north for additional stabling. The widening of J3 is associated with the provision of a pair of double doors at either end for cart access. Arrangements for six stables with flagged floors, mangers and rails survive in J4-6i access to mangers was from J3 by means of access chutes covered by small hcpper doors.

On the basis of oral information from Mr. E.H. Pearce the south wall of J3 had five similar chutes and hopper doors giving access to the remaining five stables. The removal of all slabs from this wall has made verification impossible without physical intervention, but this arrangement is the one which best fits the available date.

It may be noted that some features of this northward extension are marked by careful work and well-appointed fittings e.g. the flagging, the mangers the feeding chutes etc. At the same time the skillion roof was of galvanised iron or sapling slab with galvanised iron patching and the north wall (J4,5,6) similarly combines careful work (e.g. the gutter fenders) with nailed iron.

Phase 3:

The robbing of the stone flagging from J4 and J6, the robbing of the slabs of J3 north wall and the log stump floor of J3 mark the period following the disuse of this shed as a stable •

51

J. Descripl:i.al

Roof:

Gable Section

Galvanized corrugated sheeting (no stencil trade marks could be seen due to the shingling). The remains of the former painted scheme of alternating stripes may be seen by the degree of rusting on the sheets.

Gal vanized ridging sheets on ridge of roof. There are four battens per facet of roof. Galvanized roofing screws and lead washers secure sheets to battens (presumably attached to shingles).

Shingles survive under the galvanized corrugated iron sheets. The shingle battens are spaced five inches apart (from the centre of the battens).

Gable ends are of feathered weatherboards which are pit-sawn..

South Skillion (JI)

As for above and appears to be contemporary.

North Skillion (J4,J5,J6)

Gal vanized corrugated iron - trade mark REDCLIFFE. Secured by galvanized screws and lead washers. Rafters are natural sectioned and in unbroken lengths. Wall plate also natural sectioned as are the posts.

Interior:

North Skillion

It appears from the remains that this entire section was of open construction; the area being divided by rails into separate bales. The mid section (J5) preserves some of the original layout and flagging however, galvanized corrugated iron sheets have been nailed onto the sides of this section, creating an enclosed area.

In J6 the north-east corner post is missing, and several slabs have been sawn off at the tcp. An early arrangement appears to have included posts with mortices as for post and rail fencing. These posts held rails forming partitions along feeding troughs -only one such example survives.

J5 has the remains of door - constructed of reused building materials.

Flooring:

52

"..

...

J6 Base of flooring of compacted mud and shale - but appears to have been originally flagged •

J5 Flagged flooring of sandstone - the south end is concreted under the area where non-extant troughs were located.

J4 Floor as in east end. At the south end the concrete strip continues from the f;Lagged area. This area was also originally flagged as seen by the impressions left along the irregular sides of the concrete and the level of rotting indicated on posts and upright slabs.

South Wall J4-6

Split slab construction originally divided into six stalls, each with a feed window, the doors of which are T-hinged at the top and open southwards.

Slabs mostly natural sectioned on the north face and evenly smooth adzed on the south face (internal).

The slabs are nailed to a series of wall plates which are pi t­sawn. Above the slab wall are a series of jack studs resting on the wall plate, coinciding with the present rafters. On the north face of the jack studs are nailed a series of six batttens (in strips) each strip being spaced approximately 70mm apart.

Elevations:

East Elevation:

Old Northern Skillion: outline of earlier skillion visible triangular segment is weatherboard but is circular sawn. Double doors: ledged and braced with beaded tongued and grooved battens. Battens circular and upright sawn. Most members have been renailed over the years. Ledges and braces crudely chamferedr external band and gudgeon hingingr two types of bands used. The northern door is hinged into an upright slabr the southern door is set into the jamb attached to the north-east corner post.

Mid section: (J2, J3) Gable end of feathered weatherboards - pit sawn. Loft door ledged and braced. Remainder of wall re-used corrugated galvanized iron. Pro1::ably site of original entrance;' (2 sets of double doors (?»

South Skillion (JI) reused galvanized corrugated iron. sections secured by galvanized roofing nails of circa 1940s

53

Both date.

South Elevation:

Galvanized corrugated iron on natural sectioned frame consisting of upright posts, with three sets of rebated rails. Wall plate pit­sawn and square sectioned. Joints of wall plate are double rebated and secured together with timber pins. It is thought that the slope and form of the southern skillion (Jl) is original.

Door east side. Ledged and single traced, battens tongued and grooved & beaded, having a small band of gudgeon and opens inwards; frame is pit sawn; carved with mainly Pearce family graffiti.

Void at west end - no evidence of former use. West end a post - 3 rails over which galvanized corrugated iron has been attached; nailing of posts and iron is post World War II. Flooring is of conpa.cted earth.

West Elevation:

West skillion. Double door added on to at tcp to increase height; original height of doorway is as indicated by existing doors,

_mortice in southern post, which was reinforced by a timber pin not indicated on north post. The doors of double doorway are ledged with primitively indicated beading on both sides of the ledges as well as on the exterior batten and battens of one side interior. All timbers pit sawn. Doors hung on band and gudgeon. South door is also braced.

The upper ad~itions are of a post World War II date, areas above doors and directly to the north of the galvanized corrugated iron are also re-used post World War II materials.

Mid Section (J2) Gabled end is of feathered pit-sawn woods; wall of upright split slabs, nailed at the tcp in two diagonal sawn slits, most are set diagonally inwards. Some of the slabs are wired to wall plate.

Interiors

Floor Flooring west end (J3) corresponding with west end of north elevation (J4), is timber floored but in a ruinous .state. Butted floorboards nailed on to joists roughly 2 ft. apart; all but two remaining floorboards are of soft wood. Remainder of the floor is compa.cted earth.

Mid section: flooring of natural sectioned boughs varying in width from 5.5" - 1.81

•

Loft area: no remains of loft floor but appears to have been constructed on the level of the base of the east loft doorway. Only the remains of two beams have been discovered at each end of the room - these were presumably the only supports unless there were also central piers. On the north, south, east and west sides are three sets of weatherboards and immediately below these was situated the original floor.

54

Roofing R~fters spaced 116 11 apart span from ridging board to top wall plate(bird-mouth joint) .Battens spaced 511apart from centre to centre,every second rafter has short collar beam and at both ends of room 2 diagonal braces (spanning six rafters).

North Wall(J2) Timber cobbled area. At present open frame. Originally nine posts spanning from top wall plate to ground level though several are propped on natural sectioned piers. (Posts basically split slabs).

At loft floor level there is a plate attached to the posts by nut and 1:x>lt - between the posts at that level are pit-sawn jack studs which supported the top wall plate and the weatherboarding. The spaces below were infilled with split slabs. Split slab supports: 6 middle supports have lower sections edged or rebated away 1 metre up from the present floor level, similar to the Northern wall. Due to rotting of the bases of the posts, sections have evidently been replaced by natural sectioned stump inserts, as they do not respect mtaway sections above they are of later dates than the posts.

Mid post has three mortices which correspond to similar mortices immediately opposite on the south wall.

East wall: as elsewhere described. The 10ft floor wall plates are circular sawn however the timbers above these (including ledged and braced loft door which is identical to west elevation doors) are all pit sawn. It is more than likely that all cOhStruction materials below this are post-World War II in date.

