notes - springer978-0-230-10612-3/1.pdf · notes 189 chapter 1 1. kenneth n. waltz, theory of...

Notes

Preface

1. Robert O. Keohane, “International Institutions: Two Approaches,” Interna-tional Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1988): 379–96.

2. See for example, Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Rout-ledge, 2001); Alastair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); and Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).

3. Victor D. Cha, “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea,” International Studies Quarterly 44,

no. 2 (2000): 261–91.

Introduction

1. The Economist, March 23, 2002, 68. 2. Financial Times, November 30, 2001, 14. 3. See The Economist, March 10, 2007, 12. 4. Nina Tannenwald, “Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative

Basis of Nuclear Non-Use,” International Organization 53, no. 3 (1999): 435. 5. Tetsuo Najita and H. D. Harootunian, “Japan’s Revolt Against the West,” in

Modern Japanese Thought, ed. BobTakeshi Wakabayashi (Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1998), chap. 5.

6. Reinhard Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy for the 21st Century, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1998), chap. 2 and 3.

7. Barry Buzan, “Japan’s Defence Problematique,” The Pacific Review 8, no. 1 (1995): 34.

8. Hendrik Spruyt, “A New Architecture for Peace? Reconfiguring Japan among the Great Powers,” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998): 379.

9. Eric Heginbotham and Richard J. Samuels, “Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy,” International Security 22, no. 4 (1998): 172; and also Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).

188 NOTES

10. Taewoo Kim, “Japan’s New Security Roles and ROK-Japan Relations,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 11, no. 1 (1999): 164–68.

11. See Margaret S. Archer, Being Human: The Problem of Agency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); and Colin Wight, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2006).

12. Inoguchi Takashi, Nippon: keizai taikoku no seiji-unei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1993), 132–36.

13. Frederick W. Frey, “The Problem of Actor Designation in Political Analysis,” Comparative Politics 17, no. 2 (1985): 131.

14. Ibid., 143. 15. Robert Giplin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1981), 18. 16. Ibid., 16. 17. See Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 1965). 18. Steve Smith, “Wendt’s World,” Review of International Studies 26, no. 1 (2000):

162. 19. For a discussion on emergence and elaboration, see, for example, Archer,

Realist Social Theory; and John Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (London: Penguin, 1995), 23–26.

20. See, for example, James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,” International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 845–77; and Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 513–53.

21. Yosef Lapid, “Culture’s Ship: Returns and Departures in International Rela-tions Theory,” in The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, ed. Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996), 7.

22. Ibid., 10. 23. See Margaret S. Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 70–71. 24. See Archer, Being Human, chap. 8. 25. See Takeuchi Yoshimi, “Introduction,” in Gendai Nippon shiso taikei vol. 9:

Ajia-shugi, ed. Takeuchi Yoshimi (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1963). 26. See Reinhard Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy for the 21st Century: From Eco-

nomic Superpower to What Power? (London: Macmillan 1998), chap. 3. 27. Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy, 162–63. 28. William Nester, Japan’s Growing Power Over East Asia and the World Economy

(London: Macmillan, 1990), 115. 29. Kenneth Pyle, The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in a New Era, 2nd

ed. (Washington, DC: AEI, 1996), 145.

NOTES 189

Chapter 1

1. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979).

2. See Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework,” in Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, ed. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, (Ithaca: Cor-nell University Press, 1993), chap. 1; Albert S. Yee, “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies,” International Organization 50, no. 1 (1996): 69–108; and James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, “Violence and Social Construction of Ethnic Violence,” International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 845–77.

3. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979), 9.

4. See ibid., 7. 5. Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Meyer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of Interna-

tional Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 25. 6. Robert O. Keohane, “International Institutions: Two Approaches,” Interna-

tional Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1988): 392. 7. Ibid. 8. Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane, and Stephen D. Krasner, “Interna-

tional Organization and the Study of World Politics,” International Organiza-tion 52, no. 4 (1998): 658.

9. Joseph S. Nye and Robert O. Keohane, Power and Interdependence, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1989), 251.

10. Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 16; and Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of Inter-national Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).

11. Waltz, Theory, 72. 12. Ibid., 95. 13. See Michael C. Williams, The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International

Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 135. 14. Ibid., 105. 15. Ibid., 118. 16. Ibid., 97. 17. Ibid., 98. 18. Ibid., 74–76. 19. Ibid., 77. 20. Ibid., 76. 21. Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World

Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 22. 22. Ibid., chap. 5. 23. Ibid., 67. 24. Ibid., 73. 25. See ibid., 66. 26. Keohane, “Institutions,” 379.

190 NOTES

27. Waltz, Theory, 72; and Keohane, “Institutions,” 379. 28. Waltz, Theory, 75–76. 29. Keohane, After Hegemony, 64. 30. Waltz, Theory, 79. 31. Ibid., 81. 32. Keohane, “Institutions,” 379. 33. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An

Analytical Framework,” in Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, ed. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 5.

34. Ibid., 6. 35. See Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding Interna-

tional Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 5. 36. Yosef Lapid, “Culture’s Ship: Returns and Departures in International rela-

tions Theory,” in The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, ed. Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996), 5.

