notes and references - springer978-0-230-37668-7/1.pdfnotes and references 207 application was not...

Notes and References

Abbreviations to Works by C.A.R. Crosland

CP Crosland Papers, in the British Library of Political and Economic Science. FS The Future of Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1956), reprinted as

Vol. VII in D.A. Reisman, ed., Theories of The Mixed Economy (London: Pickering and Chatto, 1994). An abridged version of The Future of Socialism was published by Cape in 1964. The notes to the present book first give the reference to the 1964 edition and then (in brackets) the page-number in the 1956 original. A comparison of the 1956 and the 1964 editions will be found in D.A. Reisman, 'Crosland's Future: the first edition', International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 23, No. 3,1996, pp. 3-54.

CE The Conservative Enemy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1962). Full references to reprinted papers are given when first cited.

SN Socialism Now, ed. by D. Leonard (London: Jonathan Cape, 1974). Full references to reprinted papers are given when first cited.

1. Introduction

1. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the selection-meeting in South Gloucestershire [n.d., almost certainly autumn 1949], in CP 13 (21).

2. D. Taveme, The philosophy of social democracy', The Times, 15 April 1974. 3. A. King, 'Philosopher King', New Society, 4 April 1974. 4. R. Jenkins, * Anthony Crosland', in his Roy Jenkins' Gallery of Twentieth

Century Portraits (London: David and Charles, 1988), p. 65. 5. Crosland, Speech to the selection-meeting in South Gloucestershire, loc. cit. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid.

2. Crosland and Marx

1. K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I (1867) (London: Lawrence & Wishart Ltd., 1961), p. 763.

2. Ibid. 3. FS, p. 60 (96). 4. FS, pp. 2-3(20-21). 5. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', unpublished paper pre

pared for a Fabian Society conference on Problems Ahead, Oxford, October 1950, in CP 13 (23).

6. T. Balogh, 'Fabians at Sea', Tribune, 30 May 1952, p. 7.

2.1 Marx and his Mission

1. Letter from C.A.R. Crosland to P. Williams dated 11 August [1941], in CP 3 (26), Pt. i. The original letters are mainly kept in the Williams Papers,

203

204 Notes and References

Nuffield College, Oxford. The British Library of Political and Economic Science has photocopies.

2. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Plus £a Change ...\The Oxford Viewpoint, Vol. 2, 4 February 1949, p. 5.

3. Ibid., p. 6. 4. Cited in B. Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London: HarperCollins, 1992), pp. 42-3. 5. D. Healey, The Time of My Life (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), p. 36. 6. Ibid., p. 28. 7. Letter from C.A.R. Crosland to P. Williams dated 4 November 1945, in

CP 3 (26), Pt. ii. 8. Letter from C.A.R. Crosland to P. Williams dated 14 October 1945, in ibid. 9. Healey, The Time of My Life, op. cit., p. 36.

10. R. Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London: Macmillan, 1991), p. 36. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. P. Dunn, 'The Egg-Head Egalitarian', The Sunday Times, 3 September

1967, p. 11. 14. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Labour Party and the War', unpublished manuscript

dated January 1940, in CP 2 (18). 15. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 16. A. Wright, Socialisms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 4. 17. F. Engels, Speech at the Graveside of Karl Marx (17 March 1883), in Karl

Marx, Selected Works (London: Lawrence and Wishart Ltd., 1942), Vol. I, p. 16.

18. FS,p.3(21). 19. CE, p. 7. 20. C.A.R. Crosland, The New Socialism, Dissent Pamphlet #1 (Melbourne:

Dissent Trust, 1963), p. 11. 21. E. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism (Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus)

(1899) (New York: Schocken Books, 1961), p. 211. 22. Ibid., p. 27. 23. P. Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism (New York: Columbia

University Press, 1952), p. 73. 24. Ibid., pp. 238-9. 25. Ibid., p. 60. 26. W. Pickles, Talk on The Future of Socialism for the BBC Overseas Service,

1956. A partial text may be found in CP 13 (4). Pickles inadvertently gave the date of publication of Bernstein's book as 1898.

27. FS, p. 62 (98). 28. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left', Encounter, Vol. 14, March 1960,

inCE,p. 120. 29. Letter from CA.R. Crosland to P. Williams dated 5 July 1940, in CP 3 (26),

Pt. i. 30. L. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy (Le marxisme en faillite) (London:

Gollancz., 1940), p. 192. 31. FS,p.42(76). 32. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', in R.H.S. Crossman

(ed.), New Fabian Essays (London: Turnstile Press, 1952), p. 35. 33. Laurat, op. cit., p. 190.

Notes and References 205

34. Ibid., p. 226. 35. Ibid., pp. 192-3. 36. Letter from C.A.R. Crosland to P. Williams dated 19 February 1942, in CP

3 (26), Pt. i. 37. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 10. 38. Ibid., p. 190. 39. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished note in his exercise book on Marxism &

Socialist Theory [n.d., probably mid 1940s], in CP 2 (17). 40. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 248. 41. J. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (London: Putnam, 1942), p. 153. 42. Ibid., p. 150. 43. J.A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942) (London:

George Allen & Unwin, 1976), p. 87. 44. Ibid., p. 263. 45. Ibid., p. 21. 46. W. Camp, 'Socialism? How Dare He Use the Word!', Tribune, 5 October

1956. 47. N. Birnbaum, 'Ideals or Reality?', Socialist Commentary, September 1959,

pp. 6-7. 48. S. Holland, The Socialist Challenge (London: Quartet Books, 1975), p. 27. 49. Ibid., p. 15. Crosland was not much more enthusiastic about Stuart Holland.

Consider the entry in his notebook for 1974 where he complains of 'some lunatic pol. appointments at quite excessive salaries, e.g. S. Holland' or that for 1975 where he expresses his concern at schemes that 'turn out (predictably) to be half-baked: e.g. Benn-Holland ind. policy'. The strategy in question, he wrote, was 'absurd' and 'always suffered from crucial ambiguity: was object to make mixed economy work better, or achieve irresistible shift towards greater equality.' The notebook in question may be found in CP 16 (8).

50. 'Gave Labour Right-Wing Leaders Their Theories', Morning Star, 21 February 1977.

51. Ibid. 52. R. Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (London: Quartet Books, 1973),

p. 11. 53. 'Gave Labour Right-Wing Leaders Their Theories', loc. cit. 54. G. Lichtheim, 'New Right', New Statesman, 30 November 1962. 55. C.A.R. Crosland, 'How Labour can kill the image that haunts its future',

News Chronicle, 11 January 1960. 56. Ibid. 57. C.A.R. Crosland, 'British Labor's Crucial Meeting', New Leader, 3 October

1960, p. 8. 58. K. Marx, The Class Struggles in France 1848-1850 (1850), in Selected

Works, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 230. 59. Cited (from a speech to the 1959 Labour Party Conference, Blackpool) in

M. Foot, Aneurin Bevan, Vol. II (London: Davis-Poynter, 1973), p. 644.

2.2 Basis and Superstructure

1. K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology (1845-6), ed. by C.J. Arthur (New York: International Publishers, 1970), p. 42.


2. K. Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) in Karl Marx: Early Writings, ed. by L. Colletti (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1975), p. 425.

3. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 19. 4. F. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880), in Selected Works,

op. cit., Vol. I, p. 165. 5. H. Laski, The State in Theory and Practice (London: George Allen &

Unwin, 1935), pp. 108-9. 6. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., pp. 16-17. 7. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 10. 8. Ibid. 9. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 5.

10. Ibid., pp. 5-6. 11. Ibid., p. 18. 12. C. Gneuss, 'The Precursor: Eduard Bernstein', in L. Labedz (ed.),

Revisionism (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962), pp. 40-1. 13. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. xxix. 14. Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., p. 154. 15. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 7. 16. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 17. Ibid. 18. C.A.R. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, unpublished manuscript

[probably 1946], in CP 2 (18). 19. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, op. cit., p. 64. 20. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, loc. cit. 21. Ibid. 22. C.A.R. Crosland, 'A Time for Hard Thinking', The Observer, 9 October

1955. 23. C.A.R. Crosland, Preface to the Japanese edition of The Future of

Socialism, 1961. The English-language typescript may be consulted in CP 13 (4).

24. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit.

2.3 Class and Conflict

1. K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848), in Selected Works, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 204, 205-6.

2. K. Marx, Capital, Vol. Ill (1894) (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1968), p. 378.

3. K. Marx 'Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Law' (1844), in T.B. Bottomore and M. Rubel (eds), Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1963), p. 190.

4. Ibid., p. 188. 5. K. Marx, The Holy Family (1845), in ibid., p. 237. 6. Ibid. 7. J. Strachey, The Theory and Practice of Socialism (London: Gollancz,

1936), p. 364. 8. J. Strachey, The Coming Struggle for Power (London: Gollancz, 1932),

p. 359. In the same year Strachey applied to join the Communist Party. His


application was not successful. As Newman explains: 'The party believed that he could be useful as a fellow traveller but, in 1932, distrusted all intellectuals, particularly one with as chequered a career as Strachey.' See M. Newman, John Strachey (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), p. 49.

9. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 200. 10. Marx, Capital, Vol. Ill, op. cit., p. 429. 11. Ibid., p. 380. 12. Ibid., p. 429. 13. Ibid., p. 379. 14. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 220. 15. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 44. 16. Ibid., p. 139. 17. Ibid., p. 36. 18. Ibid., p. 62. 19. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 763. 20. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 213. 21. Cited in Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., p. 197. 22. Marx, The Holy Family, op. cit., p. 237. 23. Crosland, Marxism & Socialist Theory, loc. cit. 24. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 25. Crosland, Marxism & Socialist Theory, loc. cit. 26. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 216. 27. Ibid. 28. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, loc. cit. 29. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 30. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, loc. cit. 31. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 19 January [probably 1941], in

CP 3 (26), Pt. i. 32. CE, p. 68. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., p. 77. 35. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Case against Take-over Bids', The Listener, Vol. 53,

2 September 1954, p. 363. 36. CE, p. 87. 37. Ibid., p. 89. 38. Crosland, 'The Case against Take-over Bids', loc. cit., p. 363. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. M. Barratt Brown, 'Crosland's Enemy - A Reply', New Left Review,

March-April 1963, p. 27. 42. P.A. Baran and P.M. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital (Harmondsworth: Penguin

Books, 1968), p. 46.

2.4 Political Democracy

1. F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884) (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.), p. 279.

2. Marx, The Holy Family, op. cit., p. 226.


3. J. Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government (Second Treatise on Civil Government) (1690), in E. Barker (ed.), Social Contract (London: Oxford University Press, 1947), p. 79.

4. A. Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776), ed. by E. Cannan (London: Methuen, 1961), Vol. II, p. 236.

5. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 228. 6. K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) (London: Lawrence & Wishart,

1955), p. 151. 7. Marx and Engels, The German Ideology, op. cit., p. 53. 8. Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, loc.

cit., p. 425. 9. Marx, Capital, Vol. Ill, op. cit., p. 772.

10. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 207. 11. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, op. cit., p. 182. 12. K. Marx, 'Article IF, in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, op. cit., p. 243. 13. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 751. 14. K. Marx, Letter to J.B. Schweitzer dated 13 October 1868, in K. Marx and

F. Engels, Selected Correspondence (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 201.

15. V.I. Lenin, What Is To Be Done? (1902) (London: Martin Lawrence Ltd., n.d.), p. 76.

16. Ibid., pp. 32-3. Lenin, needless to say, is using 'Social-Democratic' in a different sense from that of Crosland.

17. Ibid., p. 56. 18. Ibid., p. 41. 19. K. Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875), in Selected Works,

op. cit., Vol. II, p. 577. 20. V.I. Lenin, The State and Revolution (1917) (Moscow: Foreign Languages

Publishing House, n.d.), p. 59. 21. Ibid., p. 14. 22. Ibid., p. 78. 23. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 241. 24. K. Marx, 'The Chartists' (1852), in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, op. cit.,

pp. 206-7. 25. Cited in H.M. Hyndman, The Record of an Adventurous Life (London:

Macmillan, 1911), p. 273. 26. K. Marx, Speech on the Hague Congress (1872), in D. Fernbach, ed., Karl

Marx: Political Writings, Vol. 3: The First International and After (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974), p. 324.

27. F. Engels, 'Introduction' (1895) to Marx, The Class Struggles in France, in Selected Works, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 183. The full text of the controversial introduction does not appear in all editions.

28. Ibid., pp. 183,188. 29. Ibid., p. 189. 30. Ibid. 31. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, op. cit.,

p. 283. 32. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit.


33. Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., p. 300. The sentiment, that intellectual movements are social facts, together with the deliberate emulation of Marxian language, would have appealed to Bernstein.

34. G.B. Shaw, Preface to the 1908 reprint of Shaw (ed.), Fabian Essays (1889) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948), p. xxxiii. The title of Crossman (ed.), New Fabian Essays, op. cit., refers back to this work. In 1984, to mark the centenary of the Fabian Society, Ben Pimlott edited a further volume, Fabian Essays in Socialist Thought, in which the big issues of equality, compassion, tolerance, fellowship and freedom were once again subjected to the critical scrutiny of a Britain that had changed.

35. Cited in Gay, The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., pp. 67-8. 36. Cited in ibid., p. 98. 37. Cited in ibid., p. 289. 38. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left', in CE, p. 120. 39. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 145. 40. Ibid., p. 144. 41. Ibid., p. 142. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid., p. 149. 44. Ibid., p. 148. 45. Ibid., p. xxii. 46. R. Luxemburg, Social Reform or Revolution (1899), in D. Howard (ed.),

Selected Political Writings of Rosa Luxemburg (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), p. 116.

47. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 115. 48. Ibid., pp. 150,151. 49. Ibid., p. 166. 50. E.F.M. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism (London: George

Routledge & Sons, 1940), p. 271. 51. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 43. 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid., p. 42. 54. K. Marx, 'Critical Notes on the Article: The King of Prussia and Social

Reform' (1844), in Karl Marx: Selected Writings, op. cit., p. 223. 55. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 249. 56. Laski, The State in Theory and Practice, op. cit., pp. 138-9. 57. H. Laski, Democracy in Crisis (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1933),

p. 78. 58. Ibid., p. 117. 59. Strachey, The Coming Struggle for Power, op. cit., p. 322. 60. Ibid., p. 295. 61. Ibid., p. 297. 62. Ibid., p. 293. 63. Ibid. 64. Strachey, The Theory and Practice of Socialism, op. cit., p. 154. 65. Strachey, The Coming Struggle for Power, op. cit., p. 354. 66. J. Strachey, Contemporary Capitalism (London: Gollancz, 1956), p. 282. 67. Ibid., p. 179. 68. Ibid., p. 151.


69. Ibid., p. 94. 70. FS, p. 10(29). 71. R.H. Tawney, 'Christianity and the Social Revolution' (1935), in his The

Attack and Other Papers (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953), pp. 165-6.

72. C.A.R. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, Fabian Tract 438 (London: Fabian Society, 1975), p. 3.

73. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 24 March [1946], in CP 3 (27). 74. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 29 January [1946], in CP 3

(27). 75. Crosland, Letter to Williams dated 24 March [1946], op. cit. 76. Crosland, 'The Labour Party and the War', op. cit. 77. Ibid. 78. Ibid. 79. Crosland, Letter to Williams dated 19 January [probably 1941], op. cit. 80. Crosland, 'Essay on Marx and Tawney', op. cit. 81. Ibid. 82. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Battle for the Public Purse', The Guardian, 24 March

1976, p. 14. 83. FS, pp. 9 (29), 30 (63). 84. C.A.R. Crosland, 'New Moods, Old Problems', Encounter, Vol. 16,

February 1961, in CE, p. 238. 85. FS, p. 30 (63). 86. Cited in A. Watkins, 'On the Road with Mr. Crosland', New Statesman,

Vol. 79, 19 June 1970, p. 859. 87. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Labour and "Populism"', The Sunday Times, 4 April

1971, in SN, p. 100. 88. Ibid. 89. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Preparing for the Next Election' The Observer, 21

January 1973, in SN, p. 106.

2.5 Economic Inefficiency

1. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 626. 2. V.I. Lenin, Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917) (Moscow:

Foreign Languages Publishing House, n.d.), p. 76. 3. K. Marx, Capital, Vol. II (1885) (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1967),

p. 152. 4. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 211. 5. FS, p. 67 (103). 6. FS, p. 69 (105). 7. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 8. J.K. Galbraith, American Capitalism, revised edition (Harmondsworth:

Penguin Books, 1967), p. 68. 9. J.K. Galbraith, The Age of Uncertainty (London: British Broadcasting

Corporation and Andre Deutsch, 1977), p. 277. 10. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Private and Public Corporation in Great Britain', in

E.S. Mason (ed.), The Corporation in Modern Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 265.


11. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 12. FS, p. 293 (394). 13. FS, p. 293 (394-5). 14. Crosland, 'The Private and Public Corporation in Great Britain', loc. cit.,

p. 266. 15. FS, p. 16(35). 16. FS, p. 16(35). 17. FS, p. 17(36). 18. FS, p. 17(36). 19. FS, p. 17(36). 20. FS, p. 18(37). 21. FS, p. 17(36). 22. Crosland, 'The Case against Take-over Bids', loc. cit., p. 347. 23. M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1962), p. 133. 24. CE,p. 91. 25. Crosland, 'The Case against Take-over Bids', loc. cit., p. 363. 26. Crosland, Letter to Williams dated 19 January [probably 1941], op. cit. 27. Laurat, Marxism and Democracy, op. cit., p. 197. 28. Ibid., p. 220. 29. Ibid., p. 230. 30. Ibid., p. 224. 31. Ibid., p. 220. 32. Ibid., p. 216. 33. Crosland, Letter to Williams dated 29 January [1946], op. cit. 34. Crosland, exercise book on Marxism & Socialist Theory, op. cit. 35. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution, op. cit., p. 116. 36. Ibid., p. 153. 37. Crosland, exercise book on Marxism & Socialist Theory, op. cit. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid. 40. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, op. cit. 41. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', op. cit. 42. Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, op. cit., p. 79. 43. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Greatness of Keynes', Tribune, 23 February 1950,

p. 17. 44. Ibid. 45. Crosland, Essay on Marx and Tawney, op. cit. 46. Ibid. 47. FS,p.4(23). 48. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished manuscript [c.1949], in CP 13 (21). 49. Ibid.

2.6 Social Solidarity

1. K. Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844), ed. by D. Struik (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1973), p. 159.

2. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, op. cit., p. 333. 3. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 228.


4. R.H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (1920) (London: Fontana, 1961), p. 10.

5. R.H. Tawney, 'A Note on Christianity and the Social Order' (1937), in The Attack, op. cit., p. 170.

6. G.D.H. Cole, Self-Government in Industry (London: G. Bell & Sons, 1917), p. 7.

7. W. Morris, Four Letters on Socialism (1894), in W. Morris, News from Nowhere and Selected Writings and Designs, ed. by A. Briggs (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1962), p. 151.