Interior South wall: This wall in its construction is likely to have been similar to the north wall.

Door. toward east end identical to 10ft door and west elevation dc:x:?r(except that its two braces are sloped down from east to west)

The transom of door toward east end of interior south wall is morticed and tenoned into the posts and secured by timber pins.

Doorway tCMard west end was reduced - originally double doorway as seen by gudgeon marks on the flanking posts. The east post has a slot for a drop rail - the west post has a corresponding mortice. The eastern half of original doorway is blocked by six split slabs, the bases of which are rotten as are the others along west wall. The outline of the wooden cobbles may be seen also. The slabs between the doorways at either em of the interior south wall have been painted with a type of oil up to height of 11611 above the cobbles. These split slabs have inward sloping slits at the top for easy nailing in addition to being chamfered.

West wall: As described elsewhere all timbers above slabs are pit sawn.

55

K Phases of DeveI.cpment

Structure K, called the Cow-Shed, is the most difficult of the Bella Vista outbuildings to analyse without physical intervention.

Phase I appears to have been essentially an open structure with morticed five-bar post and rail surroundo This form of fully­morticed fence construction is the primary one at Bella Vista, and this phase of K appears contemporary with the major lay-out of fences and structures. This early stage of K was roofed since top plates and rafters survive to their original lengths. Some bolts are found in its construction and these together with the massive natural timber posts suggest a construction date conterrp::>rary with the woolshed N and/or the porch alteration of that building.

The four bales on the west side of K3 predate the concrete floor which is of recent date, like the galvanised iron division between KI and K2.

56

.. K: Description

Roof galvanized corrugated iron attached to battens circular sawn, spaced 2'3/1 apart by galvanized screws with lead washers. Battens are nailed with 19th century wire nails and rafters have been adzed to receive battens. Rafters are half jointed by adzing (natural sectioned) and are nailed to natural sectioned wall plates. Wall plates are attached to posts by halving joint and nailed. Rafters extend into Kl-2 in one length.

North: does not appear to have ever been enclosed but at the west end is independent split post with mortices for five rails. At east end is a huge natural sectioned trunk with mortices for five rails and ditto facing northwards. There are four rails in si tu. (Mortices have been completely gouged out).

K3: Open with. an extension approx. 6' northwards but the original corner posts have been replaced.

East (party wall with Kl-2) Two round sectioned wall plates are sited upon each other - the upper wall plate appears to have been placed at a later date above shorter wall plat~ below. The wall plate rests on four large natural sectioned stumps by round headed bolts and some nailing. There is no evidence that this wall was originally ~nclosed. The rafters and posts in this area appear to have been whitewashed at an early stage.

South: Completelyopen. it appears that if there had been a wall here all traces were removed and in fact projecting wall plates appear to confirm this.

K3. South elevation enclosed at an early stage by split slabs,the door is of recent origin.

Internal Dividing Wall Between

North end - slabs of post 1940 nailing, south end ditto but nailed on west side of wall plate. The area previously was divided by two sets of posts and four rails. Floor of both areas concreted.

Interior, K3: Evidence of four bales along western wall, of these only bales at northern end relatively complete, (ie. with feed box and slump, upper of which is split natural section timber morticed at both ends with long vertical mortice in middle, supporting in­situ upper sections of supp::>rt posts and lateral members).

Sruth wall: as mentioned above except stuccoed brick (approx. 2 ft. high) built against split slabs.

Floor: concrete. (blue metal) extends out past cement eastern section of east wall. Three main eastern posts contain mortices which would have supported rails as is evidenced by single mortices at a height of little over 3 ft. above present floor lever on their western side. However these might be of recent date as they were formed by drilling and two display nailing dating from about World

57

War I - 1930s. These divide the bales. N.B. Roofing - reused galvanized corrugated iron of unknown make.

Kl-2: Appears to have been constructed over an area formerly enclosed by a system of posts and four rails which can be traced around the perimeter on the north, east and south sides. The posts were used to support wall plates, rafters and a mid bearer -north/south orientation. Many rails still in situ. Rafters overlaps from units 3 and battens are nailed to the rafters to which is nailed re-used galvanized corrugated iron; one IIRedcliffell

brand note.

North Internal Elevation: galvanized corrugated iron wall is of very recent nailing - post 1940s. One sheet is IIRed Lysaght Orb Australia 196611 26 gauge. Other sheets come from a red painted roof.

South Elevation very crudely covered with re-used galvanized corrugated iron, east end of these only nailed to lower half of wall.

Floor: largely concreted over bricks of early to recent times.

L: Phases of DevelCpU2ilt

The earlier form of the bales can be seen to have been a larger structure extending south, with a skillion roof continuing the line of the existing roof.Addi tional rows of holes in the concrete' both single and double show the former presence of fittings now gone. The date of the surviving structure is masked by a cons'iderable amount of re-nailing, patching, extension and contraction; the use of bolts and squared timber suggests a date early in the 20th century.

58

-

L: Descr:ipt.ial

Roof:

Galvanized corrugated iron, re-used, (no traqemarks apparent) on squared battens approximately 74 x 25mm spaced on average 2'3" centre to centre. These rest on natural sectioned timbers about 3'6" centre to centre. Rafters rest on squared wall plate 4" x 2" and circular sawn. Wall plate in several sections which simply abut (i.e. no jointing). Along the north elevation wall plate is supported by split timber posts, Four to each wall plate section. Wall plate is connected by halved joint at the top of the posts. Spli t slabs connected at the mid of the posts and the mid posts of the bales are connected by halved jointing of the posts. A rail orginally extended full length of elevation and access to area was via the east and west doors. N.B. Two of the joints of the wall plate are butted but have reinforcing timbers bolting the two together. One joint occurs at the halving of a post.

Nailing:

Sheathing secured by patent roofing nails of a post 1930s date (heads separately attached and galvanized). N.B. When roofing sheets were re-used they simply reversed the overlapping sheets. The unrusted lines of former overlaps are clearly visible. Battens are nailed onto rafters. Rafters merely rest on wall plate (central one is nailed with World War I type). Posts are secured to wall plate by round headed bolts with square nuts and iron washers. Some 1940s and later nailing has been observed. Rails attached to posts and cow bales are secured by nuts and bolts as illustrated.

Bolting for static parts of cow bales is of round headed type except at base of moving lever; however top parts of lever are bolted with the flat top type. it appears that flat top type is later than the round headed type.

Bales:

Posts forming north side of bales (L2) are natural section, apart from a few slabs (as at east end). All other timbers used are largely combinations of re-used pit-sawn and machine sawn timbers. The feeding trays show extensive re-nailing over the years.

Elevations

West Elevation: Top plate of recent origin as are nailings of the split slabs. Door - east weatherboard - ledges bevelled on all sides ·(chamfered), brace is of squared timber. Battens, all but one is upright frame sawn, tongued and grooved and beaded; nailing - l890s but door has been rehung on T hinges 1940s or later.

59

West door: ledged door (i.e. battened without braces). Original ledges were roughly bevelled. Battens tongued and grooved, beaded on both sides: l870s nailing. Hung on rend and gudgeon but rehung. Secured by tOVler bolt (1890s).