37. Ronen Palan, “A World of Their Making: An Evaluation of the Constructivist Critique in International Relations,” Review of International Studies 26, no. 4 (2000): 577.

38. John Gerard Ruggie, “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 867.

39. Nicholas Onuf, “Constructivism: A User’s Manual,” in International Relations in A Constructed World, ed. Vendulka Kubálková, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 58.

40. Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1999), 224.

41. Alexander Wendt, “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory,” International Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 359.

42. Ibid., 369. 43. Ibid., 366. 44. Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construc-

tion of Power Politics,” International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 393. 45. Alexander Wendt, “Collective Identity Formation and the International

State,” American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (1994): 388. 46. Wendt, Social Theory, 140. 47. Ibid., 148. 48. Ibid., 368. 49. Wendt, “Anarchy,” 395. 50. Wendt, “Collective Identity,” 385. 51. Wendt, Social Theory, 221. 52. There are issues with this view, of course. For debates concerning the

potentials for anthropomorphization, see Colin Wight, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

NOTES 191

53. Wendt, “Collective Identity,” 385. 54. See Wendt, “Anarchy,” 404–5; Wendt, “Collective Identity,” 390; Wendt, Social

Theory, 330–31; 335; and G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: Uni-versity of Chicago Press, 1934).

55. Wendt, “Collective Identity,” 385. 56. Wendt, Social Theory, 227. 57. Ibid., 170. 58. Wendt, “Anarchy,” 408–9. 59. Wendt, Social Theory, 82. 60. Ibid., 21. 61. Wendt, “Anarchy,” 411. 62. John Gerard Ruggie, “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity

in International Relations,” International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993): 172. 63. Bill McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International

Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 157. 64. Jonathan Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” International Organization 49, no. 2

(1995): 252. 65. Ibid., 230. 66. Thomas Risse, Daniela Engelmann-Martin, Hans-Joachim Knopf, and Klaus

Roscher, “To Euro or Not to Euro? The EMU and Identity Politics in the European Union,” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 2 (1999): 157.

67. Ibid., 154. 68. See Wendt, “Anarchy,” 413. 69. Ziauddin Sardar, Postmodernism and The Other: The New Imperialism of

Western Culture (London: Pluto Press, 1998), 8–11. 70. Jenny Edkins, Poststructuralism and International Relations (Boulder: Lynne

Rienner, 1999), 5. 71. Ibid., 22. 72. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics

of Identity, rev. ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 12. 73. Ibid., 9. 74. Ibid., 23. 75. David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in

Bosnia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 13. 76. Campbell, Writing Security, 9. 77. Ibid., 3. 78. Ibid., 60. 79. Ibid., 71. 80. Ibid., 32. 81. Campbell, National Deconstruction, 89. 82. Ibid., 92. 83. Ibid., 14. 84. Campbell, Writing Security, 74.

192 NOTES

85. Roxanne Lynn Doty, “Sovereignty and The Nation: Constructing The Boundaries of National Identity,” in State Sovereignty as Social Constructs, ed. Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 123.

86. Ibid., 126. 87. Ibid., 127. 88. Iver B. Neumann, “Self and Other in International Relations,” European Jour-

nal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (1996): 148. 89. R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 178–79. 90. Bill McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International

Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 126. 91. Campbell, Writing Security, 219. 92. See Wendt, “Anarchy,” 411. 93. Campbell, Writing Security, 220. 94. Roxanne Lyn Doty, “Desire All The Way Down,” Review of International Stud-

ies 26, no. 1 (2000): 137. 95. Ibid., 139. 96. Ibid. 97. Wendt, Social Theory, 56. 98. Ibid., 170. 99. Ibid., 21. 100. Ibid., 175. 101. Wendt, “Anarchy,” 397. 102. Ibid., 398. 103. Ibid., 402. 104. Ibid., 404–5. 105. Ibid., 413. 106. Roxanne Lynn Doty, “Aporia: A Critical Exploration of The Agent-Structure

Problematique in International Relations Theory,” European Journal of Inter-national Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 385.

107. Wendt, “Collective Identity Formation,” 386. 108. Campbell, Writing Security, 5. 109. Ibid., 11. 110. David Campbell, “Foreign Policy and Identity: Japanese ‘Other’/American

‘Self ’,” in The Global Economy as Political Space, ed. Stephen J. Roscow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 149; empha-ses deleted.

111. Campbell, Writing Security, 81. 112. G. H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1934), 6. 113. Ibid., 135. 114. Ibid., 164. 115. Wendt, Social Theory, 56.

NOTES 193

116. See Wendt, “Collective Identity Formation.” 117. Wendt, Social Theory, 55–56; Doty, “Desire,” 139. 118. See, for example, Waltz, Theory of International Politics, 101; and Andrew

Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 454.

119. See, for example, Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996); Thomas U. Berger, “Norms, Identity, and National Security in Germany and Japan,” in Culture of National Security: Norm and Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), chap. 9; Goldstein and Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy”; and Fearon and Laitin, “Violence and Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,” International Organi-zation 54, no. 4 (2000): 845–77.