8. Ibid. 9. R.M. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship (1970) (Harmondsworth: Penguin

Books, 1973), p. 269. 10. FS, pp. 67, 69 (103, 105). 11. FS, p. 69 (105). 12. FS, p. 69 (105). 13. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', loc. cit., p. 39. 14. Ibid., p. 62. 15. Ibid. 16. SN,p. 23. 17. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', Encounter, Vol. 15,

October 1960, in CE, p. 140.

2.7 Marx and Crosland

1. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', loc. cit., p. 33. 2. FS, p. 42 (76). 3. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', loc. cit., p. 42. 4. C.A.R. Crosland (with Llew Gardner), 'More than Public Ownership', The

Spectator, Vol. 232, 20 April 1974, p. 476. 5. Crosland, 'The Private and Public Corporation in Great Britain', op. cit.,

p. 274. 6. FS, p. 61 (97).

3. Equality and Opportunity

1. FS, p. 64 (100). 2. FS, pp. 65,67(101,103). 3. Holland, The Socialist Challenge, op. cit., p. 34. 4. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit. 5. FS, p. 77 (113). 6. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Housing and Equality', The Guardian, 15 June 1971, in

SN,p. 124. 7. SN, p. 58. 8. B. Crick, 'Socialist Literature in the 1950s', Political Quarterly, Vol. 31,

1960, p. 368. 9. Crosland, 'The Nature of Capitalist Crisis', loc. cit.

10. FS,p. 150(208).


3.1 Equality and Expenditure

1. FS, p. 140(218). 2. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, op. cit., p. 109. 3. T.H. Green, Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract (1880), reprinted

in R.L. Nettleship, ed., The Works of Thomas Hill Green, Vol. Ill (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1891), p. 371.

4. I. Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 122.

5. R.H. Tawney, 'Social Democracy in Britain' (1949), in his The Radical Tradition, ed. by Rita Hinden (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966), p. 167.

6. R. Hattersley, Choose Freedom (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1987), p. 22.

7. Cited in ibid., p. 254. 8. FS, p. 68 (104). 9. C.A.R. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, Fabian Tract 404 (London:

Fabian Society, 1971), in SN, p. 71. 10. Ibid., p. 84. 11. SN,p. 26. 12. FS, p. 80(116). 13. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the Labour Party's Annual Local Government

Conference, Cardiff, 24 January 1976, unpublished manuscript, in CP 13 (27).

14. CE, p. 26. 15. Crosland, Speech to the Labour Party's Annual Local Government

Conference, op. cit. 16. J.K. Galbraith, The American Left and Some British Comparisons, Fabian

Tract 405 (London: Fabian Society, 1971), p. 33. 17. FS, p. 80(116). 18. FS, p. 80(116). 19. R.H. Tawney, Equality (1931) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1964),

p. 154. 20. FS,p. 147(215). 21. FS, p. 169 (237). 22. FS, p. 249 (335). 23. FS, p. 153(221). 24. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, 8th. ed. (1920) (London: Macmillan,

1949), p. 9. 25. Ibid. 26. A. Marshall, Industry and Trade, 4th. ed. (London: Macmillan, 1923),

p. 179. 27. FS, p. 163(231). 28. FS,p. 155(223).

3.2 Education

1. FS, p. 166(234). 2. FS, p. 167(235).


3. FS, p. 207 (277). 4. FS, p. 188(258). 5. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland (London: Jonathan Cape, 1982),

p. 148. 6. Cited in Pimlott, Harold Wilson, op. cit., p. 512. 7. 'Outlook Uncertain', The Times, 16 November 1965, p. 13. 8. Department of Education and Science, The Organisation of Secondary

Education, Circular 10/65, 12 July 1965, p. 6. 9. 'Redistribution', Times Educational Supplement, 16 July 1965, p. 127.

10. 'Outlook Uncertain', loc. cit. 11. DES, The Organisation of Secondary Education, op. cit., p. 10. 12. S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 146. 13. C.A.R. Crosland, in conversation with M. Kogan, in E. Boyle and C.A.R.

Crosland, The Politics of Education (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971), p. 169.

14. C.A.R. Crosland, contribution to a panel discussion published as 'A Talk about Education', Woman's Journal, January 1967, p. 7.

15. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the Stop the Eleven Plus Committee, University of Surrey, 16 November 1970, unpublished manuscript, in CP 5 (2).

16. R.H. Tawney, 'The WEA and Adult Education' (1953), in The Radical Tradition, op. cit., pp. 87-8.

17. R.H. Tawney, 'The Problem of the Public Schools' (1943), in ibid., pp. 63-4.

18. FS, p. 207 (277). 19. FS,p. 183(253). 20. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished notes headed 'Comp. Schools: Bristol,

Devon' (n.d.), in CP 5 (2). 21. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', Speech delivered at the

North of England Education Conference, 7 January 1966, in SN, p. 204. 22. C.A.R. Crosland, interview with George Gale, London Broadcasting Radio,

25 April 1974. 23. FS, p. 202 (272). 24. FS, p. 202 (272). 25. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', in SN, pp. 197-8. 26. Ibid., p. 199. 27. Ibid., p. 198. 28. FS, p. 200 (270). 29. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', in SN, p. 202. 30. Crosland, in 'A Talk about Education', loc. cit. 31. Crosland, interview with George Gale, op. cit. 32. Ibid. 33. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., pp. 146-7. 34. C. Welch, 'The Old Tony', The Spectator, Vol. 250, 8 January 1983, p. 4. 35. SN,p. 186. 36. Crosland, in The Politics of Education, op. cit., p. 173. 37. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', in SN, p. 193. 38. FS, p. 205 (275). 39. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Reform of Local Government', Speech delivered in the

House of Commons, 18 February 1970, in SN, p. 185. 40. FS, p. 205 (275).


41. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', Encounter, Vol. 16, July 1961, in CE, p. 182.

42. Ibid., pp. 174-6, passim. 43. FS, p. 140 (208). 44. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 174. 45. Tawney, Equality, op. cit., p. 145. 46. FS, p. 140 (208). 47. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 154. 48. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 182. 49. FS, p. 192 (262). 50. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 149. 51. C.A.R. Crosland, interview with Llew Gardner on Thames Television pro

gramme People and Politics, 18 April 1974. 52. Crosland, interview with George Gale, op. cit. 53. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', in SN, p. 194. 54. FS, p. 192(262). 55. FS, p. 205 (275). 56. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 180. 57. Crosland, in 'A Talk about Education', loc. cit. 58. FS, p. 206 (276). 59. FS, p. 206 (276). 60. FS,p. 166(234). 61. FS,p. 195(265). 62. DES, The Organisation of Secondary Education, op. cit., p. 9. 63. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 149. 64. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 178. 65. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech at Woolwich Polytechnic, 27 April 1965, unpub

lished manuscript, in CP 5 (2). 66. Department of Education and Science, A Plan for Polytechnics and Other

Colleges, Cmnd. 3006, May 1966. 67. R.H.S. Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister (London: Hamish

Hamilton and Jonathan Cape), Vol. I: Minister of Housing 1964-66, 1975, p. 326.

68. Ibid. 69. T. Burgess, 'A Policy for Higher Education', New Statesman, 29 January

1971, p. 133. 70. Crosland, Speech at Woolwich Polytechnic, op. cit. 71. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Pluralism in Higher Education', Speech delivered at the

University of Lancaster, 20 January 1967, in SN, p. 219. 72. Ibid., p. 217. 73. Crosland, Speech at Woolwich Polytechnic, op. cit. 74. C. Crouch and S. Mennell, The Universities: Pressures & Prospects, Young

Fabian Pamphlet 28 (London: Fabian Society, 1972), p. 27. 75. Crosland, Speech at Woolwich Polytechnic, op. cit. 76. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech at the Future of the Polytechnics Conference, June

1972, unpublished manuscript, in CP 13 (25). 77. Cited in Pimlott, Harold Wilson, op. cit., p. 514. 78. C.A.R. Crosland, Statement in the House of Commons, in Parliamentary

Debates (Hansard), Vol. 741, Col. 2001,23 February 1967. 79. Ibid., Col. 1990.


80. H. Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-1970 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson and Michael Joseph, 1971), p. 66.

81. Ibid.

3.3 Housing

1. Crosland, Towards a Labour Housing Policy, Fabian Tract 410 (London: Fabian Society, 1971), extract in SN, p. 118.

2. Ibid., p. 117. 3. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to a by-election meeting at Lincoln [n.d. probably

1972 or 1973], unpublished manuscript, in CP 13 (24). 4. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Socialists in a Dangerous World', Socialist Commentary,

November 1968, in SN, p. 65. 5. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 91. 6. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Mrs Thatcher's Vote Snatcher', New Statesman, Vol. 88,

27 September 1974, p. 407. Mrs. Thatcher was Crosland's Shadow at Environment.

7. CE,p. 189. 8. J.K. Galbraith, The Culture of Contentment (London: Penguin Books,

1993), p. 44. 9. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished note [n.d., probably 1946 or 1947], in his

Economics Exercise Book, Trinity College, Oxford, in CP 2(12). 10. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Twelve Points for a Labour Housing Policy', The

Guardian, 15 December 1971, in SN, p. 121. 11. C.A.R. Crosland (interviewed by A. Watkins), 'Squatters? They're not all

drop-outs', Evening Standard, 5 August 1975, p. 11. 12. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Housing and Equality', The Guardian, 15 June 1971, in

SN,p. 126. 13. C.A.R. Crosland, party-political broadcast on Radio Four, November 1971,

unpublished press-release, in CP 13 (20), Pt. ii. 14. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Housing: A Summing Up', The Guardian, 2 and 3 May

1973, in SN, pp. 146-7. 15. C.A.R. Crosland, 'National Superannuation', Socialist Commentary, May

1956, p. 18. 16. C.A.R. Crosland, 'How Find the Savings?', Socialist Commentary, August

1953, p. 176. 17. Crosland, 'Mrs. Thatcher's Vote Snatcher', loc. cit., p. 406. 18. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the National Council of Building Material

Producers, London, 27 March 1973, unpublished manuscript, in CP 13 (28).

19. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Policies for the People, by the People', Socialist Commentary, November 1971, p. 5.

20. Ibid. 21. Crosland, 'Twelve Points for a Labour Housing Policy', in SN, p. 123.

3.4 Opportunity and Poverty

1. FS,p.59(95). 2. FS, p. 77 (113).


3. CE,p. 11. 4. FS, 1956 edition, p. 148. The equivalent passage in the 1964 edition (p. 89)

is far more hesitant: the 'even' becomes 'even if and the 'will' becomes 'should'.

5. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech at a conference on Social and Economic Policies of the Labour Government, Norwich, 15 July 1967, unpublished pressrelease, in CP 13 (20), Pt. ii.

6. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 72. 7. Crosland, 'Battle for the Public Purse', loc. cit. 8. FS, p. 77(113). 9. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., p. 2.

10. FS, p. 77(113). 11. FS, p. 88(148). 12. FS, p. 88(148). 13. FS, p. 89(149). 14. FS, p. 89(149). 15. SN,p.46. 16. FS, p. 94 (153). 17. Crosland, 'Battle for Public Purse', loc. cit. 18. Titmuss, The Gift Relationship, op. cit., p. 273. 19. Ibid., p. 223. 20. R.M. Titmuss, 'The Social Division of Welfare' (1955), in his Essays on

'The Welfare State', 2nd. ed. (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963), p. 39.

21. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., p. 145. 22. A. Bevan, In Place of Fear (1952) (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1961),

p. 100. 23. S. Hampshire, 'A New Philosophy of the Just Society', The New York

Review of Books, 24 February 1972, p. 35. 24. Ibid. 25. J. Rawls. A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),

p. 66. 26. Ibid., p. 15. 27. Ibid., p. 151. 28. R.M. Titmuss, Social Policy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974),

pp. 149-50. 29. FS, p. 58 (94). 30. Crosland, 'How Find the Savings?', loc. cit., p. 177. 31. Ibid. 32. FS, 89(148). 33. FS, p. 96 (155). 34. FS, p. 96 (155). 35. Crosland, 'How Find the Savings?', loc. cit., p. 177. 36. Crosland, Speech at a conference on Social and Economic Policies of the

Labour Government, loc. cit. 37. FS, p. 87(145). 38. R.M. Titmuss, Commitment to Welfare (London: George Allen & Unwin,

1968), p. 129. 39. Ibid., p. 134.


40. Rawls, op. cit., p. 440. 41. FS, p. 85 (143).

4. Equality of Outcome

1. FS, p. 77 (113). 2. FS, p. 207 (277). 3. FS, p. 77 (113). 4. FS, p. 99 (158). 5. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., p. 2.

4.1 Wealth

1. FS, p. 72 (108). 2. FS, p. 25 (58, marginally different). 3. FS, p. 71 (107). 4. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished essay on nationalisation [n.d., probably mid-

19408], in his Economics Exercise Book, Trinity College, Oxford, in CP 2 (13).

5. Ibid. 6. FS, p. 71 (107). 7. FS, p. 143(211). 8. FS, p. 142(210). 9. FS, p. 142(210).

10. FS, p. 145(213). 11. FS, pp. 140-1 (208-9). 12. FS, p. 144(212). 13. FS, p. 145 (213). Emphasis added. 14. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Way Towards More Socialist Equality', Tribune,

19 August 1949, p. 11. 15. C.A.R. Crosland, unpublished notes on Russia and Communism, Psycho-

Analysis, Sociology [n.d., probably mid 1940s], Trinity College, Oxford, in CP2Q6).

16. Ibid. 17. D. Jay, Change and Fortune (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 278-9. 18. D. Jay, Socialism in the New Society (London: Longmans, Green and Co.,

1962), p. 8. 19. Ibid., p. 11. Emphasis deleted. 20. Ibid., p. 15. 21. FS, p. 142 (210). Emphasis added. 22. FS, p. 144 (212). Emphasis added. 23. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Has Profits' Taxation Reached Its Peak?', Tribune, 12

August 1949, p. 10. 24. FS, p. 145(213). 25. FS, p. 171 (239). 26. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Function of Public Enterprise', Socialist Commentary,

February 1950, p. 30. 27. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Shape of the Budget', Tribune, 1 April 1950, p. 9.


28. FS, p. 171 (239). 29. FS, p. 226 (298). See also CE, pp. 15,16, 33 for a reiteration of this view. 30. FS, p. 246 (332). 31. FS, p. 171 (239). 32. Crosland, 'Has Profits' Taxation Reached Its Peak?', loc. cit., p. 11. 33. FS, p. 171 (239). 34. FS, p. 225 (296). 35. FS, p. 178(248). 36. CE,p. 39. 37. CE,p. 37. 38. FS, p. 224 (295). 39. FS, p. 226 (298). 40. FS, p. 228 (300). 41. FS, p. 178(248), 42. FS, p. 225 (296). 43. FS, p. 178(248). 44. CE, p. 28. 45. FS, p. 145(213). 46. FS, p. 229 (301). 47. FS, p. 230 (303). 48. FS, p. 233 (306). 49. FS, p. 233 (306). 50. FS, p. 236(310-11). 51. See H. Gaitskell, Socialism and Nationalisation, Fabian Tract 300 (London:

Fabian Society, 1956), p. 35 and H. Dalton, Some Aspects of the Inequality of Incomes in Modern Communities (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1920), pp. 341-3, passim.

52. FS, p. 237(319). 53. CE, p. 23. 54. FS, p. 240 (322). 55. FS, 1956 edition only, p. 314. 56. Ibid., p. 315. 57. Ibid., p. 314. 58. Ibid., p. 317. 59. FS, p. 226 (297). 60. FS, p. 245(331). 61. SN,p.48. 62. FS, p. 245(331). 63. FS, p. 233 (307). 64. P. Goldman, 'Labour Out of Step', The Sunday Telegraph, 11 November

1962. 65. R.H.S. Crossman, Letter to C.A.R. Crosland dated 23 October 1956, in CP

13 (10). Crossman appears not to have reviewed The Future of Socialism in print.

66. R.H.S. Crossman, 'Angry Young Men', The Guardian, 1 December 1962. 67. Ibid. 68. Crossman, Letter to Crosland dated 23 October 1956, op. cit. 69. H. Dalton, Practical Socialism for Britain (London: George Routledge &

Sons, 1935), p. 327.


70. Smith, The Wealth of Nations, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 232. This passage is cited by Crosland in FS, 1956 edition only, p. 192.

71. FS, 1956 edition only, p. 515. 72. Crosland, 'The Way Towards More Socialist Equality', loc. cit., p. 10. 73. Ibid., p. 11. 74. Crosland, 'Has Profits' Taxation Reached Its Peak?', loc. cit., p. 11. 75. FS, p. 135(203). 76. FS, p. 136 (204). 77. H. Schoeck, Envy (London: Seeker and Warburg, 1969), p. 247. 78. Ibid., p. 248. 79. See A. Flew, The Politics of Procrustes (London: Temple Smith, 1981). 80. Schoeck, Envy, op. cit., p. 360. 81. Ibid., p. 348. 82. Ibid., p. 248. 83. FS, p. 245 (331). 84. CE,p. 23. 85. FS, p. 245 (331). 86. Crosland, 'The Way Towards More Socialist Equality', loc. cit., p. 11. 87. Ibid., p. 10. 88. Ibid., p. 11. 89. Ibid., p. 10. 90. FS, 1956 edition only, p. 193. 91. CE,p. 28. 92. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Sharing the National Income', Tribune, 5 August 1949,

p. 8. 93. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Future of the Labour Party', National and English

Review, Vol. 145, 1955, p. 16. 94. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., p. 2. 95. Ibid. 96. B. de Jouvenel, The Ethics of Redistribution (1952) (Indianapolis: Liberty

Press, 1990), p. 72. 97. Ibid., p. 68. 98. A.C. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, 4th. ed. (London: Macmillan, 1932),

p. 89. 99. C.A.R. Crosland, review of A Critique of Welfare Economics by I.M.D.

Little, Universities Quarterly, Vol. 5, 1951, p. 183. 100. Crosland, 'The Future of the Labour Party', loc. cit., pp. 16-17.

4.2 Power

1. Tawney, Equality, op. cit., p. 166. 2. Cole, Self-Government in Industry, op. cit., p. 3. 3. Crosland (with Gardner), 'More than Public Ownership', loc. cit., p. 475. 4. SN, p. 46. 5. FS, p. 30 (63). 6. Crosland, Economics Exercise Book, op. cit., in CP 2 (13). 7. FS, p. 31(64). 8. FS, p. 112(179). 9. FS, p. 142(210).


