notes p.1-2 january 22, 2014. objectives you will be able to: – define metallic, ionic, and...
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Notes P.1-2
January 22, 2014
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Objectives
• You will be able to: – Define metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds and
explain their characteristics– State if two atoms will form a covalent or ionic
bond– Write ionic formula units
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Overview of bonding
• Chemical bond: mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds those atoms together.
• Why do atoms bond?– Most atoms are more stable when they are
bonded than they were as individual atoms
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Types of chemical bonds:
• Metallic – sea of electrons– Occur between: between metals
• Ionic – steal electrons– Occur between: metal—nonmetal
• Covalent – share electrons– Occur between: nonmetal—nonmetal
• Covalent or Ionic? – Determined by electronegativity difference
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Remember: Metallic Character
METALS(IN YELLOW)
NONMETALS(IN GREEN)
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Practice• Label as ionic, covalent, or metallic:
NaFCaBr2
H2S
Al2O3
CuNO3
• Ionic• Ionic• Covalent• Ionic• Metallic• Covalent
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METALLIC BONDING–Results from the attraction of nuclei
to a “sea of electrons”
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Sea of Electrons
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METALLIC BONDING
–Why an “electron sea”?• Vacant p and d orbitals in metal's outer
energy levels overlap, and allow outer electrons to move freely throughout the metal–Valence electrons do not belong to any
one atom
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METALLIC BONDING–Common properties of metals: • High melting/boiling points• Conduct heat and electricity• Have luster (shiny) • Ductile/malleable
– All thanks to the electron sea!
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IONIC BONDING• Results from the electrical attraction between
cations and anions
• Cation: +• Anion: -
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The resulting ions come together due to electrical attraction (opposites attract)
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IONIC BONDING
Common Properties: • Solid crystals at room temperature• Very high melting/boiling points• (Most) Can dissolve in water • Conduct electricity when melted or
dissolved
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Ionic Formula Units
• The net (total) charge on the compound must equal zero• Positive and negative cancel out
Hint: Use the criss-cross method
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Ionic Formula Units
EXAMPLES: • Na and Cl • Na and O • Ca and O • Ca and Cl • Al and O
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Ionic Formula Units
EXAMPLES: • Na and Cl Na+ + Cl- NaCl• Na and O Na+ + O2- Na2O • Ca and O • Ca and Cl • Al and O
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Na and O
Na2O means that: Two sodium cations are needed to balance one oxygen anion.
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Positive and negative charges must cancel each other out
EXAMPLES: Total + Total - Net
• Na+ and Cl- NaCl 1 1 0• Na+ and O2- Na2O 2 2 0• Ca2+ and O2- CaO 2 2 0• Ca2+ and Cl- CaCl2 2 2 0
• Al3+ and O2- Al2O3 6 6 0
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Crystal Lattice
• A network of alternating cations and anions
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Ionic compounds• The formula for ionic
compounds does not show the exact number of atoms that are bonded together.
• The formula tells the smallest whole number ratio of atoms that bond.
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COVALENT BONDING• Results from the sharing of electron pairs
between two atoms (each has a full valence shell)
• A covalent compound is called a molecule
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Each has a full octet
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COVALENT BONDING
• Common properties of covalent compounds:
• Low melting/boiling points • Many are liquids or gases at room
temp• Non-conductors of heat and
electricity
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Can you…?
– Define metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds and explain their characteristics?
– State if two atoms will form a covalent or ionic bond?
– Write ionic formula units?
– Homework 6A, Due Friday– Lab on Friday