1) QUALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESS !!- Focus on relation between : design process, construction process.

Every decision influences the life of the building. QUALITY IS THE KEYWORD.!1. CONTENTS:!- quality between fragmentation/segmentation!- opportunities/weaknesses of regulation scenario !- quality of a system !- quality and adduction for architectural design !

2. HYPOTHESIS: !- Quality in construction process -> subject to multiplicity of points of view/interpretations

(fragmentation into many qualities) !- Fragmentation associated with strong methodological apparatus/instrument tends to

risk of partial approach (not considering the overall objective of one quality!- Fragmentation can be overcome with defined strategy from earliest moment of

construction process !- Quality plays a central role in the recomposition of construction process -> ensure

effectiveness of the role of the process !!The objective of the design should be the integration of all aspects of quality. !!

QUALITY: degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements. !• Conformity = fulfillment of a requirement!• Requirement = need or expectation that is stated, generally implied or

obligatory.It can be generated by different parties, such as:!- CLIENTS!- USERS !- LENDERS, FINANCING ORGANIZATIONS!- MANUFACTURERS!- SOCIETY!

! The organization of people interested in the process may have conflictual interests.!! -> The construction process needs to recognize and manage potential conflicts.!!

WHICH QUALITY? !• BUILDING QUALITY: set of properties and characteristics of the building (or its parts) that

give the ability to meet, through performance, expressed or implied needs.Divided into:!

- FUNCTIONAL & SPATIAL Q. !- ENVIRONMENTAL Q. !- TECHNOLOGICAL Q.!- OPERATIONAL Q. !- Q. OVER TIME (DURABILITY) !- Q. IN MAINTENANCE

(risk of focusing only on some specific q.)!�1

• QUALITY between FRAGMENTATION and SEGMENTATION!

STANDARD LAWS, REGULATIONS -> NEEDS + DESIGN + PERFORMANCE -> QUALITY![social-sphere / eco-sphere / techno-sphere]!It is important for the design to consider the CONTEXT: environment, society, regulation. !!

• QUALITY AND DESIGN If not addressed in a unified way, the many qualities of the process can generate a centrifugal effect with respect to the centrality of the design.-> in order to achieve this, the design should look at a strict UNITARY EXPRESSION of the different variables of qualities that is able to provide a map of the overall expected quality. !- Brief (PDD) = Document before the design phase of the construction process,

especially the basic design, that defines functions, needs, requirements, acceptance criteria, available resources, business environment and anything else necessary to enable the design itself. REFERENCE STANDARDS: !- MANDATORY (viscogendi) : REGULATIONS (D. Lgs 163/06, DPR 207/10, CEE 59/106) !- VOLUNTARY (visdirectiva) : STANDARD (ISO 9001)!!

• LEVELS OF DESIGN!1. Basic Design (preliminare)!2. Front and Design (definitiva)!3. Detailed Design (esecutiva)

in order to ensure!A. the quality of the work and its responsiveness to the purpose!B. compliance with environmental standards and planning !C. compliance with essential requirements laid down by national and EU

regulatory framework !

• QUALITY OF DESIGN AND PROCESS!- refer to management strategies of construction process able to coordinate

and embrace the different contributions to qualities!- internal consistency and continuity of the contents of the project deliverables!- simplified use of assessment tools to show at different levels of design the

expected quality!- use of verification activities !

DEMAND! ! ! OFFER

CLIENT MANUFACTURING

USERS CONSTRUCTION

STAKEHOLDERS OPERATION

�2

2) CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (UNI 10838/99): sequence of organized phases that, starting from the detection of the needs of the client/users of a building, leads to meet them through the design, production, construction and management of the asset.!! - can be referred to construction/renovation of existing buildings!! - the objective is to satisfy the needs!!PROCESS: set of interrelated / interacting activities which transforms INPUT into OUTPUT

! !! !! Outputs:!! ! - are the input in another process!! ! - have a greater value of inputs !! ! (economics, performance, !!! ! information…)!!!!

(*) a process where the conformity of the resulting product cannot be (readily?) or economically verified is referred to as a special process.!!• CONSTRUCTION PROCESS & USERS’ NEEDS!