10. FS, p. 142 (210). 11. G.D.H. Cole, The World of Labour (1913) (Brighton: Harvester Press,

1973), p. xvi. 12. Ibid., pp. 381-2. 13. Ibid., p. 368. 14. Cole, Self-Government in Industry, op. cit., p. 53. 15. G.D.H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, Vol. V: Socialism and

Fascism 1931-1939 (London: Macmillan, 1960), p. 337. 16. Cole, Self-Government in Industry, op. cit., pp. 110-11. 17. Cole, The World of Labour, op. cit., p. 358. 18. R.H.S. Crossman, 'The Spectre of Revisionism: A Reply to Crosland',

Encounter, Vol. 14, April 1960, p. 25. 19. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society, op. cit., p. 146. 20. Ibid., p. 149. 21. Crossman, 'The Spectre of Revisionism', loc. cit., p. 25. 22. Crosland, 'Socialists in a Dangerous World', in SN, p. 65. 23. FS, p. 255 (341). 24. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 333. 25. FS, p. 255 (341). 26. FS, p. 256 (342). 27. FS, p. 256 (342). 28. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Industrial Democracy and Workers' Control', Encounter,

Vol. 12, February 1959, in CE, p. 226. 29. FS, 169(237). 30. FS, p. 169(237). 31. Crosland, 'Industrial Democracy and Workers' Control', in CE, p. 221. 32. SN, p. 30. 33. Crosland, 'Socialists in a Dangerous World', in SN, p. 67. 34. FS, p. 259 (345). 35. FS, p. 275 (361). 36. FS, p. 262 (348). 37. FS, p. 262 (348). 38. CE,p.91. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. FS, p. 273 (359). 42. See Chapter 2.4. 43. SN, p. 42. 44. SN, p. 52. 45. Cole, Self-Government in Industry, op. cit., p. 5. 46. Ibid., p. 122. 47. Ibid. 48. Cited in P. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (London: Jonathan Cape, 1979),

p. 172. 49. CE,p. 91. 50. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 21 October 1942, in CP 3 (26),

Pt. ii. 51. W. Morris, News from Nowhere (1890), in News from Nowhere and

Selected Writings and Designs, op. cit., p. 248.


52. Ibid., p. 256. This sentence is the essence of Morris's Chapter 13 ('Concerning Polities'). The chapter is only eleven lines in length.

4.3 Culture

1. B. Disraeli, Sybil or The Two Nations (1845) (London: Peter Davies, 1927), pp. 75-6.

2. Ibid., p. 77. 3. Tawney, Equality, op. cit., p. 43. 4. Ibid. 5. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Everyman's Champion', The Observer, 8 March 1953.

Crosland is reviewing The Attack. 6. A. Marshall, 'The Future of the Working Classes' (1873), in A.C. Pigou

(ed.), Memorials of Alfred Marshall (1925) (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966), pp. 102-3.

7. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Production in the Age of Affluence', The Listener, 25 September 1958, in CE, p. 97. The subject of the talk was Galbraith's The Affluent Society, which had just been published.

8. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', in CE, p. 129. 9. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left, in CE, p. 125.

10. Crosland, 'Socialists in a Dangerous World', in SN, p. 68. 11. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', in CE, p. 129. 12. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 79. 13. FS, p. 208 (278). Emphasis deleted. 14. FS, p. 213(283). 15. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 79. 16. FS, p. 214 (284). 17. FS, p. 214 (284). 18. FS, p. 213(283). 19. Crosland, 'Production in the Age of Affluence', in CE, p. 98. 20. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Socialism in a Prosperous World', New Leader, 29

February 1960, p. 13. 21. D. Marquand, The Unprincipled Society (London: Fontana, 1988), p. 37. 22. FS, p. 215(285). 23. See A. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835, 1840) (New York:

Schocken Books, 1961) and A. Marshall, 'Some Features of American Industry' (1875), in J.K. Whitaker (ed.), The Early Economic Writings of Alfred Marshall 1867-1890 (London: Macmillan, 1975), Vol. II. Crosland refers to de Tocqueville - in FS, p. 177 (247), for example - but is unlikely to have seen the Marshall paper, which was only published in 1975. The similarity between Marshall's position and Crosland's socialism is striking nonetheless.

24. C.A.R. Crosland, contribution to a BBC Home Service symposium, in 'Anti-American Attitudes: A Symposium', The Listener, Vol. 67, 19 April 1962, pp. 668-9.

25. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Decline and Fall of McCarthy', Bristol Evening World, 21 January 1955.

26. Both books are cited by Crosland. See CE, p. 83n and FS, p. 212n (282n).


27. Crosland, 'The Decline and Fall of McCarthy', loc. cit. 28. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 30 November 1941, in CP 3

(26), Pt. i. 29. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Arrogance of Austerity', The Listener, Vol. 54,

8 December 1955, p. 975. 30. Ibid., pp. 975-6. 31. CE,p. 54. 32. C.A.R. Crosland, Talk on Woman's Hour, BBC Light Programme, 21

September 1956. 33. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 22 May [probably 1941], in

CP 3 (26), Pt. i. 34. C.A.R. Crosland, notebook entry, 1974, in CP, 16 (8). 35. J.K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society (1958) (Harmondsworth: Penguin

Books, 1973), p. 102. 36. Ibid., p. 251. 37. Cited in R. Terrill, R.H. Tawney and His Times (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard

University Press, 1973), p. 115. See also pp. 271-2. 38. W. Sombart, Warum Gibt Es In Den U.S. Keinen Sozialismus? (Tubingen:

Mohr, 1906), p. 126. 39. C.A.R. Crosland, Letter to P. Williams dated 24 March [1946], in CP 3

(27). 40. Ibid. 41. A.J. Ayer, 'Forward from the Welfare State', Encounter, Vol. 7, December

1956, p. 78. 42. N. Birnbaum, 'Politics and "Abundance"', Dissent, Vol. 5, 1958, p. 243. 43. A. Briggs, 'Socialism and Society', The Observer, 30 September 1956. 44. M. Young, Letter to C.A.R. Crosland dated 30 January 1956, in CP 13

(8). 45. Dunn, 'The Egg-Head Egalitarian', loc. cit., p. 11. 46. R. Williams, Culture and Society 1780-1950 (Harmondsworth: Penguin

Books, 1963), p. 304. 47. R. Williams, The Long Revolution (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1965),

p. 117. 48. Ibid., p. 114. 49. Durbin, The Politics of Democratic Socialism, op. cit., p. 31. 50. Ibid., p. 75. 51. Tawney, Equality, op. cit., p. 82. 52. Ibid., p. 40. 53. Ibid., p. 41. 54. K. Joseph, Reversing the Trend (Chichester: Barry Rose, 1975), pp. 55-6. 55. T. Benn, Office Without Power (London: Hutchinson, 1988), p. 356. 56. D. Donnelly, 'Why this call for Equality', News Chronicle, 4 October 1956. 57. Ibid. 58. R. Hinden, 'A Different Animal?', Socialist Commentary, November 1956,

p. 28. 59. P. Jenkins, 'The Social Democratic Dilemma', New Statesman, 20

September 1974, p. 378. 60. CE,p. 210.


5. Growth into Socialism

1. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 79. 2. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left', in CE, p. 122. 3. Crosland, A Social-Democratic Britain, in SN, p. 75. 4. Ibid., p. 74. 5. Ibid., p. 73. 6. S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 212. 7. D. Lipsey, 'Crosland's Socialism', in D. Lipsey and D. Leonard, eds., The

Socialist Agenda (London: Jonathan Cape, 1981), p. 26. 8. FS, p. 288 (378); CE, p. 24. 9. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', in CE, p. 142.

10. P. Jenkins, 'Intellect with his finger on the common pulse', The Guardian, 21 February 1977.

11. C.A.R. Crosland, interview (with Sir Geoffrey Howe) with Llew Gardner on Thames Television programme People and Politics, 12 June 1975.

12. Lichtheim, 'New Right', loc. cit. 13. FS, p. 223 (293-4). 14. FS, p. 222 (292).

5. / Economic Growth

1. FS, p. 218(288). 2. SN, p. 57. 3. C.A.R. Crosland, 'A Reply to the Prophets of Woe', The Listener, Vol. 43,

8 June 1950, p. 977. 4. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Opportunity Calls', The Times, 4 March 1968,

Supplement on Redeployment, p. I. Crosland was President of the Board of Trade at the time.

5. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', in CE, p. 128. 6. C.A.R. Crosland (and D. MacRae), 'What is Wrong with Britain?', The

Listener, Vol. 68, 5 July 1962, p. 3. 7. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Smashing Things', The Spectator, Vol. 204, 12 February

1960, p. 223. 8. C.A.R. Crosland, Britain's Economic Problem (London: Jonathan Cape,

1953), p. 208. 9. Ibid.

10. Crosland, 'Radical Reform and the Left', in CE, p. 141. 11. F.A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit (London: Routledge, 1988), p. 14. 12. Crosland, 'The Arrogance of Austerity', loc. cit., p. 976. 13. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech at a Guildhall banquet [n.d., probably 1969-70],

unpublished manuscript, in CP 13 (20), Pt. ii. 14. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Humming and Planning', The Observer, 29 December

1963. 15. A. Bevan, 'The People's Coming of Age', Tribune, 3 February 1950, p. 4.

The article appeared three weeks before the election of 1950. 16. Ibid. 17. See, for example, C.A.R. Crosland, 'Minister's Carrot and Stick', The

Times, 17 March 1969, p. 26.


18. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The Right Boards?' (a review of Power at the Top by Clive Jenkins), The Observer, 5 April 1959.

19. C.A.R. Crosland, 'How big a threat is Soviet growth?' (a review of The Liberal Hour by J.K. Galbraith), The Guardian, 13 October 1960.

