not your father’s lng production facility

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17 th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG 17) 17 th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG 17) <Title of Presentation> By: <Author Name>, <Organization> <Date> <Title of Presentation> By: <Author Name>, <Organization> <Date> Not Your Father’s LNG Production Facility By: Jeffrey P. Beale, CH·IV International April 18, 2013 <Date> <Date>

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Page 1: Not Your Father’s LNG Production Facility

17th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG 17)

17th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION ON LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG 17)( )

<Title of Presentation>By: <Author Name>, <Organization>

<Date>

<Title of Presentation>By: <Author Name>, <Organization>

<Date>

Not Your Father’s LNG Production FacilityBy: Jeffrey P. Beale, CH·IV International

April 18, 2013<Date><Date>

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Agenda R i  th  hi t   f LNG  k h i  i  th  U S Review the history of LNG peakshaving in the U.S. Discuss the status of these LNG facilities. Describe how these old plants can be optimized for  Describe how these old plants can be optimized for continued operation.

In what ways are new, purpose‐built liquefiers are In what ways are new, purpose built liquefiers are different than the historical plants?

The presentation has been modified from this point on as you will find out!

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Speaker Information J ff  P  (J ff) B l  P id t  f CH IV I t ti l  Jeffrey P. (Jeff) Beale, President of CH∙IV International 

LNG system design, operations and safety since 1974. Member of NFPA 59A LNG Committee since 1994 Member of NFPA 59A LNG Committee since 1994

CH∙IV International, founded in 2001 Engineering / Consulting firm specializing in LNGEngineering / Consulting firm specializing in LNG “The LNG Specialists”

Focusing on LNG Import/Export Projects and g jSmall‐Scale LNG Production Facilities

Offices in Hanover, Maryland and Houston, Texas

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What Led to Need for Natural Gas Peakshavers?Peakshavers? Natural gas consumption greatly increased in the post WWII WWII era.

Gas pipelines were serving heavy year‐round industrial loadsloads.

Interstate/intrastate pipeline capacities were often exceeded during very cold periods due to high g y p gcommercial and residential heating loads.

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Winter Peakshaving T   t th  “ k” d d     tiliti   To meet these “peak” demands gas utilities incorporated different methods: Where available, gas was injected into underground gas Where available, gas was injected into underground gas storage fields during low demand periods such that it could be extracted from storage during the peak periods;d l l d h f d l f l Industrial gas loads were shifted to alternative fuels 

leaving more gas availability in the system; Propane was vaporized and mixed with air to deliver a  Propane was vaporized and mixed with air to deliver a similar burning “gas,” Propane‐Air;  and

LNG Peakshaving 

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LNG Peakshaving Li f   t l    t    ti  l   t  f   Liquefy natural gas at a continuous, low rate from March through October.

Stockpile the LNG in large  low pressure  flat‐bottom   Stockpile the LNG in large, low pressure, flat bottom, LNG storage tanks.

On the peak days/hours during winter, the LNG is p y g ,pumped to pipeline pressure, vaporized and fed into the pipeline.

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LNG Peakshaving Th  “ / ” R l The “200/20” Rule

Liquefy for 200 days in order to peakshave for 20 days. For example  assume peaking demand was 100 mmscfd  For example, assume peaking demand was 100 mmscfd for 20 days (2,000 mmscf)

The LNG production would provide 1/200th of total storage every day, i.e., 10 mmscfd.

A lot of “200/20” facilities were built in the 1965 to 1978 periodperiod.

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Number of U.S LNG Peakshavers Built per Year in the Period of

1965 to 1978

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LNG Peakshavingh l l k f d fThere was also a lack of consistency in design of LNG 

peakers.

Basic Liquefaction Technology Number

Built Mixed Refrigerant (multiple “recipes”) 26Cascade 11(many variations)Let Down Expansion 9Nitrogen Expansion 7 “Other” 3

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What Has Happened Since 1978? A few new LNG peakers were built after the initial 52. The original 52 have quite old, very small‐scale LNG 

d i  f ili i   i h   l  LNG   production facilities with very large LNG storage tanks. A few liquefaction units have been upgraded over the  A few liquefaction units have been upgraded over the intervening years.

These original LNG peakshavers rarely see the g p ypeakshaving demand for which they were designed as new interstate gas transmission pipelines were built increasing winter gas deliveryincreasing winter gas delivery. Consider . . .

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Pipeline Expansion from CanadaNot shown – M&NE

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Impact M  LNG  k ’  li f ti   it     t d    Many LNG peaker’s liquefaction units are operated on a minimal basis, if at all. Only a fraction of total storage is typically needed Only a fraction of total storage is typically needed during winter.

Many liquefaction systems were operated only to keep in “ ” d l h b l ff l“Rate Base” and/or replenish boil off losses.

Often the LNG in storage ages (methane boils off) forcing operators to sendout LNG prior to gas quality forcing operators to sendout LNG prior to gas quality becoming incompatible with pipeline gas composition tariffs.

As a result, these facilities have  . . .

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ld ll dOld, Minimally Maintained Pretreatment  and Liquefaction Equipmentq q p

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Out Dated Rarely Used LNG TrailerOut‐Dated, Rarely Used LNG Trailer Loading Stations

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Yet All Have U d tili d LNG  t  t k   i       Underutilized LNG storage tanks averaging over 14 million gallons.

Take for example      Take for example . . .

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There’s a lot of underutilized LNG storage out there!There s a lot of underutilized LNG storage out there!