120. See Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” Interna-tional Security 19, no. 3 (1994–1995): 1–49.

121. Palan, “World of Their Making.” 122. Archer, Being Human: The Problem of Agency (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-

versity Press, 2000), 27.

Chapter 2

1. For general discussion on the critique of both rational choice and postmod-ern theories on agency, see Margaret Archer, Being Human: The Problem of Agency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), chap. 1.

2. Irving Velody and Robin Williams, “Introduction,” in The Politics of Construc-tionism, ed. Irving Velody and Robin Williams (London: Sage, 1998), 3.

3. See Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 2.

4. David Campbell, National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity and Justice in Bosnia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 9.

5. Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of The Contemporary Human Sciences, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 1998), 3; and Margaret S. Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach (Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 70–71.

6. Margaret S. Archer, “Realism and The Problem of Agency,” Journal of Critical Realism, 5, no. 1 (2002): 12.

7. Understandably, the term, antirealism, is a broad categorisation. But I use it as a “signpost” in order to appreciate their thinking about identity. See, for example, Irving Velody and Robin Williams, “Introduction,” in The Politics of Constructionism, ed. Irving Velody and Robin Williams (London: Sage, 1998); and Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Har-vard University Press, 1999), chap. 1.

194 NOTES

8. Craig Calhoun, “Social Theory and the Politics of Identity,” in Social The-ory and the Politics of Identity, ed. Craig Calhoun (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994), 12.

9. Ibid., 10. 10. Margaret R. Somers and Gloria D. Gibson, “Reclaiming the Epistemological

‘Other’: Narratives and the Social Construction of Identity,” in Social Theory, ed. Calhoun, 38.

11. Ibid., 61. 12. Calhoun, “Social Theory,” 10. 13. Maykel Verkuyten, “Symbols and Social Representations,” Journal for the The-

ory of Social Behaviour 25, no. 2 (1995): 268. 14. Sandra Jovchelovitch, “In Defence of Representations,” Journal for the Theory

of Social Behaviour 26, no. 2 (1996): 125. 15. Ibid., 132. 16. Wolfgang Wagner, “Queries About Social Representation and Construction,”

Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26, no. 2 (1996): 108. 17. John R. Gillis, “Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship,” in

Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, John R. Gillis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 5.

18. David Lowenthal, “Identity, Heritage, and History,” in Commemorations, ed. Gillis, 52.

19. Dorinne K. Kondo, Crafting Selves: Power, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 29.

20. Ibid., 48. 21. Anne-Marie Costalat-Founeau, “Identity Dynamics, Action and Context,”

Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 29, no. 3 (1999): 289. 22. Ibid., 290. 23. Kondo, Crafting Selves, chap. 7. 24. Constalat-Founeau, “Identity Dynamics,” 296. 25. See G. H. Mead, Mind, Self and Society (Chicago: The University of Chicago

Press, 1934). 26. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Zettel, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967), Case

329. 27. John Shotter, Conversational Realities: Constructing Life Through Language

(London: Sage, 1993), 26. 28. Ibid., 44. 29. Sandy Petrey, Speech Acts and Literary Theory (London: Sage, 1990), 77. 30. Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Rout-

ledge, 1997), 5. 31. Ibid., 7–8. 32. Ibid., 28. 33. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991), 46. 34. Ibid., chap. 5. 35. Kondo, Crafting Selves.

NOTES 195

36. Colin Wight, “They Shoot Dead Horses Don’t They? Locating Agency in the Agent-Structure Problematique,” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (1999): 112.

37. Sandy Petrey, Speech Acts and Literary Theory (London: Routledge, 1990), 3. 38. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakrovarty Spivak (Balti-

more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), 56. 39. Ibid., 150. 40. See Douglas V. Porpora, “The Caterpillar’s Question: Contesting Anti-

Humanism’s Contentions,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 27, no. 2/3 (1997): 251; and Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 55–56.

41. Petrey, Speech Acts, 134. 42. Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princ-

eton: Princeton University Press, 1976); and Wendt, Social Theory. 43. Irving Velody and Robin Williams, “Introduction,” in The Politics of Construc-

tionism, ed. Irving Velody and Robin Williams (London: Sage, 1999), 3. 44. Ian Parker, “Realism, Relativism and Critique in Psychology,” in Social Con-

structionism, Discourse and Realism, ed. Ian Parker (London: Sage, 1998), chap. 1.

45. Ian Hacking, “On Being More Literal about Construction,” in The Politics, ed. Velody and Williams, 54.

46. John Gerard Ruggie, “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitar-ianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 855–85.

47. See a similar discussion in education, see Bronwyn Davies, “Psychology’s Subject: A Commentary on the Relativism/Realism Debate,” in Social Con-structionism, ed. Parker, chap. 10.

48. See The Economist, January 2, 1999, 50–52. 49. See Shotter, Conversational Realities. 50. Velody and Williams, “Introduction,” 10; and see also Roy Bhaskar, The Pos-

sibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, 3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 1998), 81–82.