20. FS, p. 304(419). 21. D. Owen, Time to Declare (London: Michael Joseph, 1991), pp. 207-8. 22. Crosland, 'Comprehensive Education', in SN, p. 200. 23. C.A.R. Crosland, 'On Economic Growth', Encounter, Vol. 15, April 1961,

p. 67. 24. Ibid., p. 66. 25. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Curbing Price Rises', Socialist Commentary, October

1951, p. 226. 26. C.A.R. Crosland (and C. Clark), 'Forcing the Pace?', The Listener, Vol. 65,

29 June 1961, p. 1115. 27. Crosland, 'On Economic Growth', loc. cit., p. 66. 28. Ibid. 29. SN, pp. 56-7. 30. CE, p. 24. 31. Crosland, 'On Economic Growth', loc. cit., p. 66. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid., pp. 65-6. 34. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., p. 10. 35. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Towards a Welfare World', Encounter, Vol. 16, March

1961, in CE, p. 109. 36. Crosland, 'Production in the Age of Affluence', in CE, p. 100. 37. CE, p. 21 On. 38. Crosland, 'Policies for the People, by the People', loc. cit., p. 4. 39. C.A.R. Crosland, 'Equality in Hard Times', Socialist Commentary, October

1976, p. 3. 40. Ibid. 41. CE,p. 53. 42. Ibid., p. 52. 43. Ibid., p. 20. 44. Ibid., p. 12. 45. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left', in CE, p. 122. 46. J. Strachey, 'The New Revisionist', New Statesman and Nation, Vol. 52,

6 October 1956, p. 398. 47. Crosland, 'Equality in Hard Times', loc. cit., p. 3.

5.2 Opportunity and Outcome

1. SN, p. 15. 2. Ibid. 3. J.H. Goldthorpe (with others), Social Mobility and Class Structure

in Modern Britain, 2nd. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 328.

4. Ibid. 5. P.M. Blau and O.D. Duncan, The American Occupational Structure (New

York: John Wiley and Sons, 1967), p. 113.


6. C. Jencks (with others), Inequality (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1975), p. 8.

7. Ibid., p. 209. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., p. 255.

10. Ibid., p. 135. 11. D. Bell, 'Politics' New Look', New York Post, 23 February 1958. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech at Manchester Town Hall, 9 May 1975, unpub

lished manuscript, in CP 13 (32). 15. J.K. Galbraith, 'Let Us Begin: An Invitation to Action on Poverty',

Harper's Magazine, March 1964, pp. 25-6. 16. B. Abel-Smith, 'Whose welfare state?', in N.I. MacKenzie, ed., Conviction

(London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1959), p. 57. 17. Titmuss, Commitment to Welfare, op. cit., p. 196. Crosland was acquainted

with Titmuss's work and with his contention, supported by evidence, that (reinforced by fiscal and occupational benefits) the social services have a strong tendency to redistribute from the less privileged to the better-off. See in particular Crosland's review of the first edition of Titmuss's Essays on 'The Welfare State', Encounter Vol. 12, March 1959, p. 68, and CE, p. 29. He had somewhat less respect for the Fabian pamphlet on The Irresponsible Society (1960), reprinted in the second edition of the Essays, in which Titmuss attacked the insurance companies for a cavalier and unfeeling attitude towards the rights of their policy-holders and their society. See CE, p. 74n, where the political intellectual writes as follows in defence of control: 'Professor Titmuss has had so profound an influence for good on our social thinking that it is sad to see how marred this pamphlet is by errors both of fact and analysis, and by an obsession with "hidden power" which leads him gravely to underrate the forces of democracy.'

18. J. Le Grand, The Strategy of Equality (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982), pp. 57,77.

19. Jencks, Inequality, op. cit., p. 27. 20. SN, p. 20. 21. Bevan, In Place of Fear, op. cit., p. 136. 22. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., pp. 8-9. 23. SN, p. 47. 24. SN,p. 21. 25. Crosland, 'Labour and "Populism"', in SN, p. 97. 26. S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 194. 27. M. Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy (London: Thames and Hudson,

1958), p. 62. 28. Crosland, 'Equality in Hard Times', loc. cit., p. 3. 29. Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, op. cit., p. 38. 30. E. Fromm, The Sane Society (1956) (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,

1963), p. 46. 31. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 168. 32. Ibid., p. 169. 33. Smith, The Wealth of Nations, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 308.


34. Ibid., p. 303. 35. A. Smith, Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763), ed. by

E. Cannan (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1896), p. 255. 36. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, op. cit., p. 212. 37. H. Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review

Press, 1974), p. 121. 38. Ibid., p. 438. 39. F. Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,

1977), p. 5. 40. Ibid., p. 173. 41. Ibid., p. 149. 42. Ibid. 43. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 168.

Emphasis deleted. 44. 'More Reach the Higher Levels', Times Educational Supplement, 2

December 1966, p. 1358. The reason for the interview was the Secretary of State's 10-day visit to Russia to study its educational system.

45. Owen, Time to Declare, op. cit., p. 208. 46. Hattersley, Choose Freedom, op. cit., p. 122. 47. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, op. cit., p. 171. 48. M. Friedman (withR.D. Friedman), Free to Choose (Harmondsworth:

Penguin Books, 1980), p. 181. 49. FS, p. 226 (298). 50. C.A.R. Crosland, review of A.M. Carr-Saunders, D. Caradog Jones and

C.A. Moser, A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales, Encounter, Vol. 11, 1958, p. 88.

51. Ibid. 52. FS, 1956 edition only, p. 518. 53. Crosland, review of A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales,

loc. cit.

5.3 The Limits to Socialism

1. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', loc. cit., p. 63. 2. FS, p. 149(217). 3. FS, p. 137(205). 4. FA. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,

1960), p. 87. 5. Crosland, 'The Way Towards More Socialist Equality', loc. cit., p. 10. 6. Ibid. 7. FS,p. 149(217). 8. SN, p. 17. 9. Crosland, 'The Battle for the Public Purse', loc. cit., p. 14.

10. CE,p. 22. 11. Crosland, Speech to the Labour Party's Annual Local Government

Conference, op. cit. 12. Ibid. 13. Crosland, 'The Transition from Capitalism', loc. cit., p. 63.


14. C.A.R. Crosland, 'The People Who Didn't Vote Labour', Tribune, 10 March 1950, p. 9.

15. SN, pp. 55-6. 16. Crosland, 'The People Who Didn't Vote Labour', loc. cit., p. 10. 17. SN, p. 56. 18. FS, p. 226 (298). 19. FS, p. 231 (304). 20. Crosland, Social Democracy in Europe, op. cit., p. 9. 21. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, op. cit., p. 89. 22. Crosland, 'The Battle for the Public Purse', loc. cit., p. 14. 23. Ibid. 24. Crosland (and MacRae), 'What is Wrong with Britain?', loc. cit., p. 4. 25. C.A.R. Crosland, Statement in the House of Commons, in Parliamentary

Debates (Hansard), Vol. 709, Col.769, 25 March 1965. See also SN, p. 225, where he calls for improved cost-calculation and better manpower forecasting: 'I believe that for too long this large enterprise has been too haphazard.'

26. Crosland, 'The Future of the Left', in CE, p. 125. 27. C.A.R. Crosland, The British Economy in 1965 (Nottingham: University of

Nottingham, 1965), p. 2. This was the first Hugh Gaitskell Memorial Lecture at the University.

28. CE,p. 12. 29. D. Marquand, 'Inquest on a Movement', Encounter, Vol. 53, July 1979,

p. 10. 30. Cited in S. Crosland, Tony Crosland, op. cit., p. 335. 31. Crosland, 'The Public Schools and English Education', in CE, p. 175. 32. Ibid., p. 176. 33. See FS, pp. 355-6 (522). 34. C.A.R. Crosland, Statement in the House of Commons, in Parliamentary

Debates (Hansard), Vol. 727, Col.494, 25 April 1966. 35. C.A.R. Crosland, Statement in the House of Commons, in Parliamentary

Debates (Hansard), Vol. 723, Col. 243, 26 January 1966. 36. FS,p. 176(244). 37. Crosland, 'Reform of Local Government', in SN, p. 185. 38. SN, p. 55. 39. T.H. Marshall, 'The Right to Welfare' (1965), in his The Right to Welfare

and Other Essays (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1981), p. 91. 40. FS, p. 91 (150). 41. Tony Blair, Speech to the Labour Party Conference, Blackpool, 4 October

1994, in The Times, 5 October 1994, p. 9. Even before he was made the Party Leader, at least one distinguished commentator, by no means a socialist, had had this to say about Blair's emphasis on the each as a part of the all: 'Tony Blair seems to be speaking the language of the British heart, moderate, fair, liberal and optimistic' See W. Rees-Mogg, 'Blair strikes a chord', The Times, 13 June 1994, p. 20.

42. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the Labour Newspaper Group, Blackpool, 30 September 1973, in CP 13 (26).

43. Crosland, 'Preparing for the Next Election', in SN, p. 104. 44. C.A.R. Crosland, Speech to the Young Fabians, 1972, unpublished press

release, in CP 13 (20), Pt. ii.


45. Ibid. 46. S. Cripps, Statement in the House of Commons, in Parliamentary Debates

(Hansard), Vol. 474, Col.39,18 April 1950. 47. Crosland, 'Equality in Hard Times', loc. cit., p. 3. 48. Ibid. 49. FS, pp. 28-9, 45 in the 1956 edition. The latter part of the passage appears

on p. 9 of the abridged edition but the former part was deleted when the original Chapter II was cut.

50. B. Gould, A Future for Socialism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1989), p. 2. 51. Lipsey, 'Crosland's Socialism', loc. cit, p. 42.

