not to copy -- no disseminate without written …...not to copy -- no disseminate without written...

54
Presentation JB AG JCN JR 1 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Upload: others

Post on 16-Mar-2020

22 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 1 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 3 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Kicks & blowouts

A kick is an unexpected influx into a well of a formation fluid.

Should this influx be uncontrolled ....

-- during its way from the bottom of the hole up in the open hole or

-- when at surface ,

an internal or a surface blowout will occur.

Blowout: is an incident where formation fluid flows out of the well or between formation

layers after all the predefined technical well barriers or the activation of the same have

failed.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 4 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Kicks & blowouts occurrences

When ….

- in exploration / appraisal drilling activities …

many geological and technical uncertainties leading to higher risks,

- in workover activities …

risks of release of hydrocarbons during removal or installation of surface

wellhead or BOP equipment.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 5 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source SINTEF - period 1980 - 2008

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 6 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Kicks & blowouts occurrences – some figures

34% are “surface blowouts” 66% are “underground blowouts”,

60% of occurrence while drilling, 27% while completion/WO,

(8% during production, 5% others)

Expenses associated with a blowout can reach

several million of US$,

Expenses for well control, costs for pollution control

and containment measures, losses of facilities,

penalties, fines ....

and tragedies, people can be killed.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 7 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Blowouts ….

“Surface blowout” or “blowouts”

Onshore or by mid-waters (“drilling wellheads” with BOP’s above waters)

BOP’s are easily accessible.

“Subsea blowouts”

Offshore, with subsea wellhead and BOP’s ; BOP’s are not easily

accessible !

“Shallow gas blowouts”

A shallow gas blowout is difficult (or impossible ) to control; it may

result in losses of lives and loss of the rig/platform; all effort must be

made to divert the flow away from the rig: use of diverter and diverter

lines

“Underground blowouts”

Uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from a high pressure zone into a lower

pressure zone; the direction of fluid flow (up or downwards) is an important

concern when choosing a control procedure.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 8 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 9 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

CADRE Semi-submersible “Actinia” blowout shallow gas – Vietnam - 1993

KICKS & BLOWOUTS - Generalities

DRILLING HAZARDS: shallow gas

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 10 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 11 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 12 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Nowadays blowouts are major catastrophic events

Nowadays blowouts are major catastrophic events

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 13 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 14 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

OVERVIEW OF MAIN WELL ENGINEERING STUDIES AND TASKS

Mud studies & program

Well profile

(deviation, hole & casing size)

Casing setting depth selection

Fracture pressure prediction

Pore pressure prediction

Environment studies

and well data collection

Drillstring design

Cement: studies & program

Drilling bit program

Casing , wellhead design

Rig sizing and selection

Cost / budget - AFE **

Rock mechanic studies

Drilling engineering

Well abandon: program Well completion studies *

Contingency plan

(incld. BOCP)

* complulsory for developt well

** Authorisation For Expenditures

WELL DRILLING PROGRAMME

Well test program

Drilling progress curve

for ….

Max expected surface pressure

WP of well control equipment,

….

for ….

Well control procedures,

Internal blowout prevention

….

for ….

Well control procedures,

Internal blowout prevention

….

Well Collision Avoidance

BLOWOUTS & Well Engineering Studies

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 15 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

OVERVIEW OF MAIN WELL ENGINEERING STUDIES AND TASKS

Mud studies & program

Well profile

(deviation, hole & casing size)

Casing setting depth selection

Fracture pressure prediction

Pore pressure prediction

Environment studies

and well data collection

Drillstring design

Cement: studies & program

Drilling bit program

Casing , wellhead design

Rig sizing and selection

Cost / budget - AFE **

Rock mechanic studies

Drilling engineering

Well abandon: program Well completion studies *

Contingency plan

(incld. BOCP)

* complulsory for developt well

** Authorisation For Expenditures

WELL DRILLING PROGRAMME

Well test program

Drilling progress curve

First safety barrier

Impact of mud type on

kick detection

hydrates

Cement = one safety barrier

….

Casing: burst

resistance

….

Selection of BOP WP

….

BLOWOUTS & Well Engineering Studies

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 16 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

OVERVIEW OF MAIN WELL ENGINEERING STUDIES AND TASKS

Mud studies & program

Well profile

(deviation, hole & casing size)

Casing setting depth selection

Fracture pressure prediction

Pore pressure prediction

Environment studies

and well data collection

Drillstring design

Cement: studies & program

Drilling bit program

Casing , wellhead design

Rig sizing and selection

Cost / budget - AFE **

Rock mechanic studies

Drilling engineering

Well abandon: program Well completion studies *

Contingency plan

(incld. BOCP)

* complulsory for developt well

** Authorisation For Expenditures

WELL DRILLING PROGRAMME

Well test program

Drilling progress curve

All BOP data are needed

(capping, ….)