- the objective of the construction process is to satisfy the users’ needs.!- NEEDS express what is required for the purposes of a situation or activity and

express also a technological function.!- understanding the NEEDS is the starting point of the Construction Process. !

• BUILDING SYSTEM (UNI 10838) : structured set of spatial elements and technical elements (internal / external) relevant to the building and characterized by their functions and mutual relations.BUILDING SYSTEM (ASTM E631): collection of equipment, facilities and software designated to perform a specific function. !

- Our approach -> Building = space + technical elements!- USA approach -> Building = set of equipment!

�3

INPUT transformation (*)

OUTPUT

information -> manufactural products

materials -> buildings

resources -> services

knowledge -> projects

• PHASES OF PROCESS!- FUNCTIONALLY INDEPENDENT!- CARRIED OUT BY DIFFERENT ENTITIES / AGENTS

Such as:!- planning and development!- design!- design approval!- tender / bid / chance of contractor!- fabrication / construction!- final test / commissioning !- observator / maintenance!- rehabilitation !

• CONSTRUCTION PROCESS CHARACTERIZED BY !- close relationship with ENVIRONMENT !- need to acquire LAND (facility of contractor & customer owned) !- heavy / expensive / durable result!- MTO with uncertain relationships!!

• CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYIt is different from product industry for many reasons:!1) related to ENVIRONMENT -> provoking changes!2) related to ECONOMIC CONTEXT!3) related to SITE -> earth excavations, passages, …!4) contractor is not the OWNER: in building industry the land belongs to the client

and it’s given to the contractor as a temporary facility -> it is customer owned!

5) heavy, expensive, durable RESULT!6) long and expensive + PULLED = ON DEMAND -> before you buy and then you

produce!7) different of organization because it is a multi-temporary organization (MTO) and

there isn’t one subject that carries on the entire process.-> this is one of the most critical aspects !

• CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INVESTMENTS!- CAPEX = capital expenditures (investments)!- OPEX = operational expenditures!!

2007-2012 -> CAPEX decreasing while OPEX increasing!! !! “Municipality of Bologna:!! Cucinella was payed by the contractor, the municipality wants the building. In this ! way CAPEX are less”!!• CONSTRUCTION PROCESS!

- includes aggregation of material elements and intangibles !

�4

- it is controlled by rules (procedures, standards, an agreement among participants)!- procedural role for contractor!!

• CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (ISO standard) = process which transforms construction resources into contraction results-> this definition is too limitative as if does not consider NEEDS!

• For years QUALITY was tested only for the final product so it was only final quality.The same for TIME and COST which were only referred to the construction phase without taking into account DESIGN/PROCESS and also lifecycle sustainability!

• PROCESS ‘OWNER’ -> MTO:!

• in different phases:!- PLANNING!- DESIGN!- TENDER BID CONTRACTION!- EXECUTION!- COMMISSIONING !- OPERATION / MAINTENANCE!

• different operators:!- CLIENT!- ARCHITECT!- CLIENT!- CONTRACTOR!- CLIENT!- CLIENT / USERS!!

• MTO!• RANDOM LEADER. For two reasons: !

1. Every stage has a different leader!2. Often the client (leader for excellence) is not a

professional of the construction industry!• Organization of organizations!• difficulty of harmonizing personal objectives (of participants) with common

objectives!• inability to grow for self learning processes!!

• RISKS IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS!- increase in construction costs!- delay in completion of marks!- risk in maintenance !- risk of increases in operation costs!- performance risk!!

• THE CONVENTIONAL BUILDING PROCESS!- fragmented possibilities between operators!- operators involved in sequence!- contract between client and a general contractor!

�5

3) PROJECT MANAGEMENT!!RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIENT & ARCHITECT!!• MANAGEMENT OF THE NETWORK IN THE BUILDING PROCESS

Need for a coordinator: Project manager!- promotes verification of technical feasibility, economic and administrative

intervention!- drawing the guideline for intervention -> brief document!- identify the persons to carry out the design process!- coordinates the activities of design and the design verification !- coordinates the activities of work direction!- identifies the person to carry out the supervision of work !- supports the activities of supervision and safety coordination during construction

marks !- manages the payment of fees and the definition of penalties !- takes over the commissioned work !!

• CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: CRITICALITIES Possibility of occurrence of the risk of increasing of the construction cost and having a delay in the construction schedule.

Usually only 25% of construction sites (public work) respects these design. (???)!!• MANAGEMENT MODELS !

1. DESIGN - BID - BUILD = most prevalent system, straightforward approach. An owner engages an architectural / engineering firm to produce a set of plans, specifications and project requirements. These documents (bid documents) are distributed to a selected list of contractors that will submit their price to complete the works.OWNER -> ARCH / ENG -> CONTRACTORS!

2. DESIGN / BUILD = increasing in both private / public sector. Both activities of building and design are placed on a single firm: DESIGN BUILDER. These can be created in different ways, for example when a contractor employes architects or engineers on staff to provide full service organization of when contractors and architectural firms form a .. (subcontractor hiring), … OWNER -> DESIGN BUILDER

CLASSE DI SCOSTAMENTO!(%)

INCREASE OF CONSTR. COST!(%)!

DELAY IN SCHEDULE!(%)

NONE (≤ 0) 25% 23%

LOW (> 0 > 5%) 30% 2%

MODERATE (≥ 5% < 20%) 33% 9%

HIGH (≥ 20%) 12% 66%

�6

3. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT APPROACH (CMAA) = opposite to the hiring a contractor that delivers a product (building). it is a project delivery system where the CM is the owner’s agent of acts. This CM provides the owner with sufficient professional office and field staff to complete the construction project.In this situation an owner has experienced construction professionals on staff to handle the upcoming construction project. The service is provided during design stage, construction stage or both. CM is responsible exclusively to the owner and acts in owner’s interest. CM acts as a consultant to the owner in design and construction phase. OWNER - > CM:!

! -> consultant!! -> professional office!! -> staff!! -> design / construction process!! -> response to owner!

4. FAST-TRACK APPROACH = it consists on assigning priority to the development of some specific drawings and accompanying specifications that will allow for ordering those essential components early on instead of waiting for the normal progression of design development. Construction starts before the design is completed, so that timing is largely reduced, even though it is costly.!

• DESIGN MANAGEMENT Once the client has to proceed with the process, he has to go on with the design process. There are a number of standards. !- clear definition of basic data requirements !- unitary vision of the design process!- breakdown of design process (3 stages) !- definition go the minimum content for each stage of the project !- moment of verification provided in the various phases!!

• MANAGING THE PROCESSThe design has as its fundamental goal the creation of a construction work with good quality and technically valid, in accordance with the best ratio between benefits and overall cost of construction, maintenance and operation. !!

• DESIGN MANAGEMENT (DPR 207/2010)DESIGN PRINCIPLES:!- minimization on the use of non-renewable resources and materials!- maximize the use of renewable resources!- maximum maintainability!- durability of materials & components!- easy substitution of the elements!- compatibility of materials!

�7

difficult for architects that are not aware of manufacturing processes.

- chance to easily verify the performance of the building during time!- designer has an obligation of results!

!• DESIGN PHASES!

1. BASIC DESIGN = defines the expected quality and the functional characteristics of the building. Objective: cost estimate in order to proceed with annual planning!

2. FRONT-END DESIGN = identifies the work to be carried out fully in accordance with requirements, criteria, constraints, directions, established in the BD + includes elements required for the issuance of required permits and approaches. Objective: conceal.!

3. DETAILED DESIGN = draw up with conformity with B, FED, defines detail of the building to be built and the last involved and should develop level of detail to allow the construction element to be identified in terms of form, type, quality, size, price!!

• THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECTThere are specific documents which are describing what is the architect in charge of, they are different in each country. these are useful mainly for the clients to understand what to ask.In general:!- analyze + assume the brief !- develop the design in the agreed levels (BD, FED, DD) !- assist client in the preparation of tender documents!- assist client in the evaluation and selection of contractors!- assist the manufacturer in the preparation of drawing issued for construction !

• BRIEF / BRIEFING document / process!

- identifying and analyzing needs, aims, constraints of clients and relevant parties!- formulating any resulting problems that the designer is required to solve!

- Example of general requirements, design of schools for children and infantsISSUES:!1. Users!2. Functions of users!3. Safety criteria !4. Security!5. Sustainable design!