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Development of Vehicular LNG (VLNG) SupplySupply Consider now “economics of scale,” which more or less follows the simple formula:p

If a 5 mmscfd (60,000 gpd) liquefier cost “X,”h    li fi     i  l   l      then a liquefier 5 times larger only cost 2.6 X.

What historically was the largest single cost item, i.e., th  LNG  t  t k   l d   i tthe LNG storage tank, already exists.

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The Major Market Force for VLNG Th  “Sh l  G  D lt ”  $ / ll  di l   $ 8/ Bt The “Shale Gas Delta” – $4.00/gallon diesel = $28/mmBtuHenry Hub  $4/mmBtu! Over‐the‐Road Heavy Duty VehiclesOver the Road Heavy Duty Vehicles

From ngvglobal.com

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The Major Market Force for VLNG Th  Sh l  G  D lt   $ / ll  di l   $ 8/ Bt The Shale Gas Delta – $4.00/gallon diesel = $28/mmBtuHenry Hub  $4/mmBtu! Over‐the‐Road Heavy Duty VehiclesOver the Road Heavy Duty Vehicles Stationary, High HP Diesel Engines, e.g., oil and gas production sites.

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From “World LNG Fuels 2013 – Houston” American Power Group Presentation

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The Major Market Force for VLNG Th  Sh l  G  D lt   $ / ll  di l   $ 8/ Bt The Shale Gas Delta – $4.00/gallon diesel = $28/mmBtuHenry Hub  $4/mmBtu! Over‐the‐Road Heavy Duty VehiclesOver the Road Heavy Duty Vehicles Stationary, High HP Diesel Engines, e.g., oil and gas production

Off‐Road Applications?  Locomotives?

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D l t f V hi l LNG S lDevelopment of Vehicular LNG Supply Other considerations for  upgrading existing “LNG Peakers ”Peakers. New liquefaction systems can be designed and operated year‐round.y Liquefaction plants actually have better performance during the colder months.

Add or upgrade LNG trailer loading stations to minimize  Add or upgrade LNG trailer loading stations to minimize the impact of loading on the day‐to‐day operation of the LNG facility. Design such that driver handles total LNG transfer operation.

(This could be a separate presentation.)

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Then, a Funny Thing Happened on the 

W LNG 17Way to LNG 17 that Caused Me to Divertthat Caused Me to Divert from my Original Paper!

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The North American EmissionsThe North American Emissions Control Area

(http://www.epa.gov/oms/oceanvessels.htm)

“ECA ” for ships operating within 200 nautical milesECA,  for ships operating within 200 nautical miles(370 km) of the U.S. and Canada.Requiring much stricter controls on emissions of sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter for these ships.

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The 200 NM NAECA (“ECA”)

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Options to Address ECA: B   h    i  f l  il  ith   l   lf   Burn much more expensive fuel oil with a lower sulfur content  (increased costs)

Use  an apparatus to reduce emissions  e g  selective  Use  an apparatus to reduce emissions, e.g., selective catalytic reduction, “SCR” (increased costs)

Burn low a emission fuel, i.e., natural gas, i.e., LNG., , g , ,(DECREASED COSTS)

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Calling all Potential LNG Fuel Suppliers –

Fueling One Container Ship Fueling 3 500 Class 8 TrucksFueling 3,500 Class 8 Trucks

Please let me repeat that –Please let me repeat that –Fueling One Container Ship Fueling 3,500 Class 8 Trucks

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From toteinc.com

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To Complete the Picture, There is a New Need for LNG Bunker Ships and/orNeed for LNG Bunker Ships and/or Bunkering Ports LNG Bunker Ships

Example: White Smoke

2,800 m3 (740,000 gallon)

“WS LNG Bunker Vessel”WS3 LNG Bunker Vessel”

From whitesmoke.se

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New Need for LNG Bunker Ships orNew Need for LNG Bunker Ships or Bunkering Ports LNG Bunker Ships LNG Bunkering Ports (miniature “LNG Export Facilities”) LNG Bunkering Ports (miniature  LNG Export Facilities )

Load LNG‐Powered Ships Load Bunker VesselsLoad Bunker Vessels

Self‐powered like the WS3 Articulated Tug Barges

From wallermarine.com

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There are Possibly 20 Existing U.S. LNG Peakshavers That Have Marine AccessPeakshavers That Have Marine Access Most have room to add new, larger liquefaction units. All have large LNG tanks  minimum 3 million gallons All have large LNG tanks, minimum 3 million gallons. All are “LNG trailer loading capable” Many have rail access  as well Many have rail access, as well.

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Summary Th     i t d  ith thi   t ti  f d  The paper associated with this presentation focused on providing over‐the‐road vehicular LNG using underutilized LNG peakers.p

The rapidly evolving LNG bunkering market changed the focus for this presentation.

ECA is currently the major driver, but the positive economics of LNG‐powered marine vessels are hard to i   ith    ith t ECAignore, with or without ECA.

Starting with an existing LNG facility with a large storage tank and marine access is one way to “kick storage tank and marine access is one way to  kick start” this LNG bunkering industry.

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Thank You!

Jeffrey P. Beale, PresidentCH·IV International

1341 Ashton Road, Suite AHanover, MD [email protected]

www.CH-IV.com

Rendering courtesy of Freeport LNG Development, L.P. for whom CH·IV provided

Balance of Plant (BOP) FEED and FERC filing.