BLOWOUTS & Well Engineering Studies

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 17 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Typical circuit of the influx while controlling the well

Pipe rams

closed

Drillpipe

In-hole

Influx (kick)

returns

In the annulus

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 20 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Surface pressure 0 psi 6 864 psi

Bottom Hole Pressure 6 864 psi 10 296 psi 13 728 psi

Equivalent Mud Density at bottom 11 ppg 16.5 ppg 22 ppg !

12 000 ft

6 000 ft

0

Well shut-in: pressures in the well

Gas influx

critical

critical

EMW 33 ppg !

Casing

shoe

casing press. ?

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Fracturation

will occur in

open hole

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 22 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DP pressure = Pt1

Initial MW =

di

(known)

Initial mud +

Influx =

da

( unknown )

Annulus press. = Pa1

Formation pore press. ( > coeff* D*di )

P = coeff *D * di + Pt1 = P =coeff * D * da + Pa1

Well kick control:

principles (1/2)

Initial pressure

regimes (well shut in)

di > da

Pt1 = reference pressure indication

for calculation

D = well vertical depth,

Coeff. = depends on units,

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 23 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Well kick control:

principles (2/2)

Formation pore press.

Circulating pressure

for well control =

P1 = Pc1 * + Pt1 + S Annulus press. Pa = Pa1 + S

choke

Note: circulating pressure

to be maintained if no

change of the initial MW,

di

P = coeff *D * di + Pt 1 + S = P= coeff * D * da + Pa1+ S

Pressure regimes

(starting well control)

* Pc1 = circulating pressure

measured at reduced flow rate

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 24 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Pann = 0

PR

Pfrac

BOP

Pann

PR PR PR

Ps max MAASP

max

Pann Pann

critical

critical

MAASP

max

Pfrac

Drilling

conditions

Well Control Procedures in progress

“new” mud weight

BOP

closed

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 25 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Important data required prior initiating well control procedures: - drillstring geometry - hole geometry - mud density, - pump flow rate per stroke - pressure losses at low flow rates (kill-flow rates) for different well control mud circuits - fracturation pressure & weak points in the open hole - Surface to bit time at kill rate (in stroke and minutes) - Bit to surface time at kill rate (in stroke and minutes) - Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASP) - Formula for calculating the kill mud density - Formula for calculating circulation pressures due to the effect of heavier mud

WELL CONTROL SHEET

WELL CONTROL: Principle & Methods

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 28 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

The basic principle of well-control methods is to keep

the bottomhole pressure (BHP) constant while circulating

the fluid influx out of the well.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

The simplest method of doing this is to control the drillpipe pressure

by running the pump at a constant rate and controlling

the pressure by regulating the choke on the choke manifold

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 29 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

SAFETY BARRIERS while drilling and workover operations.

Associated well control barriers include drilling fluid, casing, cement, casing

shoes, wellhead seals, blowout preventers (BOPs) and the interaction among all

of them.

Drilling and workover operations shall at all times be conducted with two

barriers on each internal and external leak path, capable of operating

independently and simultaneously and isolating potential hydrocarbon

reservoir from the surface

Two barriers are considered as independent if any incident considered in risk

analysis cannot induce the loss of the two barriers simultaneously.

Source / Illustrations: TOTAL

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 30 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

External leak path

mud *

WH seals

cement

Internal leak path

Inside DP

BOP

WH seals

BOP’s

mud

mud

Drill pipe

Source / Illustrations: TOTAL

HC

Cem. Equipt.

Safety barriers

Presentation JB - 30

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 31 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

External leak path

mud *

WH seals

cement

Internal leak path

Inside DP

BOP

WH seals

BOP’s

mud

mud

Drill pipe

Source / Illustrations: TOTAL

HC

Cem. Equipt.

Safety barriers

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Note:

When drilling deepwater wells, the percentage of drilling time

– rotating on bottom while drilling new hole – is sometimes

less than 20%.

It is important to understand that barriers can be impacted

significantly during all well operations, not just drilling.

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 33 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Blowout

Loss of well control

Well collision

Loss of rig stability

Loss of well integrity

Filt

ers

fo

r p

reve

nti

on

Soil instability

Pollution

Fire, explosion

Causes Consequences

Filt

ers

fo

r p

rote

ctio

n

Swabbing

Pore Press prediction

Bad cementing

….

Punch through

Bad weather

….

Damages to wellheads

….