6. Conclusion

1. Crosland, Speech to the selection-meeting in South Gloucestershire, op. cit. 2. FS, p. 79 (115). 3. SN, p. 26. 4. Ibid., p. 56. 5. Ibid., p. 23. 6. Ibid., p. 24. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., p. 43.

10. FS, p. 79 (115). 11. SN,p.43. 12. Ibid., p. 58. 13. Ibid., p. 15.

Index AC refers to Anthony Crosland throughout.

Abel-Smith, Brian 176 absolute deprivation 122 advertising 142 affirmative action 180 altruism 170 American Dream 150 anti-Americanism 147-8 Arts Council 75, 195 Ashley, Lord (later Earl of

Shaftesbury) 19 asset appreciation, taxation 119 Attlee, C.R. 31, 108, 126

Babeuf, Francois 31 balance of payments 166-7 Balogh, Thomas 5-6 bankruptcy 49 Baran, P.A. 28 base and superstructure, Marxist model

16-20 Bay of Pigs 171 Bell, Daniel 175-6 Benn,Tony 16,83, 154 Berdyaev, Nikolai 7 Berle, A.A. 25 Berlin, Isaiah 59 Berlin Wall 171 Bernal, J.D. 14 Bernstein, Eduard 10-11, 18, 22-3,

24,33-6,37,49,136 Bevan, Aneurin 16, 103, 121, 163,

177 Bevanites 35,119 binary system, higher and further

education 84, 85, 86-9 Birnbaum, Norman 13-14,150-1 Blackburn, Robin 14 Blair, Tony 197 Blanqui,J.A. 31 Blau,P.M. 174 blue-collar workers 27, 49 boarding schools 81 boom, post-war 3

bourgeoisie 20 Braverman, Harry 182-3 Briggs, Asa 151 Brown, M. Barratt 28 budget deficits 166 building societies, central government

loan 96-7 buildings, comprehensive schools

68-9 Bundesbank 165 bureaucracy 45, 47, 131, 132, 161,

162 Burgess, Tyrrell 86, 175 Burnham, James 13, 25, 48, 138 Butskellism 129

Camp, Will 13 capital, distribution 114 capital gains tax 81,119-21,124,

169, 187, 190 exemption 95, 120-1

capital levy 118, 119 capitalism

and moral values 51-2 changing 11-12,22-3 conflict with labour 5 confrontational 2 inefficiency 43-4 nineteenth-century 128-9 reform 36 traditional 54-5

Caradog Jones, D. 187 Carr-Saunders, A.M. 187 cartels 49, 164 catchment areas, comprehensive

schools 70-1 centralisation 131 charitable trusts, public schools 81 child benefit 100,179 China 133, 193 Churchill, Winston 90 civil society 29,51 class 2, 108

230

Index 231

anxiety 139 British 77 division 198 sense of 53-4 USA 150

class consciousness 30 class struggle 17, 20-8, 42 classless society 108, 187 classlessness, USA 145 Clause IV 16,35,57,131-2,161 Clegg,Hugh 135 coal, nationalisation 160 Cole, G.D.H. 51-2, 128, 130-3, 137 collective bargaining 23,134,167 collectivism 13 command economies 163 Communist Party 7, 8 community 52 competition 63-5 comprehensive schools 3, 65-76, 79,

80,92, 126,145,180,182,194 consensus 119, 122, 136, 172, 173,

199 consumers

choice 147, 193 common culture 152-3,154,168 housing 97

consumption conspicuous 143^4 high level 50 rising 141-2

corporation tax 121 corporations 21,22

large 44 modern 25-6

Council for National Academic Awards 87

council houses, sale 96 credentialism 184 Cripps, Sir Stafford 31, 199 Crosland, Anthony 1-2, 3

compared with Rawls 103-4 comprehensive schools 3, 65-76 economic growth 157,165-73, 182 equality 58-65, 140, 141-2,

173-5, 184-91, 192 The Future of Socialism 1,11,

13-14,39-40,65,69,71, 103-4, 106,114,117,120,121,

125, 145, 151, 154, 157, 160, 171,175,188,199,201

housing 91-8 income distribution 109-13 industrial relations 133-6, 137-8 mixed economy 44-51 nationalisation 132-3, 160-2 on capital 129-30 on class pluralism 23-7 on common culture 138-43,152-6 on democracy 40-3 on envy 122-7 on Labour Party 15-16 on socialism 56-7 planning 162-3 polytechnics 3,84-90 poverty 98-101 power 127-8 property distribution 114-22 public schools 76-84 public spending 176-8,188 social solidarity 52-4 socialism 188-200,201 United States 145-52 views on Marxism 2, 5-6, 8-9,

13-14, 19-20 welfare 100-3, 104-7

Crosland, Susan 65,157 Crossman, Richard 16, 121, 132, 163 Crouch, Colin 88 culture

common 138-43, 152-6, 168 US 149

Dahrendorf, Ralf 25 Dalton, Hugh 117,121 de Jouvenel, Bertrand 126 de-skilling 182-3 death duties 3, 115-17, 121, 190, 191 Death-duty Commissioners 116,117,

168 deflation 165 demand management 50 democracy 10, 35-7,40,41

AC'S view 40-3 and economic life 47-8 Lenin's dismissal 31 liberal 41-2

democratic overload 195-6

232 Index

democratic socialism 158 Department of Education and Science

Circular 10/65 65-7, 68,73, 76, 83, 85, 90

Circular 10/66 68 Circular 10/70 69

determinism 2, 17, 18, 20, 43, 55, 60, 171

devaluation 66 development aid 170 development land, nationalisation

2-3, 92 dialectical materialism 7 dictatorship of the proletariat 31,37,

39 direct grant schools 78, 82-3 Disraeli, Benjamin 139,140 dividends 113,129 division of labour 182 Donnelly, Desmond 154 Duncan, O.D. 174 Dunn, Peter 151 Durbin, Evan 10, 36, 103, 151, 153,

165 Durham, Ian 8 Dutt, R. Palme 14

economic growth 34, 53, 55, 126, 141,157

and social policies 167-70 inflation and 166-7 rapid 159, 162, 181, 192 stabilisation 165-6 sustained 113 zero 142

economic relations, Marx on 16-17 education 176

comprehensive schools 65-76 comsumption 185 expenditure 177 polytechnics 3,84-90 public schools 76-84 spread of 19-20 standards 73-5

Education Act 1944 65 Educational Priority Areas 178,

180-1 11+ 65, 72, 73, 75, 80, 81, 180, 194 embourgeoisement 55, 153, 182, 198

Encounter 11 Engels, Friedrich 9, 10, 17, 24, 29,

31,34,37,48 on universal suffrage 32-3

entrepreneurship 128 environment 91,92,169 equality 3, 168, 188, 198

and expenditure 58-65 comprehensive schools 65-76 effects of social policies 174-6 housing 91-8 polytechnics 3,84-90 poverty and 98-101 public schools and 76-84 socialism and 57-8

Erfurt Programme 34 European Economic Community 160 exchange controls, abolition 165 exit 28

Fabian Society 34 Fabianism 42 family allowances 101,105 family businesses 27, 118 Fascism 146 Finland 8,40 firms, in mixed economy 44-9 Fleming Report 81,90 Flew, Anthony 124 Florence, P. Sargent 26 food subsidies 105 Foot, Michael 89 Fourier, Charles 131 France 41, 162 free enterprise 37 freedom from 59, 193 freedom to 59-60 Friedman, Milton 46, 58, 60, 186,

187 Fromm, Erich 181 full employment 98,166 furnished accommodation 97 further education 85 futures markets 165

Gaitskell, Hugh 11, 35, 76, 117, 137 Gaitskellites 35, 119, 128 Galbraith, J.K. 25,44, 61, 92, 148-9,

172, 176

Index 233

Gale, George 74 Gay, Peter 10-11, 18, 34 Gemeinschaft 52,200 Germany 12,21,41,48 Gesellschaft 200 globalisation, economy 165-6 Gneuss, C. 18 Goldthorpe, J.H. 174, 187 Gordon Walker, Patrick 90 Goshawk, Fred 78 Gould, Bryan 199 grammar schools 65-6, 69, 73, 76,

80-1, 182, 195 Great Depression 43 Grimond, Jo 158 growth see economic growth guild socialism 131

Haldane, J.B.S. 14 Haley, Bill 147-8 Hall, Robert 1 Hampshire, Stuart 103 Hattersley, Roy 59 Hayek, F.A. von 6, 161 Headmasters' Conference 194 Healey, Denis 7-8, 15 health charges 105 Heath, Edward 69 Hegel, G.W. 7, 17,29 higher education 84, 85 Hinden, Rita 154 Hirsch, Fred 183-4,187 historical materialism 17,48 Hitler, Adolf 39, 40 Holland, Stuart 14, 16,56 Hook, Sidney 11 hospitals, teaching 80 housing 91-8, 176 Hume, David 7 Hungary 8 Hyndman, H.M. 32

incentives 111 income

capital gains as 120 distribution 109-13, 129 equalisation 186-7 redistribution 125-6 rising 141

income support 100 income tax 3, 113,115, 166 indicative planning 162,164 individual choice 193-5 individualism 46, 60, 146, 152 industrial democracy 130-6,137 Industrial Reorganisation Corporation

164 inequality, vertical 110 inflation 166-7 inheritance 114,115-17 intelligence tests 72 interest rates 165 investment 171 invisible hand 9

Jay, Douglas 10, 103, 112 jealousy 63 Jencks, C. 174-5,177 Jenkins, Peter 154-5, 158 Jenkins, Roy 1,8,83,90 joint-stock companies 22 Joseph, Sir Keith 153 justice 103-4