East Elevation: Appears that this end was extended by approx. 3' outwards from the 1940s or after. Flooring - roughly sloped concrete (blue metal) extended later by 1'6" eastwards.

Former Covered Area South Of The Shed (L3):

Rafters at south end are halved to received similar as a continuation of roof. Remains of two sets of squared pJsts running in east-west direction. The pJst holes follOVl outline of the 1940s extension; the inner side line of the post holes is actually arranged in sets of two to post outlines. The eastmost of the sets measures about 3" x 1.2", w.est ones 3" x 1.8";· distance apart -first four sets 3'3" apart - from thence 5'5"-5'6". The outer set consists of squared timbers 5.5" x 3", 5'3" apart; after 4th of the cbuble sets there are 2 singles to every double. Double sets 5.5" from outer edge to outer edge. Double sets may be in fact posts for post and rail system - the mortice faced north-south direction and in the outer posts mortices start roughly 60mm above concrete level and face north-south directio~

Flooring: concrete (blue metal). Three phases of concrete can be distinguished in sequence from interior outwards.

West Elevation (L2&3): Remains of posts and a IJarn doorway sheathed in galvanized corrugated iron. Most nailing appears to date in the 1940s onwards, door hung on band and gudgeon hinge. On south-west corner post on south elevation is also hung four bar gate. (poor condition) •

IJ. Open space. North and south wall plates of K extend over this area - does not appear to have been rooted. Flooring of concrete (blue metal and small river pebbles), shallow trough at east end sloping from south to north.

60

, ~

M: Phases of Develcpnent

This structure appears to have been built as a single operation, and to have undergone no significant change.

M: Descripti.al

Ml (West end)

Roof - galvanized corrugated iron probably of type used elsewhere in structure. Eaves gutters at north and south ends. Roofing construction - rafters project beyond wall plates (bird mouth joints) Tied at top by ridge board and probably has collar ties judging· by 3 faceted ceiling. Eaves covered in fibre only at west gable. Plain barge boards at east end. Gable ends - fibro with galvanized iron louvres in Woc:xlen frame (serves both attic area and roan) •

Elevations_

North of fibro sheets on light stud frame. Two galvanized sheet iron louvred vents at upper part of wall and at the base. Joints ·are covered by bull nosed joint fillets (fibro) galvanised iron ventilation at base of fibro east end. Entire stud frame rests on a brick plinth of dry pressed bricks (4 courses common bond about 400mm height). Mortar of Ibrtland cement weather pointing. Door: ledged and braced with a style.place at the lock end. Battens are tongued and grooved with underside of battens grooved~ other timbers ditto. Hung on T hinges~ secured by Tower bolt. OUtside architrave pagola style.

East as for north except the joint fillets are of squared timber. The following found on an exposed sheet of fibro: "Wunderlichs rAlrabestos 381106". Attached to this wall are a number of electri­ca.l fixtures attached to bolted squared timber 3.5" x 3.5" (cables fairly heavy duty).

Screen door: four panels, upper two panels of wire fly netting~ on patent spring hinges, lower section of door replaced.

South: as for north elevation except jointing covered in timber fillets - appear to have replaced fibro ones including corner folded section. Fuse box attached and wall has four vents as des­cribed supra.

Continuous to the south is concrete slab 5.5 1 x 3-3/41 as base for ? generator~ no evidence for telegraph poles.

West: fibre as elsewhere.

Window: 2 panel casement opening inward covered in metal screen. Joints formerly covered in fibro fillets including remaining angle or corner piece.

61

Interior: ceiling faceted; of fibro sheets and timber joint fillets. Inside gable ends - ditto. (Area between top wall plate and outline of ceiling). Internal construction: all timbers squared and mainly circular sawn. Stud frame with bracing and some nogging pieces and trimmers at doors and windows. Bottom plate attached to brick plinth by series of embedded bolts which are bolted. Pressed galvanized sheet vents.

Roof - galvanized corrugated iron ''Lysaghts Orb brand Australia", in the Maltese Cross the numbers 3 and 9 are to be found (26 gauge). (1939 date)

Rafters: ridge beam and battens are all circular sawn and would have been new timbers when structure erected. Ridge beam 5.7" x 1.6"; rafters 3.1" x 2"; battens 2.8" x 1.6".

M2

North wall - open; Floor - concrete; Ceiling - open.

East wall - base of wall 3ft. high of modern dry pressed brick -Portland cement bonding upon which there is frame respeqting areas 3-5 covered in galvanized corrugated iron. Attached to wall is trough-like sink of heavy gauge galvanized sheet iron with ends ri vetted and soldered - serviced by tap. In south-east corner a copper of dry pressed brick construction, i.e. same as wall and Portland cement, copper is missing but the outline of the edge may be seen in cement at top of block. Flue measures I' x I' i.e. one stretcher and one wider on edge. One tap service this area.

South wall - lower part of wall as for east wall. Such construction similar to areas 3-5. Jambs of full length studs set into cement about 2.8" high tied tCXJether by round sectioned bolts. Studs are housed into bottom wall plate and butted onto top wall plate, stabilised by a nail in centre. Trimmer above doorway housed into jambs. Door ledged and braced, ledges and braces are distinctly bevelled. Battens are tongued and grooved and double V jointed.

Elevations

Units 3-5 Milking Stalls North Roof cantilevers beyond the wall plate. Eaves gutter is "Lysaghts Queens Head Australia" brand with the number 40 below head; 26 gauge

East Corner wall of dry pressed brick as described elsewhere, on the outside appears to have been repointed. Inside is stuccoed rendered with Portland cement approx •• 3"-.4" thick. Frame - COnler posts 3.9" x 3.9". Bottom plate 3.7" x 1.7". Top plate 3.9" x 3.9" (housed into corner posts). Studs 3.6" x 1. 7" (housed into bot tom plate, butted onto top plate. At mid section a rail .3" x 1.5", is morticed onto COnler posts and runs thrc.ugh studs in centre.

62

North wall plate is halved into corner posts with dividing unit posts secured by nut and bolt.

West: as for East except studs are spaced differently; modified to hold machinery in unit 2. South Studs to each side of the doors are pinned onto cement plinths as described in room 2. Studs between units are 3.911 x 3.911 and all others are 3.911 x 2.5 11

• Lower areas between above are of stuccoed brick terminated by nogging pieces. Wall plate is butted onto studs. Lower 3ft of exposed brick, remainder of wall galvanized corrugated iron.

Doors - as for south door of Unit 2 except not as high. Trimmers housed above doors.

Stalls are divided by three rails, top rail 3.911 x 3.911 (21.7" below cable) is housed and supports framing for milking apparatus. Lower two rails about 3.911 x 1.7" (3.3' X 2' above floor) South end has a top strut and is boarded. Each stall divided into two parts with a cantilevered framework used both as divider and milking apparatus framework. A ground was nailed to framework along the length of the stalls to which was attached the machinery for miJJdng. Doors open by slide rails. Ceiling is opem floor is of concrete which appears to have been raised at some later date. Lighting for units 1 and 2 by incandescent lamps and for 3 to 5 fluorescent neon.

