CHEMICAL BONDING

When atoms interact to form a chemical bond, only the _________________________________ is in

contact - the ______________________ electrons.

Electron Dot Diagrams are used to keep track of the valence electrons.

Chemical bonding is the __________________________ of elements to form ___________

substances.

They are formed in definite ways according to certain rules.

OCTET RULE: It is the goal of every atom to have a ________________ outermost energy level.

The atom gets this by __________________ or _____________________ electrons to form an octet

(full set of _______________ valence electrons).

This is the most ____________________ formation.

IONIC BONDING

- involves a __________________________ of electrons from one atom to another

- is held together by____________________________________ force (+/-)

- happens when __________________________________________ between two atoms are very

different.

- Forms ions. An ion is a _____________________ particle that has lost or gained electrons.

- The atom that gains electrons = ______________________

- The atom that loses electrons = ______________________

- EXAMPLE: NaCl Sodium Chloride 3.16 – 0.93 = 2.23 differenceNa (0.93) loses an electron, becomes Na+ cation of electronegativityCl (3.16) gains an electron, becomes Cl- anion

> 1.67 indicates an ionic bond

The basic rule is that ____________________________________.

A _____________________ attraction between oppositely charged ions (formed by the transfer of

electrons) hold the ions together in an ionic bond – this is the __________________________ force.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC BONDS

________________ melting and boiling points.

tend to be ______________________ in water.

Solids are ______________ conductors of heat and electricity.

When ___________________ in a liquid or ____________________, they become

_________________ conductors.

Ions are arranged in a _________________________.

The crystal is _____________________ – you need a lot of force to break it. When it does break, it

will _______________________.

Generally, forms between elements on _______________________ sides of the periodic table.

METALLIC BONDING

Metallic solids have only ____________________ in them.

Metals give up ____________________ easily.

A metallic bond is where the electrons in the outermost energy level overlap and form a

____________________________________ (a sea of electrons).

The many electrons easily dislodged from a large group of metal ions _______________

______________________________ through the assembly of metal ions.

These electrons are called _________________________________.

This _____________ of electrons holds the positively charged metal ions together.

________________________ metals are the hardest and strongest metals because they have more

electrons in this sea.

It is the mobility of the electrons in metals that makes metals both _________________ and

________________________. This also accounts for the metal’s high ___________ and

____________________________conductivities.

Metals are ______________________ and ______________________ because the electrons vibrate

when light falls upon them, reflecting most of the light.

Characteristics of Metallic Bonds

___________________________ – the metal ions slide past each other, yet hold together.

___________________________ – free flowing electrons conduct heat and electricity well.

_________________________________ – it takes a lot of energy to overcome this bond.

ALLOYS - solid solutions of metals; two metals _____________________ to each other.

- _____________________________ alloys – alloys where atoms of the original metal are

___________________ by metal atoms of a similar size. Examples: Sterling silver

(silver/copper) and 10-karat gold (gold/copper or silver)

- _____________________________ alloys – small holes in the metal crystal are

________________________ atoms of a smaller size. Example: carbon steel

(iron/carbon)