Engineering

Procedures

Equipment

Personnel

Polution control equipt.

Capping equipt.

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 35 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Drilling hazards – blowout prevention

- …. before drilling operations = engineering studies,

. Refer to casing architecture and casing design versus evaluation of

formation pore pressure / evaluation of formation fracturation pressure /

evaluation of maxi. acceptable surface pressure and set up of the proper

BOP equipment.

- … . while drilling = procedures

. permanent monitoring of mud volumes in circulation (gains or losses),

. permanent monitoring of mud weight (and mud viscosity),

. permanent monitoring of ROP: “drilling breaks”,

. tests (and maintenance) well control equipment incld. BOP, choke manifold,

inside-BOP, (tests after each new installation and on regular basis (e.g. each

week)),

. training of rig-crews: regular “kick drills” to test rig-crews preparedness,

. calculations for immediate application of pre-set procedures.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 36 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Drilling hazards – blowout prevention (contd.)

- … while tripping = procedures.

. permanent monitoring of mud filling the hole when RIH or POOH,

. training of rig-crews: regular “kick drills” to test rig-crews preparedness,

. calculations for immediate application of pre-set procedures.

Well control procedures imply an intensive use of the BOP.

If a BOP failure occurs then the kick will be uncontrolled

leading/meaning to/a blowout.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 37 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Alerts or warnings - “drilling breaks”,

- increase of mud level in the active mud tanks,

- gas-cut mud or gas/oil shows,

- changes in mud properties (chlorides, …), changes of shale densities,

- light influx when circulation is stopped,

- uncorrect filling of the hole while pulling-out-of hole the drillstring,

- decrease in the mud pump discharge pressure.

- information provided by MWD,LWD,PWD (gamma ray, resistivity, density,

neutron, sonic).

WHEN WARNING SIGNS ARISE, PERFORM THOROUGH

ASSESSMENTS BEFORE MOVING ON.

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 38 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source: TOTAL

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Overpressure detection – Gas Readings – Increasing ROP …

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 39 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Other precautions …..

- when drilling with oil-based mud, gas remains in solution as the fluid is

circulated up the hole until the bubble point is reached; then a violent kick

occurs as gas bursts out of solution in the upper portion of the hole (casing or

drilling riser),

- When drilling (HP/HT wells) some supercharging/balloning & “well breathing”

effects must be detected to avoid confusion with a kick

- When drilling high deviated wells (near horizontal), detection and behaviour of

gas bubbles are of important concern.

REMEMBER

The probability of a well control problem may be low, but the consequences are high enough to justify considering all causes, warnings ...

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 40 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Immediate corrective actions

- CLOSE THE WELL: implementation by the driller of the well shut-in procedures,

When applicable (kick during tripping): whenever possible, attempt to run the

drillstring down hole, (stripping),

- As soon as possible, implementation of well kick control method and

procedures to evacuate the influx from the well bore,

Ultime method: If necessary and possible, squeeze/bullhead the influx back

into the formation.

If an unforeseeable event occurs or if a BOP equipment failure occurs a

blowout situation will be imminent; then activate immediately the Blowout

Contingency Plan

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 43 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

43

Some concerns about offshore well control procedures

“Conventional” well control procedures applicable for land or shallow waters. Early kick detection: is necessary

- to minimize the influx volume, and

- because of the large expansion of gas in the drilling riser that can occur .

Notes:

- BOP positioned at mudline sometimes nearer to well TD than to surface !

- Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) techniques (equipment & procedures) can provide a precise and real time measurements for early kick-loss detection.

Space out: the Driller must quickly determine the space out of the drillstring for closing rams. position of BOP elements (e.g. shear rams) relative to rig floor must be displayed on driller’s panel.

Hang-off procedures: ? ?

WELL CONTROL: Principle & Methods

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 44 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Some concerns about offshore well control procedures (contd.)

Shut-In procedures: “Soft” or “Hard” shut-in procedures can be implemented.

Whenever the well is shut-in, gas in the riser shall be considered as the first priority and diverted directly overboard.

“Driller’s” versus “Wait and weight” kill method: ? ?

Riser margin: it is recommended (when applicable or if relevant ) to include a riser margin in the mud weight.

WELL CONTROL: Principle & Methods

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 45 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Some concerns about offshore well control procedures (contd.)

Long kill and choke lines: pressures losses in these lines ** are high even at low circulation rates; consequently MAASP is reduced. It is compulsory to measure all pressure losses at reduced flow rates through different sections of the mud flow paths. ( ** Potential use of choke and kill lines in well control circulation).

BOP’s: High shear rams capacity must be assessed due to high drillpipe specifications (grade and size).