63

N: Phases of DeveL!Oilsd

Phase 1

The original plan comprises a structure 48' wide by 58' long comprising a central gabled section (20' wide by 30' long) with a 14' skillion all round. Into this skillion were pierced four pairs of double doors symmetrically placed in the centres of each side.

Phase 2

The elevation of the western entrance by an additional 2'6" and its widening from 10' to 12' was achieved by the addition of a subsidiary gable forming a porch. Whether this was a practical innovation to allow access to higher and wider vehicles, or was rather a response designed to add a touch of style to the first outbuilding visitors would see if they used the approach from Meurant's Lane is not clear.

Phase 3

Re-use as stable with poorly-constructed loose box partitions .• Names of individual horses survive on some of these.

64

..

N: Descr:i.ptial

Gable roof: gables infilled with weatherbcards on stud frame. Only studs are squared timbers All other timbers are of natural section. Sheathing of corrugted iron mainly I Redcliffe I brand. Distance crest to crest 3.25".

constructional timbers: Ridging beam square cut plank. Four battens per side (also square cut), those examined appear hand sawn 2.2" x .8" (also some machine cut 2.2" x .8").

Evidence of renailing on battens.

Broad battens in south-west corner are pit or hand sawn (5.7" x .8") and appear original as in some cases the rafters have been cut into to admit the flush mounting of the batten. (i.e. rebated)

A wide ridge batten also survives in the south-west corner - all others being narrow.Rafters are spaced at 3ft. centre to centre. All exterior ridgings are capped.

Skillions: have three battens excluding ones at each end. Some battens are tied to rafters throughout building with galvanized wire. Battens are about 3 16" apart (centre to centre). Former rafter now lying on ground in north-east corner shows evidence of wider battens.

Floor: compacted clay with covering of shale. (Shale evidencing water storage tanks below bricks at upper level). North-west skillion corner. Bay 1. Brick-paved, cement coated, bricks run in north-south configuration, frog down. First half 20th century, extruded type. Bay 2. Di tto except brick are in east-west configuration.

Sheep dip: Appears to be drainage for paved area of stables. Bricks are of the same type and local sand was used. Top course of bricks higher than level of brick paved floor. South course is built butted against the upright slab.

Internal Construction

Roof is held up by eight natural section hardwood posts for the gabled section. For the skillions there are four outer corner posts and two posts either side of each doorway (Le.­supporting skillion roofs) and one between doorway and corner of each section.

Walls

Section 1: Split upright slabs with sides adzed for close fit. Tops adzed for easier nailing to wall plate. Some uprights reinforced.

Sections 2-16: Ditto. slabs tied to wall plate with galvanized iron wire.

65

-------~--~----------- -----~~---~------------

. Section 4: North-east corner post has one remnant of a hinge which may relate to Section 4. However does not relate to anything belonging to present structure. Mortice and groove also in this post.

Section 5: Wall plate white ant eaten and almost completely des­troyed.

Section 13: Two extra posts spaced at equal distance apart from corner post and post between sections 13 and 14. Corresponding notches in three posts with two bolt or spike holes. Also a T hinge is on the bottom of a slab next to one of the posts. Not clear what purpose this arrangement might have served. Notches are approx. 10" apart. Bolt holes are about .g" in diameter. .

Doors

North Lintel extension of wall plate. Posts roughly squared.

Originally band and gudgeon hung double door. Posts attached to lintel by nut and bolt. U shaped cross ba.r holder of wrought ircn on outside of western post. Two half doors on T hinges.

Height of doorway 81; width 1011/2".

East Lintel extension of wall plate. One split half round

(natural) section on north side whereas south side roughly squared on 3 sides. North post has drop slot for drop bar. South post has mortice. South post also has a U shaped cross bar holder. Bottom hinges band and gudgeon. Top hinges band and gudgeon but more substantial than lower ones. Doors of machine cut battens in tongue and groove, ledge and brace construction. Several timbers replaced. Height of doorway 713": width 917" (north post warping).

South - see south entrance.

West Lintel extension of wall plate, originally band and gudgeon

doors. Posts bolted to wall plate. Present doors T hinged on square sectioned superimposed posts. Doors exterior sheathed in flat sheet thick gauge iron secured by cupped roofing nails. North post and south posts roughly squared on two sides only.

Doors ledged and braced, several ledges. Battens tongue and groove, beaded and machine cut. Doors not original. North post has internal drop slot for drop ba.r. Mortice on south superimposed post but not on original post. Evidence of U shaped cross bar holder on exterior of south post. Height of doorway 8 15"; width glg".

South Entrance Roof is low pitched gabled: sheathing of roof, sides and gable

end of reused galvanized corrugated iron. One "Gospel oak" brand -

66

•

most of the others "Redcliffe" brand. Ridge beam of tongued and grooved boarding; rafters machine cut; battens of miscellaneous timbers (square cut) of all sizes. South entrance roof penetrates south gable. Roof is supported by four natural section posts, which were set at wider opening than north end. Height on outside of west post 10'11". Width of doorway 12'1".

Bolts used as south end of top joints of posts. At north end joints secured by galvanized wire. Doors - ledged and braced, tongued and grooved, machine cut, hung on band and gudgeon.

Doors have been extended by three battens (to fill extra width of doorway). .

67

Detection of past functions of the Bella Vista outbuildings raises problems. In summary a general indication of a range of past uses rather than specific detail or certainty is the best that can be achieved without additional archaeological work. It may also be the case that increased certainty is not possible.

Evidence for past use can come from several kinds of source material. The original form and design of the work buildings can lead to valid inference concerning their original use. Fixtures, fittings and other features such as special flooring, linings, pegs, taCks, raised doors etc. may yield clues both to original and changed uses. A third category of evidence - the recovery of non­visible artefacts and structural features by means of excavation has not been investigated at this stage. A fourth category is that of historic photographs and a fifth oral information from those who rerrenbered.

For Bella Vista several photographs approved in the Parramattta & District illustrated of 1899 (cf. also Cumberland Mercury 14.9.87) when Bella Vista was in its heyday, including one of the PaCking Shed (N) with drays and boxes of oranges in front of its main doors. This photograph is important in showing the form of the front elevation before the porch was added and also in identifying the shed's convincing association with fruit packing at this time. Toby Pearce's photograph on the wood wagon (c.1920s) goes some way to substantiating the importance of grazing up to the c.1930.

More extensive information on the past functions of the outbuildings comes from Ms. J. Pearce's conversations with Mr. E.H. Pearce, grandson of Edward Henry, who lived at Bella Vista from his birth until its sale in 1950 (cf. Fig.18). This information must relate largely to the period of Mr. E.H. Pearce's personal recollection of Bella Vista i.e. c.1920-l950, together with some details such as the still in the Coach hcuse obviously dating from the time of his father and grandfather, and passed down as family history. While some of this information can be dated without difficulty, some can not.

Interestingly the physical evidence of past function from each outbuilding is also rarely conclusive as regards date. The last use is normally the most visible, and where internal form or fittings survive from earlier functions the sequence of those functions is not necessarily apparent. Thus the list of past functions detectable from physical evidence of form, fixtures or contents is also undifferentiated unless a sequence can be denonstrated.