51. Petrey, Speech Acts, 132. 52. Ibid., chap. 4; and Shotter, Conversational Realities. 53. Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism, 83. 54. John R. Searle, Intentionaltiy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1983), 5. 55. Mead, Mind, 78. 56. Porpora, “The Caterpillar,” 251. 57. See Searle, Intentionality, chap. 5. 58. John R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,

1994), 51. 59. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics

of Identity, rev. ed. (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1998), 9.

196 NOTES

60. Don Foster, “Across the S-S Divide,” in Social Constructionism, ed. Parker, 111.

61. Mead, Mind, 135. 62. Ibid., 155–56. 63. Ibid., 162. 64. Ibid., 164. 65. Thomas Berger and Peter Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (Lon-

don: Penguin, 1966), 152. 66. Margaret S. Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach (Cam-

bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), chap. 8. 67. Ibid., 122. 68. Ibid., 257. 69. Ian Burkitt, “Relations, Communication and Power,” in The Politics, ed. Vel-

ody and Williams, 121. 70. See, for example, Campbell, “Epilogue,” Writing Security. 71. Porpora, “The Caterpillar,” 243. 72. See Searle, The Rediscovery, 212–14. 73. Porpora, “The Caterpillar,” 258. 74. Archer, Realist Social Theory, chap. 8; and Searle, Intentionality, chap. 5. 75. Searle, The Rediscovery, 193. 76. Archer, Realist Social Theory, 257. 77. Campbell, Writing Security, 9. 78. Searle, Intentionality, chap. 5; and John R. Searle, The Construction of Social

Reality (London: Penguin, 1995), chap. 6. 79. Searle, Intentionality, 143. 80. Ibid., 143–44. 81. Searle, The Construction, 129. 82. Searle, Intentionaltiy, 153. 83. Porpora, “The Caterpillar,” 246. 84. Ibid., 252. 85. Ibid.; and see also Archer, Realist Social Theory, 257. 86. Colin Wight, Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontol-

ogy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), chap. 8. 87. Ibid., chap. 5. 88. Searle, The Construction, 23–26. 89. See Archer, Realist Social Theory, chap. 8. 90. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-

versity Press, 1965). 91. Archer, Realist Social Theory, 255. 92. Ibid., 276. 93. W. James Booth, “Communities of Memory: On Identity, Memory, and

Debt,” American Political Science Review 93, no. 2 (1999): 252. 94. Ibid., 253. 95. Archer, Being Human, 123. 96. Ibid., 126.

NOTES 197

97. Gillis, “Memory,” 5. 98. Miki Kiyoshi, Miki Kiyoshi essensu (Tokyo: Kobushi bunko, 2000), 209. 99. Archer, Being Human, 123. 100. Gillis, “Memory,” 11. 101. Archer, Being Human, 132. 102. Dipesh Chakrabarty, “Afterward: Revisiting the Tradition/Modernity Binary,”

in The Mirror of Modernity, ed. Stephen Vlastos (Berkeley: University of Cali-fornia Press, 1998), chap. 18.

103. Archer, Realist Social Theory, chap. 9. 104. Booth, “Communities of Memory,” 252. 105. Miki, Miki Kiyoshi essensu, 278. 106. See Vlastos, ed., Mirror of Modernity, for various “inventions” of Japanese

traditions. 107. Watsuji Tetsuro, Fudo: ningengaku-teki kosatsu (Tokyo: Iwanami bunko,

1979), 18–28. 108. Archer, Being Human, 126. 109. Searle, The Construction, 23–26. 110. See Booth, “Communities”; and Gillis, ed., Commemorations. 111. John R. Searle, Speech Acts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969),

35; and Searle, The Construction, chap. 4. 112. Searle, Intentionality, 94. 113. Ibid., 167–68. 114. Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1989), 24–25. 115. See Wight, “They Shoot Dead Horses,” 125–35. 116. Robert Maier, “Forms of Identity and Argumentation,” Journal for the Theory

of Social Behaviour 26, no. 1 (1996): 44. 117. Ibid., 84. 118. Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism, 36. 119. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society (Cambridge: Polity Press,

1984), 26. 120. Ibid., 42. 121. Ibid., 25. 122. Margaret S. Archer, Culture and Agency: The Place of Culture in Social Theory,

rev. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 80. 123. Archer, Realist Social Theory, 64. 124. Ibid., chap. 9. 125. Ibid., chap. 8; and Searle, Intentionality, chap. 5. 126. See Porpora, “The Caterpillar.” 127. See Olson, The Logic. 128. Archer, Realist Social Theory.

198 NOTES

Chapter 3

1. See Maruyama Masao, Gendai seiji no shiso to kodo (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1964), chap. 1.

2. Carol Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princ-eton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 249.

3. Ibid., 143–44. 4. Yoon Keun-cha, Nippon kokumin-ron: kindai Nippon no aidentiti (Tokyo:

Chikuma Shobo, 1997), 11–12. 5. Maruyama Masao, Nippon no shiso (Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1961), 33–34. 6. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991). 7. Yoon, Nippon kokumin-ron, 14. 8. Maruyama, Nippon no shiso, 9–10. 9. See R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). 10. See Marius B. Hansen, “Japanese Imperialism: Later Meiji Perspectives,” in

The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, ed. Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 66.