SPACE UNITS:!6. Food-area!7. Toilets!8. Supervision!9. Activity Room!10. Preschool considerations!

�8

- each level has a well-defined goal!

- codified structure of information content!

- continuity and coherence

4) BRIEF DOCUMENT!In order to start a design, you need: !- OBJECTIVES for the client!- CONSTRAINTS!- RESOURCES provided by the client!These aspects should be documented and transmitted in a standard and clear way. !

!• BRIEFING : Process of!

- IDENTIFYING needs / aim / constraints!- FORMULATING any resulting problems that the designer is

required to solve!• BRIEF (ISO 9699) : working document which specifies at any point in true, the

relevant needs and aims, resources of the client and user, the context of the project and any appropriate design requirements in which all subsequent briefing (when needed) and designing can take place !

• ISO STANDARDS FOR BRIEFING !- ANNEX A: PROJECT IDENTIFICATION:!

- identity !- purpose!- scope!- identity of users and others!

- ANNEX B: CONTEXT, AIM, RESOURCES:!- project management!- laws, standards, code!- financial & time constraints!- background & historical information!- client’s future!

- ANNEX C: DESIGN & PERFORMANCE:!- site & surroundings!- building as a wholesale!- grouping of spaces (which are the space units)!- spaces in detail !- plants, equipment, furnishing!!

• DPR 270/2010 (italian decree in force of law procurement)!PROJECT MANAGER is responsible for the preparation of the brief, makes the necessary review and verification on the contents of the design deliverables in order to check the compliance with current location, with financial resources and with the requirements expressed by the brief. !

REFERENCES NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

MANDATORY DPR 270/2010 ISO 9699

VOLUNTARY UNI 107 22 BS 770

�9

-> BRIEF (according to DPR 270/2010)!- initial situation !- general objectives & strategies !- needs & requirements !- rules & technical standards !- constraints of law (relating to context) !- functions to be performed!- technical requirements!- activities & environmental units !- design phases to be developed !- levels of design and drawing & physical prescriptions to be written!- financial limits!!

-> BRIEF CONTENTS (UNI 10722-2) :!Quality of building project - the program should include the different meanings of such quality.!

a) quality compared to the end user of the work, resulting from its needs and constraints of use!

b) quality compared to clients and project managers work, both from a technical and loss over building cycle!

c) quality compared to the community under the terms of environmental integration and utilization of resources!

d) quality compared to the chain of operation inside the implementation process, starting from the design phase!

!!5) DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE!• MAINTENANCE : it is a combination of technical, administrative and managerial

actions, aimed to assure quality of the construction over time. !

• MAINTAINABILITY : is defined as the ability of an item to be maintained, it is a requirement. It is the ratio between!!!!

�10

QUALITY OF MAINTENANCE!

EMPLOYED RESOURCES

ORGANIZATION FACTORS!!PROJECT FACTORS

affected byRATIO:

6) ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS: ! SPACE UNITS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS!!Flow diagram:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!• FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Classes:!- SAFETY : mechanical (load), fire, safety in use (intrusion, shocks…) !- WELL-BEING : acoustic, thermal, sight, olfactory!- SERVICEABILITY!!!!!!!!

�11

- In the basic design there is more chance for the client to control the project!

- If the design is more detailed it is easier for the client to understand !

- The more and more the detailed design is left to the contractor

• PERFORMANCE BASED BUILDING DESIGN!1. PERFORMANCE APPROACH is thinking and working in terms of ends rather

than means.!2. PERFORMANCE is concerned with what a building/product is required to do and

not with prescribing how it is to be constructed.-> The main difference between PBB and (generally) traditional practice therefore is that with PBB the requirements are all posed in terms of performance in use instead of required and therefore prescribed solutions that are assumed to adhere to the posed needs, based on practical experience. This means that solutions are provided for by the supplier, together with the design team, manufacturer and they will have to include the estimated performance of that solution in response to requirement. !

3. A design solution, traditional or novel will always need a quantitative base for testing and evaluation of its performance. !

�12

GOAL, OBJECTIVE!!FUNCTIONAL STATEMENT!!

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT!!PERFORMANCE / RISK LEVEL!!

CRITERIA!!VERIFICATION