note midterm - 4 march in class. note on tuesday, february 5 th, the national survey of student...
TRANSCRIPT
Note
Midterm - 4 March in class
Note
On Tuesday, February 5th, the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) opens for our first-year and senior students. This survey, which is in its third year at CBU, asks questions on the student experience both inside and outside the classroom. Select results from the 2011 and 2012 surveys can be found on the CBU website at www.cbu.ca/nsse.
To access the survey, students can click on the link embedded within the email invite they will receive on Tuesday.
THIS SURVEY HELPS CBU HELP YOU!!
Note
Signal peptide-A sequence of amino acids that determine whether a protein will be formed on the rough endoplasmic reticulum or on free ribosomes. Note: all protein synthesis begins on free ribosomes.
Conversion of 70 mg/dl
To 3.9 mmol/L
Lecture 5a 4 Feb. 2013 Atherosclerosis
Pathology-5a
Nutritional Intervention-5b
Functional Food/Nutraceutical Approaches-5c
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Lipids Metabolism review
LCAT, LPL, CETP
Factors affecting atherosclerosisBlood Levels of concern-the more risk factors
(eg obesity and in particular abdominal obesity) the lower the cut off points for
LDL-cHDL-c < 0.90 mmol/L plasma
LDL-c > 3.40 mmol/L plasmaincluding oxidized LDL
Lp(a) - > 20-30 mg/dl plasma Cholesterol > 5.20 mmol/L Triglycerides-fasting > 1.70 mmol/L
plasma -post-prandial
Factors affecting atherosclerosisBlood Levels of concern-the more risk factors
(eg obesity and in particular abdominal obesity) the lower the cut off points for
LDL-c
Risk Category Risk LDL-c level Cholesterol:HDL-c ratio
High > 20 %** < 2.0 mmol/L < 4.0
Moderate 11-19 % < 3.5 mmol/L < 5.0
Low < 10 % < 5.0 mmol/L < 6.0
** or history of diabetes or any atherosclerotic disease - Can. J. Cardiol 22: 913-end
September 2006
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Triglycerides and small dense LDL
As plasma triglyceride levels rise there is a greater percentage of small dense LDL
-small dense LDL is taken up very aggressively
Triglycerides and low HDL
-this is due to low LPL activity
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Macrophages
Oxidation of LDL results in the binding of monocytes to the endothelial cells lining the vessel wall. These monocytes are activated and migrate into the endothelial space where they are transformed into macrophages, leading to further oxidation of the LDL. The oxidized LDL is taken up through the scavenger receptor on the macrophage, leading to the formation of foam cells
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
PlateletsFuster slide
Collagen is the aggregation kick off followed by ADP etc
Platelet membrane fatty acid compositioncyclooxygenase
Platelet membrane fluidity
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Platelets
Interaction with lipoproteinsHDL-lowers aggregationLDL-elevates aggregation
Lp (a)-depresses platelet aggregation though also thought to inhibit plasminogen activation
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Blood pressure
Factors affecting:
Water content of blood-renal functionVasodilationVasoconstriction
Values of concern- > 140 (systolic) or > 90 (diastolic) or >
140/90- significance of these values
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Obesity-measures
new waist circumference BMISkin foldsUnderwater weighingApple/pear shape
-elevated blood pressure -triglycerides -elevated LDLc -decreased HDLc
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Renal Disease
-urea toxic to endothelium (effect)
-cause elevated blood pressure
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Various Pathogens-chlamydia pneumoniae-cytomegalovirus-heliobacter pylori
-these agents are hypothesised to inflame the endothelium thus permitting influx of LDL
-the exact role if any of pathogens in
atherosclerosis is yet to be worked on
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Nitric oxide
-vasodilation, antiplatelet effects
Factors affecting atherosclerosis
Genetics
-HDL- apo A-I, LCAT, CETP
-LDL- apo B-100, LDL receptor, scavenger receptor
-VLDL -apo B-100, LPL (apo C-II- activation, C-III inhibition)
-chylomicrons- apo B48, LPL
Genetics
-Lp (a) – apo (a)
-cholesterol- HMG-CoA reductase
-cyclooxygenase (platelets)
Genetics
-leptin (obesity)
Genetics-angiotensin converting enzyme (kidney)
The major regulator of mineralocorticoid synthesis is the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal gland.
High circulating plasma ACE is associated with high circulating levels of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), the major inhibitor of fibrinolysis in the circulation.
Genetics
-immune response
adequacy of response in part governed genetically-possible implications include the infection/inflammatory issues mentioned above
Genetics
-nitric oxide synthase
polymorphisms affect level of this enzyme