BOP response time: this is a key issue;

All systems to operate the BOP’s in emergency situations must be tested in due time.

For offshore operations, special training courses

for Rig Personnel and Office Engineers must be given.

WELL CONTROL: Principle & Methods

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 50 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Main calculations

. Maximum annulus pressure well shut-in and filled with gas == > to evaluate well equipment strength . MAASP * == > to avoid risk of fracturing the formation at the weak zone ( * Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure)

. Maximum casing pressure during the circulation of a gas kick with the initial mud weight == > evaluation of well equipment strength and maxi allowable kick volume . Maximum pressure at weak zone during the circulation of a gas kick with the initial mud weight = = > evaluation of maxi allowable kick volume at shut-in . Maximum allowable kick volume at shut-in == > to avoid risk of fracturing the formation at the weak zone . Quick evaluation of the influx pressure gradient = mud pressure gradient + (Pt1 – Pa1) / h ( h = initial height of the influx in the annulus)

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 52 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

weak point

flow outside

the wellhead

Underground blowout

Initial too large

influx, or

driller’s

mishandling

Bad cementing job

or,

Weak point(s) in the

openhole

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Catastrophic

situation

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 53 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Lusi mud flow – Indonesia (may 2006)

Source: photos M.Tingay and Channel 9, may 2007

DRILLING HAZARDS

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 54 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Results / consequences of ….

- Engineering works ?

(questionable casing-setting-depth

design ? )

- Operational human error ?

- External events ?

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 55 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

weak point

Tubing failure

(leak)

packer

HP zone

loss zone

or

depleted zone !

Underground blowout

(internal blowout)

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 56 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Underground blowout (internal blowout)

Such blowouts are catastrophic as they can lead to

- the loss of the well,

- new hazards when drilling wells in the vicinity,

- subsurface / internal contamination between reservoir layers, ….

Precaution – first preventing measures:

- perform engineering tasks === > casing point selection,

- update blowout prevention data sheets,

- perform regularly “kick drills”,

- evaluate, as necessary, cement bond behind casing after cementing job,

- check casing/tubing integrity tests as necessary ( … before DST),

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 59 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

BLOWOUT - WELL CONTROL

Whenever an exploration well is planned, the drilling team must prepare a

“Blowout Contingency Plan”.

Such plan, to list actions to be taken for the safeguard of the People, the environment and

the assets; to list all updated contacts for assistance.

A special team “blowout task force” is mobilised with all competencies (geoscientist, reservoir,

drilling, logistics, contract Engineers) as soon as possible.

At the same time …

- relief well(s) will be engineered; rig(s), special directional drilling equipment, pumping

means will be located and/or mobilized

- fire-fighters Specialists (*) will be mobilised together with their equipment for well killing

and/or well“capping”

( * Wild Well Control, Boots & Coots, Cudd, West, John Wright Co, Red Adair)

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 60 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

ONSHORE / OFFSHORE BLOWOUTS

RELIEF WELLS

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 61 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Blowout

on the WP

Subsea

wellhead

Surface

wellhead

1000 to 1500 m

Relief well Blowout

well

reservoir

relief well drilled

directionally

Source / illustration: Books from IFP and

“Chambre Syndicale de la Recherche et de la Production du Pétrole et du gaz naturel”

Floating

rig

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 62 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

ONSHORE BLOWOUT

Well capping

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 63 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 64 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 65 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 66 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 67 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 68 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 69 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 70 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Source / Illustrations: Wild Well control

DRILLING HAZARDS: well control - blowout prevention

Presentation JB – AG – JCN – JR 71 NOT TO COPY -- NO DISSEMINATE WITHOUT WRITTEN AGREEMENT

Slides were prepared for presentation and information to Students of Schools and Universities only.

References

Slides presented were prepared with illustrations from the following referenced documents:

- API Standards and Recommended Practices,

- Neal J. Adams, Drilling Engineering , PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985,

- (Halliburton) - Petroleum Well Construction – J Willey & Sons

- Miscellaneous books from “Chambre Syndicale de la Recherche et de la Production du Pétrole et du gaz naturel”

- IFP Drilling data handbook

- Miscellaneous documentation from TOTAL Drilling Division

- Halliburton Completion Services

- Miscellaneous books from IFP

- Leading Edge Advantage Ltd (Under Balance Drilling).

- Miscellaneous documentation from web-sites: O&GJ, World Oil, SPE

- Transocean, Saipem, Pride Drilling Contractors

- Baker Hughes, Schlumberger, Weatherford, Wild Well Control Service Companies

- Cameron, Hydril, Companies.