Kaldor, Nicholas 121 Kautsky, Karl 33-4, 35 Keynes, J.M. 49,50,51,166 Keynesianism 2,42, 50, 51,129,

165, 173 King, Anthony 1

labour, conflict with capitalism 5 labour market, flexible 164 Labour Party 14-16

resistance to change 159-60 Study Group on Higher Education

84,90 laissez-faire 128, 163, 165, 167 Laski, Harold 13,38,40 Lassalle, Ferdinand 30, 34 Laurat, Lucien 10, 11-13, 17, 21-2,

23,25,37,47-8,136 Lawson, Nigel 120 Le Grand, Julian 177 Lenin, V.I. 30-1, 33, 35, 39, 109 Leninism 42,48 liberal democracy 119

234 Index

liberalism 36 Lichtheim, George 14-15, 158 life styles, levelling 143 Lipsey, David 157,200 Little Englandism 147 Little, I.M.D. 127 living standards 3,182

convergence 126-7 rising 141, 172, 198 USA 145 working class 23

local government housing role 96 polytechnics' accountability 86

Locke, John 27, 29 Luxemburg, Rosa 36 Lysenko, T.D. 194

McCarthyism 145-6, 194 McGahey, Mick 14 McGovern, George 198 machine tools, industry 161 Macmillan, Harold 119 macroeconomic instability 49 management, consultation 133-4 managerialism 12-13, 28, 44, 48, 55 managers 25-7, 44, 129-30

goals 45 markets, doctored 164-5 Marquand, David 193 Marshall, Alfred 45-6, 63-4, 127,

140, 145 Marshall, T.H. 196 Marx, Karl 1, 5-6, 9, 10, 37-8, 48,

53,59-60, 109, 138, 151, 182 attack on capitalism 54-5 on class struggle 20-1, 24 on economic relations 16-17 on the State 29-30 on universal suffrage 32 social solidarity 51 transition to communist society

30-1 underestimates mind 19-20

Marxism 5-10 AC'S views 2, 5-6, 8-9, 13-14,

19-20 as methodology 12

base and superstructure model 16-20

capitalist inefficiency 43-4 class struggle 17, 20-8 revisionist 10-13, 17-18, 33-40 view of the State 29-30

Marxists 171 May Day 15 Means, G. 25 means-tests 106-7 Mennell, Stephen 88 meritocracy 108 middle classes

political allegance 49 take-up of social services 176-7,

179 middle ground 47, 172, 181 Miliband, Ralph 14 Mill,J.S. 35,40 Mills, C. Wright 146 mixed economy 37, 52, 185

individual firms 44-9 national accounts 49-51

monetarism 47, 161, 171, 173 Monopolies and Mergers Commission

164 monopoly 44 moral values, and capitalism 51-2 Morning Star 14 Morris, William 6,52, 138 mortgage interest relief 95 Moser,C.A. 187 multinationals 165-6 Murdoch, Iris 7

national debt 50 National Guilds League 131 National Health Service 80, 103,

105, 168, 176-7, 196, 197 National Plan 162 National Trust 116 nationalisation 16, 54, 55, 56-7, 117,

121-2, 130-1, 132,137,160-2 development land 2-3, 92 rented accommodation 92

negative freedom 59 New Deal 64 New Left Review 13 new poor 98-9

Index 235

New Right 153 New Statesman 151 Newsom, Sir John 83 Niebuhr, Reinhold 7

oil prices 165 old-age pensions 105 oligopoly 44, 164 OPEC 165 open society, USA as 145 Open University 89 overseas students, higher fees 89-90 Owen, David 164, 185 Owen, Robert 131, 151 owner-occupiers 95, 121 ownership

separate from control 22, 25, 47, 130, 131

unequal 114-15 Oxford University Democratic

Socialist Club 8 Oxford University Labour Club 6-7

parity of esteem 84 parliamentary socialism 138 payment in kind, death duties 116-17 Pickles, William 11 Pigou, A.C. 127, 192 planning 16, 162-3, 164 Plowden Committee 178 polytechnics 3, 84-90, 168 positional goods 183-4 positive freedom 59-60 pound, floating 165 poverty 98-101 power, distribution 108, 127-8 Prentice, Reg 67 pressure groups 195 prices and incomes policy 3, 167 primary poverty 98, 99 primary schools 71 Pritt,D.N. 14 private enterprise 2, 55 privatisation 160 profits 26,47

maximisation 45-6 role of 170-1

profits tax 113,164 proletariat 20,21,49

dictatorship 31 revolutionary 23-4

property, distribution 114-22 property rights 22, 54 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 30 psychological costs, of equality of

opportunity 62^4 public consultation, housing 97-8 public health 34 public housing 92,168

expansion 93-4 public ownership see nationalisation public schools 76-84, 168 Public Schools Commission 83 public sector 172

efficiency 192 public services 59,193

funding 3 public spending 50, 60, 176-8, 196

equality 58-65 financing 191 limits to 188 popular legitimation 190 welfare 99

public transport 176 purchasing power, reallocation

125-6

racial discrimination 180 Rawls, John 103-4,107 Red Flag 15-16 relati ve poverty 101, 199 rent, of ability 111 rent control 93-4 restrictive practices 160 revolution, from below 41 Ribbentrop-Molotov pact 8 rich, squeezing 112-13 Riesman, D. 146 rights, duties and 196-7 Robbins Report 84, 88, 90 Rome, T. Herzl 11 Roosevelt, F.D. 50 Ruskin, John 131

sales, maximisation 45 scarce resources, waste 43 Schoeck, Helmut 123-4

236 Index

school-leaving age, raising 178 schools

effects on social mobility 174-5 fee-paying 78-9 see also comprehensive schools

Schumpeter, J.A. 13, 44 secondary poverty 105 sexual discrimination 180 shareholding 22-3, 44, 47

passive 12, 25, 47 small shareholders 27-8

Shaw,G.B. 16,34 Shonfeld, Andrew 7 skilled jobs 182-3 Smith, Adam 9, 29, 122, 123, 182 social compact 167 social democracy 35, 37, 38-9, 43,

172-3 Social Democratic Party, Germany

32,34 Social Democratic Party, UK 164 social duties, companies 46, 47 social insurance 34 social justice 140

income distribution 112 social mobility 108, 187

inter-generational 174 social policies, and economic growth

167-70 social reform 19 social services 103

consumption 185 middle-class take-up 176-7 selective discrimination 178-9

socialism 10 and equality 57-8 definitions 56 equality 59 evolutionary 32-3 limits to 188-200 parliamentary 31,32,35-6

Socialist Commentary 14 Sombart, Werner 149 Sorel, Georges 130 Soviet Union 7, 12,21-2,48,

109-10, 163-4 Spanish Civil War 39 speculation 120 Stalin, J.V. 39,40, 131

State democratic 136-7 housing market 97 impartial 33,42 intervention 47-8, 53, 175-6 Marxist view 29-30,41 private life and 37 redistributive 193 reforming 39,53 transition to Communist society

30-1 State capitalism 12,14 State socialism 138 steel, nationalisation 160 Stewart, Michael 66, 67, 85, 90 Strachey, John 13,21, 38-9, 40, 76,

172-3 streaming, comprehensive schools

71 strikes 129, 133

legalisation 34 student numbers, expansion 88 suffrage, universal 32-3 Sunday Telegraph 121 Sunday Times 8 surplus value 2 Sweden 118, 119, 148 Sweezy, P.M. 28 syndicalism 137

take-overs 28 Taverne, Dick 1 Tawney, R.H. 19, 40, 51, 57, 59, 61,

69-70, 76, 77, 103, 128, 132, 133, 139, 140,149, 152, 153

tax 3,81,190-2 mortgage interest relief 95 popular legimitation 190 symbolic component 125

taxpayers, resentment 196-8 Taylor Committee 84, 90 teachers, shortage 67 teaching hospitals 80 technocracy 13, 21-2, 25, 45, 47, 182 telecommunications 160 Thatcher, Margaret 60, 69, 120, 173,

185, 199 Times, The 66, 67 Times Educational Supplement, The 67

Index 237

Titmuss, Richard 52, 102, 103, 104, 106, 176-7

Tocqueville, Alexis de 35, 145 trade union consciousness 30 trade unions 15, 23, 26, 129, 134-5,

167, 191, 198 Trades Union Congress 135 traditionalism 64 transfer pricing 165 Tribune 13 trusts 49

unemployment 44, 49, 62 unions see trade unions United States 62, 73, 119, 177, 186

AC'S view 145-52 universal suffrage 32-3 universities 84,86-7

expansion 192-3 University Grants Committee 194,

195

voice 28

wages, rising 50 Wallas, Graham 34 wealth

distribution 108, 117-19 envy and 122-7

wealth tax 3,81, 117-19, 120, 121, 124,168,190

Welch, Colin 75 welfare 100-3

commitment to 99-100 targetting 104-7

Welfare State 53, 100, 122, 174, 199 white-collar workers 49 Williams, Philip 7, 11, 12, 25, 41, 48,

138, 146, 148, 149 Williams, Raymond 152, 153, 155 Williams, Shirley 83 Wilson, Harold 7, 66, 85, 89, 165 Woman's Journal 74 worker representatives, boards 135-6 workers, modern capitalism 26-7 workers control 138 working class 2, 8, 10

class consciousness 30 further and higher education 85-6 house purchase 96 living standards 23 parents 82

works councils 26,134 Wright, A. 9

Young, Michael 89,151,179

zero growth 142

notes and references - springer978-0-230-37668-7/1.pdfnotes and references 207 application was not...

Documents