11. See Yoon, Nippon, chap. 1. 12. Bob Tadashi Wakabayahi, “Introduction,” in Modern Japanese Thought, ed.

Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11.

13. Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths, 37. 14. Ibid., 145. 15. Ito quoted in Yoshimitsu Khan, “Inoue Kowashi and the Dual Images of the

Emperor of Japan,” Pacific Affairs 71, no. 2 (1998): 223. 16. It must be noted that the term “emperor system” (tennosei) was first used

by the Comintern in 1932. Therefore, the term would have been considered lese majeste under the Peace Preservation Law, due to its left-wing origin. It is ironic, then, to see that the term is now used to denote the prewar polity, and in particular to the ultranationalism of the 1930s and the 1940s. See Bito Masahide, “Nippon shijo ni okeru kindai tennosei: tenno kikan-setsu no rek-ishiteki haikei,” Shiso 794 (August 1990): 4–30.

17. Hence what in fact was a “coup d’etat” became known as the Meiji Restora-tion, and not the Revolution: bringing back the emperor and thereby deriving his legitimacy.

18. Maruyama, Nippon no shiso, 31–32. 19. Ibid., 32. 20. Quoted in Khan, “Inoue Kowashi,” 222. 21. Maruyama, Nippon no shiso, 33. 22. Ibid., 34. 23. From a description of the Rescript in Meiji Jingu Shrine, http://www.meijijingu

.or.jp/ english/intro/education/index.htm (accessed 1 July 1999). 24. Ibid. 25. Gluck, Modern Myths, 147.

NOTES 199

26. Maruyama, Gendai seij, 161. 27. Ibid., 162. 28. Quoted in Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (London:

Papermac, 1990), 240. See also Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan (Ithaca: Cornell Uni-versity Press, 1996), 50.

29. Masao Miyoshi, Off Center: Power and Culture Relations Between Japan and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 186.

30. Wakabayashi, “Introduction,” 16–17. 31. Naito quoted in Yue-Him Tam, “An Intellectual’s Response to Western Intru-

sion: Naito Konan’s View of Republican China,” in The Chinese and the Japa-nese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions, ed. Akira Iriye (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), 175.

32. Fukuzawa quoted in Yumiko Iida, “Fleeing the West, Making Asia Home: Transpositions of Otherness in Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1905–1930,” Alterna-tives 22, no. 3 (1997): 414.

33. Ibid., 417; and Iriye Akira, Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1966), 61–63.

34. Michael Weiner, “The Invention of Identity: Race and Nation in Pre-war Japan,” in The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan, ed. Frank Dikötter (London: Hurst, 1997), 99.

35. Louis Young, “Rethinking Race from Manchukuo: Self and Other in the Colonial Context,” in The Construction of Racial Identities, ed. Dikötter, 160.

36. Kimura Kan, “‘Fuketsu’ to ‘osore’: bungaku-sha ni miru Nipponjin no Kankoku imeji,” in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, ed. Okamoto Koji (Kyoto: Minerva, 1998), chap. 4.

37. See Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 30–33. 38. Yamagata quoted in Hirono Yoshihiko, “Yamagata Aritomo: ‘Yamagata

Aritomo ikensho,’” in Kindai Nippon gaiko-shisoshi nyumon, ed. Seki Shizuo (Kyoto: Minerva, 1999), 59.

39. Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 79. 40. Quoted in Iida, “Fleeing the West,” 415. 41. Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 79. 42. Tetsuo Najita and H. D. Harootunian, “Japan’s Revolt Against the West,” in

Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Wakabayashi 208. 43. Masuda Hiroshi, “Ishibashi Tanzan: ‘Sho-Nippon shugi,’” in Kindai Nippon

gaiko shiso, ed. Seki 168. 44. Otsuka Takehiro, “Okawa Shumei no Ajia-kan,” in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-

kan, ed. Okamoto 217. 45. Najita and Harootunian, “Japan’s Revolt,” 264 46. W. G. Beaseley, The Rise of Modern Japan (Tokyo: Tuttle, 1990), 130–31. 47. Seki Shizuo, “Shidehara Kijuro no ‘taishi gaiko’: naisei fukansho-shugi wo

chushin ni,” in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, ed. Okamoto Koji (Mierva Shobo), chap. 5.

48. Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 92–93.

200 NOTES

49. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan, 114–20; and Shimada Yoichi, “Inoue Jun-nosuke: ‘Inoue Junnosuke ronsen,’” in Kindai Nippon gaiko shiso, ed. Seki (Minerva Shobo), chap. 11.

50. Maruyama, Gendai seiji, 32. 51. Wakabayashi, “Introduction,” 12–13. 52. Ibid., 44. 53. Quoted in Ibid., 64; and Richard J. Smethurst, A Social Basis for Prewar Japa-

nese Militarism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 127. 54. Smethurst, A Social Basis, xxi. 55. See Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths. 56. Okawa quoted in Maruyama, Gendai seiji, 41. 57. Otsuka, “Okawa Shumei,” 214. 58. Okawa quoted in Najita and Harootunian, “Japan’s Revolt,” 227. 59. Ibid., 230. 60. See, for example, Keiichi Takeuchi, “Japanese Geopolitics in The 1930s and

1940s,” in Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought, ed. Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson (London: Routledge, 2000), chap. 4.