68

PI

Mr. E.H. Pearce

C The Shop A Warehouse for smaller

articles used on farm e.g. nails, bolts, small tOQls etc. Also a poison cupboard for cyanide and arsenic (used on fruit trees).

D BlaCksmith's Shqp Completely equipped for

making horse shoes and repairing farm machinery wi th a large fire, bellows anvil, hand drills and all necessary tools.

F Coach House Central area (F ) could hold

6 or 7 buggies, fully lined. Saddle room opened off it. North side (F ) was a long low shed for tools - hoes, shovels, picks,_ axes, grindstcnes.

Paint room next to original room to keep all the ingredients form manufacture of paints - re lead, white lead, linseed oil.

Large area with high roof in part and two small store rooms contained a large iron copper and a copper pot connected to distillation apparatus. Disnantled c.1900.

G The Barn . The south end was used for

storage of ploughs (Gl). Addition to north (G6) was larger and contained horse works - large geared wheel during a smaller wheel. 10 ft. pole attached to larger wheel and horse harnessed to it. Shaft drive to chaff cutter corn cracker and wheat grinder all in barn. (GS) Interior of barn lined.

69

Physical traces

Varied range of contents. Much rubbish. Fibro additions for chickens. (C2 & C3) Early use of C4 & CS as an aviary (?) prior to use for chickens.

Netting for chickens. Nothing else visible.

Some of lining still in place form of space and high double doors supp:>rt use as coachroom. Nails to hang harness in place.

F6/7 has shelving and bench tops, and many tins and bottles associated with paint were found there.

F3 has curious paved feature, and mark on wall (back of chimney flue) suggesting heavy apparatus and a heat process.

No evidence.

Size supports a 20ft. din.

Hard floor in part of barn.

lDN'er part of walls lined.

H Implements Shed Housed reaper, waggons and

other large farm machinery. Open front. At North end (H8/9) two stables and a storage room. Recent use for chickens.

J Stable & Feed Shed Fonner loft.

Seven stables on north side.

Five stables and a stallion stable on south side. All stables had managers with hopper feed doors. Floor of stable up­turned logs.

K,L CON Bail, Stable & cart Shed . East end had cow bail and

opened on to stockyards.

Small stable attached to this.

West end had a long shed used as a cart shed. This shed was made of bush timber with galvanized roof.

In 192Os' K converted to dairy.

M New IAriry Built by Mrs. Nellie Pearce

in late 1930s.

N Packing Shed Originally used for packing

fruit up to 1930. Built 189Os.

Also a shearing shed. West end had a two-hand shearing plant with engine, catching pen, wool press etc.

Whole of shed used to hold sheep overnight. Sheep dip outside west side with holding yards & rail.

Clearly open front originally.

Feeding hatches and rail holes support this wire, partitions gates.

Manger, rail holes, hopeer feed doors.

Upturned logs survive in J and some rail slots. This evidence su~ests that the north wall of J nCllfl removed) must have bad hopper doors with mangers on its south side. Since there are not hopper doors in the south wall of J. No sign (?) of chain rings on posts.

Evidence of some former fixture on west wall.

Main evidence of reuse as loose boxes.

70

The potential of archaeological excavation to reveal past building functions has yet to be tested on a large scale, but there is little dJubt that the more detailed investigation of drainage, flooring and surfaces, and under-floc r rubbish should yield information of earlier uses non-retrievable in other sources

For example, investigation below the concrete floor in G6 should reveal whether the turning circle of the reported horse­works survives, and its nature and location might indicate the posi tion in G of the machinery it worked. No mention is made in Mr. E.H. Pearce's account of the attractive little structure C, presumed to have been an aviary and presumed to have been of c.1900 slab construction. The blacksmith's shop might well repay archaeological investigation, as would the pigstyes to check whether any part of them shows expansion in the 1930s.

The last mode of enquiry proposed here for investigating function is that of layout and design. The barn and implement shed can be seen to reflect their basic uses, partly English.

Other useful information given by Mr. EoH. Pearce relevant to the question of past function is that no structures other than the New Dairy (late 1930s) and the fibro additions of 1950-79 were built after the death of Edward Henry Pearce in 1912. HCMever two major periods of functional change are clear from his account i.eo first the later 1920s to 1930 when the farm changed from fruit and sheep to dairy produce and pigs partly as a result of competition from the M.I.A.: and secondly 1950 when the new lessee Charlie Jones specialised in chickens and some dairying.

Both these periods produced a number of visible changes in the structures and curtilage of Bella Vista. The changes of c.1924 - c.1930 presumably either produced or expanded the piggery area, and produced the old dairy (in Lh those of 1950 onwards saw the fibro additions to 'the Old House (B ) and the Shop (C2/3), extensive changes to K & L, and conversion of C5, D & H to fowl houses tcgether with increasing disrepair of all other structures.

In contrast to the diminishing functions and increasing disuse of outbuildings other than for storage etc. after 1930 is the steady expansion of most of the buildings to handle increasing diversity and scale of farming operations prior to World War r. The evidence that this expansion was contained within the period c. 1860 to c.19l4 is to be found in the building materials and teclmology used. Nails, bricks and timber dressing techniques are the lOOSt informative items. Historically it is evidence that the energy and expansion visible in the buildings of this period coincide almost exactly with the energy and activity of Edward Henry Pearce's occupancy at Bella Vista, of 1864 to his death in 1912. Edward Henry must have been a hard act to folloW7 his son Toby died quite young, aged 55 in 1933, to be succeeded by his children including E.H. Pearce, who was al:::lQut 20 at the time of his father's death.

71

The successive phases of construction are dealt with elsewhere in this Report.

Their most relevant implication with regard to changing functions of structures probably concerns the activities proposed for new buildings. Where for example was fruit packed before the Packing Shed was built in the l890s? Where were buggies kept before the Coach house was enlarged? and where was the dairy before 1923? and how was water supplied before the completion of the six water tanks, each sited adjacent to a structure at the line of its greatest expansion, and built in turn of the century technology~ Such questions, carefully thought through, could form part of an archaeological research design.

Some points concerning function are of -p.-J.rticular interest. There is an interesting development among the earlier structures from those intended for more specialized use such as the earliest part of the Barn (GS) to increasingly mUlti-purpose structures such as the last stages of H and notably N ini-ts whole design.The triple form of the Stable and Feed shed (J) is echoed in several other structures on the site including the small aviary in C and appears to be already well-established in Australian rural vernacular arch­itecture • It may also be noted that the overall layout of the farm buildings on three sides of a square forming an enclosed stock-yard is one of many traditional British variants noted by Brunskill in his work on British vernacular buildings 0

72

VI 'ltiE ARCHAEX>IOOICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BELIA VISl'A

The cultural significance of Bella Vista as a totality lies in three major dimensions, each of which reinforces the others.

(1) It is an outstandingly complete example of a 19th century farming complex and residence preserving physical evidence of a wide range of farming and orcharding activities once widespread around Sydney and now virtually disappeared.

(2) Its outbuildings comprise a rare collection of later 19th century vernacular structures, bringing together a remarkable range of building techniques, materials and designs.

