notes: basic chemistry
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Notes: Basic Chemistry. Unit: The Chemistry of Life. I. Basic Chemistry. A. Atom - the basic building block for ALL matter. The smallest unit of an element. 1. Parts of the atom. a. In the nucleus Protons (+) and Neutrons (neutral) b. Outside the nucleus Electrons (-). 11. Na. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Notes: Basic ChemistryUnit: The Chemistry of Life
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A. Atom - the basic building block for ALL matter. The smallest unit of an element.
I. Basic Chemistry
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1. Parts of the atom
a. In the nucleus
Protons (+) and
Neutrons (neutral) b. Outside the nucleus
Electrons (-)
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How to Read the Periodic Table
Na11
22.989SodiumATOMIC
Name
ATOMIC Symbol
Atomic Number =
# of protons
OR
# of electrons (if neutral)
Atomic Mass =
# of protons
+ # of neutrons
Practice:
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does a neutral sodium atom have?
ANSWER
Protons = 11 Electrons = 11 Neutrons = 23 – 11 = 12
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B. Chemical Compounds:
1. Compound - a substance formed by the chemical reaction of 2 or more elements in a definite proportion.
Water H2OSalt NaClGlucose C6H12O6
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
Ex:
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2. Bonds: formed from attractions between atoms to form compounds
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II. Importance of Water:
A. Most important substance for life.1. Living things are about 2/3 water.
2. Water is required for every chemical reaction.
3. Water is the Universal Solvent.
4. Water is a polar molecule.a. Has positive and negative charge.
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen+ +
-
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B. Hydrogen Bonds a weak bond formed between positive and negative ends of water molecules.
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Hydrogen bonds:
1. Surface Tension
water skippers on a pond.
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Hydrogen bonds:
2. Cohesion – water sticks to itself.
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Hydrogen bonds:3. Adhesion – water
sticks to other things.
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C. Mixtures and Solutions
1. Mixture: a combination of substances in which each substance retains its chemical properties.
Ex. Sand and pepper
2. Solution: A combination in which one substance is dissolved into the other.
Ex. Chocolate milk, ocean water
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Solutions
a. Solute: The substance that is being dissolved.
Ex. Lemonade mix
b. Solvent: The substance that the solute is being dissolved into.
Ex. Water
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III. Acids & Bases:
A. Water can break into 2 charged ions:1. Hydrogen ion (H+).2. Hydroxide ion (OH-).
B. Compounds in solution with water cause water to break & become acids and bases.
C. Measure amount of H+ in solution gives the pH.
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1. Acids – forms Hydrogen ions (H+) when mixed with water.
Ex. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/protexch.gif
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2. Bases – forms Hydroxide ions (OH-) when mixed with water. Also referred to as Alkaline.
Ex. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
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3. pH – number that measures how acidic or basic a solution is.
4. The scale ranges from 0 (most acidic to 14 (most basic or alkaline). The number 7 is neutral.
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At the bottom of your notes, we are going to create a pH scale to use on our next laboratory.
0 147
Neutral
Acidic Basic