61. Otsuka Takehiro, “Ishiwara Kanji: ‘Sekai saishu-sen ron,’” in Kindai Nippon gaiko shiso, ed. Seki (Minerva Shobo), 202.

62. Ibid., 210. 63. Okamoto Koji, “Kita Ikki no Ajia-shugi,” in Okamoto ed. Kindai Nippon no

Ajia-kan, 197. 64. Quoted in Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 125. 65. Matsuoka quoted in Suzuki Asao, “Dai-toa kyoei-ken no shiso,” in Okamoto

ed. Kindai Nippon no ajia-kan, 253. 66. Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, chap. 7. 67. Miyoshi, Off Center, 186. 68. See, for example, Tanaka Akihiko, Anzen hosho: sengo 50 nen no mosaku

(Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbunsha, 1997), 13–18. 69. Ibid., 15. 70. For the details of the Tokyo Trial, see Richard H. Minear, Victors’ Justice: The

Tokyo War Crimes Trial (Tokyo: Tuttle, 1971). 71. Eto Jun, Tozasareta gengo kukan: senryo-gun no kenetsu to sengo Nippon

(Tokyo: Bunshun bunko, 1994), chap. 10. 72. Miyoshi, Off Center 261, no. 14 (1991), 261n14. 73. John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (Lon-

don: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1999), 25. 74. Quoted in Ibid., 84. 75. Quoted in Iriye Akira, Shin Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1991),

50. 76. Charles L. Kades, “The American Role in Revising Japan’s Imperial Constitu-

tion,” Political Science Quarterly 104, no. 2 (1989): 218. 77. Theodore McNelly, “The Role of Monarchy in the Political Modernization of

Japan,” Comparative Politics 1, no. 3 (1969): 376. 78. For SCAP sensitivities, see Dower, Embracing Defeat, part IV.

NOTES 201

79. Taken from Dan Henno Henderson, ed., The Constitution of Japan: Its First Twenty Years, 1947–67 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968), Appendix. The translation here is the one provided by the Ministry of Justice in 1958.

80. See Courtney Purrington, “Tokyo’s Policy Responses During the Gulf War and the Impact of the ‘Iraqi Shock’ on Japan,” Pacific Affairs 65, no. 2 (1992): 161–81.

81. See, for example, Prime Minister Aso Taro’s speech to the UNGA on Sep-tember 26, 2008, when he reaffirmed Japan’s commitment to fighting terror-ism, while simultaneously reiterating Tokyo’s pursuit of peace and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/asospeech/2008/09/25speech.html (accessed September 26, 2008).

82. Quoted in Iriye, Shin Nippon, 50. 83. Quoted in Bert Edström, Japan’s Evolving Foreign Policy Doctrine: From

Yoshida to Miyazawa (London: Macmillan, 1999), 12. 84. Ibid., 14. 85. Ibid., 15–16. 86. Kenneth B. Pyle, The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in A New Era, 2nd

ed. (Washington: AEI Press, 1996), 25. 87. See Tanaka, Anzen hosho, 56–60. 88. Sun-ki Chai, “Entrenching the Yoshida Defense Doctrine: Three Techniques

for Institutinalization,” International Organization 51, no. 3 (1997): 397. 89. Tanaka, Anzen hosho, 20–21. 90. John Dower, Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experi-

ence, 1878–1954 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 7. 91. Quoted in Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy, 39. 92. Quoted in Watanabe Osamu, “Sengo hoshu seiji no naka no Abe-seiken,”

Gendai shiso 35, no. 1 (2007): 119. 93. Murayama’s speech to the Diet, January 1995, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/

sisei.html (accessed March 20, 2000). 94. Hashimoto’s speech to the Diet, 22 January 1996, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/

danwa-122 (accessed March 20, 2000). 95. Obuchi’s speech to the Diet, January 28, 2000, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/

souri/2000/0128sisei.html (accessed March 20, 2000). 96. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/hukudaspeech/2008/05/22speech.html (accessed

May 23, 2008). 97. Masaru Tamamoto, “The Uncertainty of the Self: Japan at Century’s End,”

World Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (1999): 125. 98. See Nakano Koichi, “Nationalism and Localism in Japan’s Political Debate of

the 1990s,” The Pacific Review 11, no. 4 (1998): 510. 99. Quoted in Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy, 19. 100. Ibid., 40. 101. Shigeki Nishimura, “Security Issues and Defense of Japan,” The Korean Jour-

nal of Defense Analysis 6, no. 1 (1994): 133.

202 NOTES

102. Yong-Ok Park, “Japan’s Defense Buildup and Regional Balance,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (1991): 85–100.

103. Ryu Yamazaki, “Review of the Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Coopera-tion: A Japanese Perspective,” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 9, no. 2 (1997): 31.