(3) Its striking location and setting including the magnificent pine avenue to the south and the fig trees shading the outbuildings and curtilage, together with the mellow colours, textures and lines of the slab and iron structure make it of historic landscape significance in its own right. To these may be added two further dimensions, concerned with archaeological significance.

(4) The Bella Vista complex presents a--particularly rich and varied visual record of historical development, in a context of considerable relevance to New South Wales.

(5) It also represents an archaeological research resource for present or future in that changes, developments failures and experiments which did not survive visibly above ground are likely to have left sub-surface traces. Research projects concerned with a more holistic approach to Australian farming, settlement or other behavioural areas ~ well as those more particularly concerned with Bella Vista need to investigate both visible and sub-surface remains of human activity. Bella Vista represents such a resource, although alterations and disturbances since 1979 have impaired its integrity.

As regards the cultural significance of individual structures and features these can be grouped in the following classes.

1 Of outstanding individual significance:

G

2 Of major significance as part of the visible whole:

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,M,N,Q

3 Of little significance as part of the visible whole:

p

- 4 Of archaeological significance for sub-surface infonnation.

S,T,U

73

I "

1. For further Archaeological Work

The recommendation of this Report is that a two-fold archae­ological programme be undertaken as soon as possible at Bella vista along the following lines.

Stage 1:.

Specific investigation of certain problems either by disturbance of the existing fabric (eg. removal of galvanised, iron sheets to look for older nailing systems, if any) or by surface stripping and excavation of particular features (e.g. around doorways of J, up to wall line of N, identifying sheep dip outside N) to solve known problems of chronological development function, material or design.

Specific pro bIens to be investigated would include:

A-B The nature of the early verandah to the north and east of A & B, and its relationship to the three cisterns.

C

D

The nature of the three cisterns adjacent to the residence.

The footings ,and surrounds of C (if necessary)

Investigation and excavation of floor area for blacksmith renains.

F F3 in the Coach House (distillery) below floor level together with S. facade and surrounds (for date and nature of earliest structure and also area of first house) •

G Investigation under floors and especially under recent concrete in N skillion desirable for evidence of function.

H Clear to floor level in successive areas to confirm ,nature of floors. Check construction methcrls of slab wall plates.

J Excavation around entrances valuable for changes in function. Physical investigation of earlier nailing patterns (before replaced by galvanised iron) of east wall of J.Investigations of floors and wall plates (N facade, N wall of J)

K,L See other programne.

N External stripping to locate sheep djp, any other evidence of function (eg. E corner). 'N'ature of wall plates.

0, P See other prograimre.

Q, R See other programme.

S Option: Investigate brick site.

74

Stage ~

Systematic surface stripping of selected areas adjoining and between visible structures and features to test the validity of using the extant visible features of the site as a fair and accu­rate record of how such a farm operated and what it looked like in its heyday.

Such surface stripping would be carried out in line with a prEpared sampling programme and research design, and would oonsider aspects of artefact frequency, function and distribution, and accurate intra-site spatial distributions of features as well as identifying evidence of past structural activity no longer readily visible.

Surface stripping strategies would include the following options:

o Sampling the front and back of all structures to identify tendencies in artefact distribution •

. 0 Sampling inter-structure spaces to detect changes' in artefact 'frequency (& major changes in situ layout).

o Sampling extant structural alignments (if also ••• ) to detect minor deviations and chronological changes in extant building design and alignment.

75

VIII LIST OF Ml\PS AND PlANS

.. Fig.l Identification Plan

Fig. 2 Site Plan (D.Bairsta.v)

Fig.3 Structures A & B: Ground 'Floor (P.W.D. Plan) ,

Fig.4 Structures A & B: First Floor (P.W.D. Plan)

Fig. 5 Structure C: Measured Plan (P.W.D. )

Fig. 6 Structure F: Diagramratic Plan

Fig. 7 Structure G: Diagrammatic Plan

Fig. 8 Structure H: Diagramratic Plan

Fig. 9 Structure J: Diagrammatic Plan

Fig. IQ Structure K: Measured Plan (D. Bairsta.v)

Fig.ll Structure K: Diagrammatic Plan

Fig.12 Structure L: Measured Plan (D. Bairsta.v)

Fig.13 Structure L: Diagrammatic Plan ....

Fig.14/15 Structure M: Measured Plan (D. Bairsta.v)

Fig.16 Structure N: Diagrammatic Plan

Fig.17 Orchards: Conposite Plan

Fig.18 Function of outbuildings (J.Pearce)

Fig.19A/B Gates as Scheduled for Repair (P.W.D.)

...

76

".

IX LIST OF PID100RAPHIC CAPl'I(H)

Roll 1

8. F5 Lower part of chimney 9. F6-7 wft door and window 10. F5 Upper part of chimney

Roll 2 ---1. F5 2. Fl 3. Fl 4. Fl 5. F6 6. FlO 7. FlO 13. E 14. S 15. S

Roll 3 ---1. D 2. D 3. D 4~ D 5. D 6. D 11. Ml 12. M 13. MS 14-16 M

Roll 4

South wall West end, detail Detail Rafters Dcor Ibuble doors IbubJ,.e doors, detail South elevation From north east Detail

East elevation West elevation South elevation West detail West wall, interior North wall, interior West elevation North elevation East elevation Rails, North East

Top plate & joint "Rabbit" brand gal.iron

"Milk tastes better"

Fowl rest Roosting boxes

1. M2 South wall, detail Lysaght Australia brand, west end

2. Ml North door, from north 3. Ml North wall, detail Fibro cover strip 4. Ml North wall, detail Gal. iron ventilator 5. Ml W. elevation, detail Gable south end, now fallen 6. Ml E. elevation, detail Join fillet 7. Ml E. elevation, detail Timber cover strip 8. Ml E. elevation, detail Screen door 9. Ml South elevation 10. Ml W. elevation, detail Screen window 11. M2 From north west

Roll 6

6. 9. 10. 11.

G6 G6 G6 G6

Rafters, from east Rafters, detail Rafters, detail Concrete floor, detail

77

N.E. rafter and jack rafters North top plate, east housing Imprint of split slabs,north

I *

"

;.,

Roll 7

1. G East Elevation 2. G2 Wall, detail 'Eagle' Brand in blue 3. G2-4 Roof detail Birdmouth joints at east end

Primary use). 4. G2-4 Wall detail Natural-section, base of square­

adzed post~slabs shaped to accormodate it

5. G6 Wall· detail Slabs drilled and wired; secondary use

6. G2-4 Wall detail,Gl Slabs attqched to top plate with rose-head nails

7. G3 Wall detail Pairs of rail holes. 8. G2 North elevation 9. G4 South elevation 10. G South elevation 11 G West elevation 12. G6 S.E.comer post,detail Timber lath rema~n~ng from

earlier skillion 13. G6 IXx:>r,W. wall (interior) 14. G6 IXx:>r, W. wall (exterior) 15. G6 West elevation

Roll 8 ---1- G5 Roof, detailShingles and battens 3. G5 Roof detail Top plate, attachment at N

gable end 4 G5 5 G5 6 G5

7-8 G5

N:Jrth walls & gable South wall & gable East wall, detail

E.wall, doorway

East & South top plates~ post joint

9 G5 E.wall, doorway,detail Slot & hole in jamb

Roll 9 --1-3 G5 Floor, detail Bricks & wood floor 4 G5 Floor, looking south 5 G5 West wall, detail 6 G5 West wall, detail 7 Gl West elevation 8 G6 Roof N:Jrth East corner 9 G6 North wall 10 G6 South wall 11 G6 South wall, detail Door