104. Ibid., 43–44. 105. Kakizawa quoted in Tsuneo Akaha, “Japan’s Security Agenda in the Post-Cold

War Era,” The Pacific Review 8, no. 1 (1995): 64. 106. Tanaka, Anzen, 297. 107. See Thomas U. Berger, “From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan’s Culture of

Anti-militarism,” International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 119–50; Thomas U. Berger, “Norms, Identity and National Security in Germany and Japan” in The Culture of National Security: Norms an Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, “Japan’s National Security: Structures, Norms and Policies,” International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 82–118; and Kat-zenstein, Cultural Norms. Also see the exchange between Hendrik Spruyt and Reinhard Drifte regarding the role of the United States; Hendrik Spruyt, “A New Architecture for Peace? Reconfiguring Japan Among the Great Powers,” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998), 364–88; and Reinhard Drifte, “An Old Architecture for Peace? Reconfiguring Japan Among Unreconfigured Great Powers,” The Pacific Review 12, no. 3 (1999), 479–89.

108. See Peter Polomka, “East Asian Security in a Changing World: Japan’s Secu-rity for a ‘Third Way,’” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 4, no. 2 (1992): 71–94; Yoshida Shigeru, “Nippon gaiko no ayundekita michi,” in Sengo Nip-pon gaikoron-shu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made, ed. Kitaoka Shinichi (Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995), 99–113; Amaya Naohiro, “‘Chonin kokka: Nip-pon’ tedai no kurigoto: kokusai shakai wo shitataka na chonin toshite ikinuku tameni,” in Gaikoronshu, ed. Kitaoka, 365–95; Nishimura, “Security Issues,” 124; Tanaka, Anzen, 273; and Pyle, Japanese Question, 37–38.

109. Graham, Japan’s Sea Lane Security, 36. 110. Quoted in Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy, 12. 111. Quoted in Ibid., 77. 112. Fukuda quoted in Tanaka, Anzen, 273. 113. Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, “Japan’s National Security”; and

Katzenstein, Cultural Norms. 114. Graham, Japan’s Sea Lane Security, 73. 115. Yukio Satoh, “Emerging Trends in Asia-Pacific Security: The Role of Japan,”

The Pacific Review 8, no. 2 (1995): 275. 116. MOFA, ODA Summary 1998, http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/summary/

1998/index.html (accessed March 31, 2000). 117. http://www.mod.go.jp/j/defense/policy/seisaku/kihon01.htm (accessed June

26, 2008). 118. Quoted in Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy, 92–93.

NOTES 203

119. See Leonard Schoppa, “The Social Context in Coercive International Bar-gaining,” International Organization 53, no. 2 (1999): 307–42.

120. Amako Satoshi, “Chugoku wa kyoi ka,” in Chugoku wa kyoi ka, ed. Amako Satoshi (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1997), 19.

121. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms, 114. 122. Enomoto quoted in Ebara Takuji, Ikai Takaaki, and Ikeda Masahiro, ed., Nip-

pon kindai shiso taikei, Vol. 12; Taigai kan (Tokyo: Iwanami, 1988), 44. 123. Ibid., 7. 124. Thomas U. Berger, “Norms, Identity, and national Security in Germany and

Japan,” in The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Poli-tics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 331.

125. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 25. 126. The Program of the JCP; http://www.jcp.or.jp/Jcdata/koryo/e-koryo

.html#index (accessed September 7, 1999). 127. Arguably the process of constructing “New Japan” involved corruption and

pork-barrel politics. But they were in a way the very dynamics of the postwar reconstruction and illustrated the role of the conservatives in bringing about this “change.” See Inoguchi, Nippon, 137–45.

128. Carol Gluck, “Idea of Showa,” in Showa: Japan of Hirohito, ed. Carol Gluck and Stephen R. Graubard (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 10.

129. Quoted in Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy, 19. 130. Quoted in Dower, Embracing Defeat, 384. 131. Yoshida Shigeru, “Nippon gaiko,” 113. 132. Ibid. 133. Miki quoted in Takashi Terada, “The Origins of Japan’s APEC Policy: For-

eign Minister Takeo Miki’s Asia-Pacific Policy and Current Implications,” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998): 339.

134. Quoted in Nathaniel B. Thayer, “Japanese Foreign Policy in the Nakasone Years,” in Japan’s Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Coping with Change, ed. Gerald L. Curtis (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 91.

135. Quoted in the New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/ library/world/asia/020500japan-nakasone.html (accessed February 5, 2000).

136. Quoted in Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy, 125. 137. Ibid., 127. 138. Murayama’s speech to the Diet on July 18, 1994, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/

murayama.html (accessed March 20, 2000). 139. Obuchi’s speech to the Diet on November 27, 1998, http://www.kantei.go.jp/

jp/soouri/981127 syosinhyoumei.html (accessed March 20, 2000). 140. Aso speech to the UNGA, September 25, 2008, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/

asospeech/2008/09/25speech.html (accessed September 26, 2008). 141. Kenzaburo Oe, “Japan’s Search for Identity in the Nuclear Era,” Alternatives 7,

no. 4 (1981): 559.

204 NOTES

142. MOFA, Diplomatic Blue Book, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/b_v/seisho1998/ index.html (accessed March 31, 2000).