Roll 10

1 J 2 J 3-4 J 5 J

South elevation East elevation North elevation West elevation, N.end

78

5 6 7

J J J2

West elevation, north end West elevation, south end Roof construction

8 J3 Roof construction 9 J3 Roof detail Redcliffe trademark 10 J6 11 J6 12 J5 13 J4 14 J4 15-6 J4

Roll 11 ---I J5 2 J5

South wall West wall 'NOrth elevation East wall South wall West wall

South wall Sandstone flagging

3 J4 5 J4

Floor, from North West Robbed stone & concrete strip· Floor,detail from West Junction with J5

6 J3 Ibuble doors, east 7 Jl South elevation,detailIbuble rebated timber-pinned

8 Jl 9 Jl 10 J3 11 J3 12 J3

Roll 12

Ibor,East side,detail Door, South elevation Ibuble doors, west Ibuble doors, detail West elevation, detail

joints of wall plate. Graffiti

Pinned mortice in south post Saw-cuts at top of slabs.

1. J2 2. J2

Floor, west and centre CUt 10g'5 Loft door, east wall

3. J2 4-5. J2 6. J2

Roll 13

Loft, west wall North wall, detail Door, south wall

1. J2 South wall, detail

Roll 14

1-2 Kl-3 South wall

Slabs removed Log floor

Chamfered tcp of slabs

3 L2 Post,East end of S. wall 4 L3 Slots 5 L2 from S.W. (incl. gate) 6 L1 from South & K3 7 K3 From South 8 Bales,South side 9 Detail 10 L2/3 West wall 11 Door In West walr 12 L3 IQoking west 13 L2/3 From East

79

'or

Roll 15 ---I

/It

1 K2 South Side 2 K2 East (interior) 3 K2 Bin, N.end of E. wall 4 K2 IX:>or West end West wall 5 K2 South wall (interior) 6 K, West wall 7 K, East wall 8 Kl South wall (from S.W.) 9 Kl North wall (internal) 10 K Roof, Detail Redcliffe 11-2 K Roof, Detail Lysaghts 26 gauge

Roll 16 ---1- K 2,3,4 North Elevation 2. K 1,3,4 South EleVation 3. N. North Elevation 4. N East Elevation 5. N South Elevation

't< 6. N West Elevation 7. N Roof 8. N Roof 9. N N.W.comer,detail Cement rendered brick paving

, ... .10. N W.Elevation,N.end Bricks abutting slabs, 11. N N view looking N. 12. N E.-W. view looking E 13 N Interior looking south 14 N Interior looking west

Roll 17 ---1- N S. Elevation, detail Door post, slot 2. N S. wall, E. door post Top plate detail 3. N South porch, detail Roof construction 4. N West doUble doors 5. N N. Elevation, W. end Sheep dip area 6. P From East 7. P From West 8. H North Elevation 9. H Wall Detail Red Cross Brand galvanised

iron 10. H S. & E. Elevations 11. H Roof(S.section) detail Rabbit Brq.nd galvanised iron 12. H Roof(N.section) detail Gospel oak Brand galvanised

iron f 1<' 13. H Roof (central detail Cement rendered brick paving

Best tinned galvanised iron

80

I "

, '"

Roll IB

l. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. B. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

CV2 CV2 CV2 C9

C9 C7 CB C9 C3 C6,C4 C4 C4 C4 C3

Roll 18A.

1-2 HS-7 3. HS-7 4. H2 5. H2 6. H7 7. H2 B. H7

9. H7 10 HI 11-12 H

Roll 19

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. 9. 10. ll. 12.

C7 C7 C7 CV2 C9 CB C9 C9 CVl CVl CVl CIO

13. Cl 14. Cl

West Elevation detail detail Foundation detail

Foundation detail WinCbw 6 East elevation East elevation North elevation West elevation North elevation East elevation South elevation East Elevation

loft, looking south West wall VeranClah, roof VeranClah, detail North wall

Galvanised iron brand Redcliffe Pyramidal post base Mortised S.E. corner post of CB C9 wall plate Studs halved into wall plate

ShOW's WinCbw 5 Shavs Door 9, WindOW' 4

Gospel Oak brand, north end.

North wall, detail . Top plate on veranClah post North wall, feeding hopper East wall, detail Saw marks South elevation West elevation

Door 11 Door 11 (Flyscreen) WinCbw B NW Post Chbmey WinCbw 9 WinCbw 10 WindOW' 10 North elevation West elevation South elevation Door 15

West elevation South elevation

Bl

Top plate attaChment, detail

WeatherbJa.rds,earlier doorway Weatherboards, earlier doorway

Evidence of former lock and handle shOW's double casement of window 11

'"

I ;.:.

..

APPENDIX A: CONSULTANT I S BRIEF

I. ORGANISATION" OF REPORT (Brief Appendix A)

11. RESUME OF PAST WORK AT BELLAVISTA

A resume of all historical, archaeological and architectural research previously undertaken.

Ill. INVENTORY OF SITES AND STRUCTURES AT BELLAVISTA OF HISTORICAL OR ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTEREST.

To prepare a comprehensive inventory, identifying and assessing all items of significance to the history of occupancy and develop­ment of the site within the area indicated on the attached plan.

Map(s) and measured plans identifying sites, works, relics, structures and buildings of historical or archaeological interest.

Photographs and negatives relating to items identified in the report.

On-site recording of the outbuildings, structures and works of Significant heritage value by means of maps, photographs, and plans, measurements, etc.

Ground plans and where possible elevations of items of heritage value except the two storey residence.

To identify and investigate the outbuildings, structures and works on the site, giving preliminary consideration to the brick buildings pending further study by the Government Architect's Office.

IV. CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELLAVISTA COMPLEX.

V.

A statement of functions and chronological development of the outbuildings, structures, works and relics of heritage value on the site.

Identification where possible, of the function and dates of construction of the &lab and timber outbuildings.

To identify and investigate the functions of these items throughout the period of occupancy.

To establish and document the buildings' chronological development. THE OUTBUILDINGS AT BELLAVISTA AND THEIR CHANGING USES.

VI. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BELLAVISTA.

To assess the archaeological significance of the complex of buildings, structures, works and relics on the site known as Bella Vista and to relate these to the known history of the site.

VII.

A statement of the archaeological significance of the site and its- improvements .

. An assessment of the significance of each and

RECOMMENDATIONS

Further archaeological work.

Recommend methods for areas where further archaeological investigation is required; and recommendations regarding those items requiring more detailed archaeological investigation;

Physical Conservation

To identify and evaluate potential damage to all. items of archaeological significance and recommend methods by which protecction can be achieved.

• Fig.I Identification Plan

..

..

LEGEND A 'SElLA VISl'A HOUSE

. B 'SELlA VISTA I<JTCliEN WN3

C COTTAGE & MFN, ALSO CALLED D hUT 'THE SHOP.

E w.e . F COAQo{ H:.tlSE & COTTAGE

G BARN

H IMPt .. S"tENr SiED & SiASLES

1 NOT ASSONED

J STABLES & FEED Sl-£D

K roN SHED

L CON eAlLS

M 'NEW' OAlFN

N ~ & WOOL StJ.ED.

o w.e.

P SMITHY

Q PIGGERY

R RUIN

S SHED

T HAY BARN

~roi.c: BELLA VISTA

--

I / 1 .

pO R

---)

/

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DE '

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u

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Fig. 3 A & B Ground Floor (P.W.D. Plan)

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-Fig. 5 C: Measured Plan ( P.W.D)

•

C.7

C.V2

GROUNJ FLOOR PLAN

D~ I

• c.,

., •

c.g

C !l---~

cm

C.3

C.2 @'

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---

Fig. 6 F: Diagrammatic Plan

F 11 I

'F10 F9

t 1

F4 F8 F7

•

•

J

F2 F3 F5 F6 I

F1

BE LLA V I STA structure Fir 00

h _

Fig. 7 G: Diagrammatic Plan

G6

G4 ..

• I ..

•

GS G3

G2 , ..

.. G1 SELLA VISTA

-~ --- .... _---------_.-

Structure G

Fig. 8 H: Diagrammatic Plan

H9 Ha

• · · · · · H7 · · • • • · • • · • •• • .. ... • · · H6 · · · · · · · ·

too ~ • • • · · · · · • · · HS · · · • :-" • · · · · · · · H2 · • · · · • ·

I- a • •

• • •

H4 H3 ,

• • ..

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t H1 -SELLA VISTA -Sfru c tu re--H···· ..

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Fig. 9 J: Diagrammatic Plan

J4 J5 J6

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,

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. BELLA VISTA Structure J., , ------::_--,-"-

Fiq. IO K: Measured Plan ( D. Bairstow)

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Fig. 11 K: Diagrammatic Plan

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Fig. 12 L: Measured Plan (D. Bairstow)

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Fig. I3 L: Diagrammatic Plan

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Fig. 14/5 M: Measured Plan (D.Bairstow)

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Fig. 16 N: Diagrammatic Plan

•

N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 •

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N7 N6

•

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N1 N2 N3 N4 N5

BE L.LA VISTA Str~cjLJ re__ N

Fig. 17. Orchards: Composite Plan.

..

Fig. 18 Function of Outbuildings (J. Pearce)

,

Coach Hou ••

,/ -', . " . , . , .. " .. , , .

~ .. tI/<rn ,

(Bot to scale)

Fig. I9A.Gates as scheduled for repair by P.W.D.

RII

R2 R14

"_. ----..

R7

RI .

RIO

R4 R6 R5

~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~-

Fig. 19B: Location of gates as scheduled for repair by P.W.D.

(M.Holmes 6/82 )

..

..,

PLATE I STRUCTURE A

A. North Elevation

A. South Elevation

PLATE STRUCTURE A

A. East Elevation

A. West Elevation

I

J

PLATE 3 STRUCTURE :3

B. East Elevation

B. South Elevation

B. West Elevation

PLATE 4 STRUC':'URE

j

c. West Elevation

c. East Elevation

C. South Elevation

PLATE 4 STRUCTURE C

c. West Elevation

c. East Elevation

C. South Elevation

STRUCTURE PLATE 5

1 6 10

2 7 11

12

3 8

4 9 13

5 14

STRUCTURE C PLATE 6 Ra1' 19

6

12 •

.;.~, ,:;,.

3 13

4

9 14

5

PLATE 7 STRUCTURE F

F. East Elevation

..

F. North Elevation

F. South Elevation West Elevation

PLATE 8 STRUCTURE D

D. East Elevation

Roll 3

.. kr'e" t ,; '. r " __

1 4

2 5

~ • 1

3 6

?LATE 9 STRUCTURE :;' Roll 2

1

2

3

4

9

10

PLATE 10 STRUCTURES D, E.

D. East Elevation

Roll 2

E. South ElevatIon

13

..

PLATE 11 STRUCTURE

G. North Elevation

G. East Elevation

G. South Elevation

PLATE I2 STRUCTURr::

G. West Elevation

~. West Elevation- South End

PLATE 13 STRUCTURE:

G. N.E. elevation

G. N. W. elevation

Roll 6 PLATE 14 STRUCTURE G Roll 7

3 9

10 5

AI

11 6

7

2 8

Roll 7 PLATE IS Roll 8 STRUCTURE

15

16 4

6

3 9

7

8

- - - -- - ---------------------------------,

Roll 9 PLATE 16 STRUCTURE G

8

5

2 9

6

3 10

7

4 11

PLATE I STRUCTURE H

H. Nor~h East Eleva~ion

•

PLATE 18 STRUCTURE H

H. South Elevation

Roll 17 PLATE I

1 1

9 12

10

Roll l8A PLATE STRUCTURE

'~

J i

I /

5

--~""""~~ C', _ ' ~ ,,-

'h:" '" • " ,;!\- ,

" 1 0

2 ""'- 6

--

7

8

J.

,-

I ..

Eas t Elevat' lOn

PLATE 21 STRUCTURE

PLATE 22 STRUCTURE J

J. West Elevation. North

----------------------------

'tt'!l; ....... ~.,..,... __ ·""·'· ... -···· ... ·""" .... '-·

•

•

J. South Elevation

Roll 10 PLATE 23

..

8

.. 3 9 is

•

4 10~~ ________________ ___

5 11

6 12

Roll 11 PLATE 24 STRUCTCR::: -

..

• J

5 ..

Roll l2 PLATE 25 Roll l3 STRUCTURE J

4

2

5

• 6

PLATE 26 STRUCTURE K

..

K. North Elevation

K Detail: Hearth frog brick from floor at South end.

•

PLATE 27 STRUCTURES K.L

..

L South ElevatIon

K North ElevatIon

•

K South ElevatIon

Roll 14 PLATE 28 STRUCTURES K,L

•

7

8

13 __ _

Roll 16

9 ____ .;;::0,

,----

.L _____________ _ l

..

1

6

Roll 15 PU\TE 29 STRCCTURE K

..

4

i

5 10 l'··. r~

6

..

7 1 2 ~

PLATE 30 STRUCTURE :·1

•

M New Dairy; South Elevatlon

f'.1 Cow Bales

•

U Stock-loading ramp

Roll 3 PLATE 3I STRUCTURE Y1

..

..

14-16

1 1

..

Roll .4 PLATE 32 STRUCTURE M

"

..

I 5 9

.. 1/6#U ..

l

2 6 ..

7 II

4

..

-

PLATE STRUCTURE N.

N. East Elevatlon

N. North Elevation

N. South Elevatlon

Roll 16

13

4

5 9

6

11

1 2

11 7 Roll 23 STRUCTU?ES ?N

..

5

•

J

4

..

5

PLATE 36 STRUCTURE-

..

..

Q from North East

Roll 23 STRUCTURE R

3 STRUCTURE S

..

..

S North-West Elevation

..

..

•

..

Roll 2 RE S

.. !

14

15

..

PLATE 39 STRUCTURE T.

..

•

T. Hay Barn from North

•

..

..