143. Eisuke Sakakibara, “The Once and Future Boom,” The Economist, March 22, 1997, 80.

144. See Dower, Embracing Defeat. 145. Gavan McCormack, Client State: Japan in the American Embrace (London:

Verso, 2007), 6. 146. Ibid., 13. 147. Graham, Japan’s Sea Lane Security, 98–99. 148. See Gluck, “The Idea of Showa,” 13. 149. Dower, Embracing Defeat, 419. 150. Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the US Occupation of Japan (New

York: Columbia University Press, 1999); and Yoon, Nippon kokumin-ron, chap. 3.

151. Koshiro, Trans-Pacific, 2. 152. Yoon, Nippon kokumin-ron, chap. 3. 153. Koshiro, Trans-Pacific, chap. 3; and Dower, Embracing Defeat, 394. 154. Quoted in Dower, Embracing Defeat, 237; See also Andrew E. Barshay, “Post-

war Social and Political Thought, 1945–1990,” in Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Wakabayashi, 273–74.

155. Quoted in Koshiro, Trans-Pacific, 203. 156. See Edström, Evolving Foreign Policy. 157. Eric Heginbotham and Richard J. Samuels, “Mercantile Realism and Japa-

nese Foreign Policy,” International Security 22, no. 4 (1998): 171–203; and Kent E. Calder, “Japanese Foreign economic Policy Formation: Explaining the Reactive State,” World Politics 40, no. 4 (1988): 517–41.

158. See Roxanne Lynn Doty, “Aporia: A Critical Exploration of the Agent-Struc-ture Problematique in International Relations Theory,” European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 365–92; Colin Wight, “They Shoot Dead Horses Don’t They? Locating Agency in the Agent-Structure Problema-tique,” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (1999): 109–42; David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Poli-tics of Identity, rev. ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); and Margaret S. Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach (Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

159. See Andrew E. Barshay, “Postwar Social and Political Thought,” in Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), chap. 6; and Dower, Embracing Defeat, chap. 16.

160. See, for example, Reinhard Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy for the 21st Century: From Economic Superpower to What Power? (London: Macmillan, 1998), 161–63.

NOTES 205

Chapter 4

1. “Korea” in this and the following chapters refers to both the Korean peninsula and South Korea (the Republic of Korea, or ROK), since my focus in this book is on the bilateral relations between Japan and the ROK. The Demo-cratic People’s Republic of Korea will be referred to as either North Korea or DPRK.

2. Peter Duus and Irwin Scheiner, “Socialism, Liberalism, and Marxism, 1901–31,” in Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 147–49.

3. George Alexander Lensen, Balance of Intrigue: International Rivalry in Korea and Manchuria, 1884–1899, vol. 1 (Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida, 1982), 1–2.

4. Maruyama Masao, Nippon no shiso (Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1961), 9. See also Masao Miyoshi, Off Center: Power and Cultural Relations Between Japan and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), 186.

5. Yanaibara quoted in Ebara Takuji, Ikai Takaaki, and Ikeda Masahiro, eds., Taigai-kan, Nippon kindai shiso taikei, vol. 12 (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1988), 14–15.

6. Lensen, Balance of Intrigue, vol. 1, 2. 7. Lee Tejin, “Kankoku heigo wa seiritsu shite inai: Nippon no daikan teikoku

kokken shimbaku to joyaku kyosei (1),” Sekai, July 1998, 302. 8. Takeuchi Yoshimi, “Introduction,” in Gendai shiso taikei vol. 9: Ajia shugi, ed.

Takeuchi Yoshimi (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1963). 9. For example, one Meiji ideologue, Kuga Katsunan, noted in 1895 that “the

difference between leaving Korea in the hands of China, on the one hand, and placing it in Japan’s hands, on the other, is evident with respect to the prospects for international peace and order in East Asia.” Quoted in Ebara Yoshiyasu, “Nisshin-senso ni okeru Kuga Katsunan no taigai seisaku-ron,” Nippon rekishi, June 1993, 81.

10. See, for example, Fukuhara Mantaro, Kindai Nippon no taikan seisaku (Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki, 1991), 94.

11. See, for example, Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Pen-etration of Korea, 1895–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 30–31.

12. Frederick Foo Chien, The Opening of Korea: A Study of Chinese Diplomacy 1876–1885 (New York: Shoe String Press, 1967), 20.

13. Quoted in Ebara et al., Taigai-kan, 12–13. 14. Fukuhara, Kindai Nippon, 96. 15. Kido quoted in Duus, Abacus and the Sword, 32–33. 16. Marlene J. Mayo, “The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Policy,”

Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 4 (1972), 798. 17. Ibid., 814–15. 18. Quoted in Ebara et al., Tagai-kan, 40.

206 NOTES

19. Unno Fukuju, Nikkan heigo (Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1995), 10. 20. Chien, The Opening, 47. 21. Duus, Abacus and the Sword, 49. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., 48. 24. Quoted in Ebara et al., Taigai-kan, 43–46. 25. Ibid., 52–53. 26. Ibid., 53–54. 27. W. G. Beasely, The Rise of Modern Japan (Tokyo: Charles Tuttle, 1990), 145. 28. See Fukuhara, Kindai Nippon, 157. 29. Yoon Keun-cha, Nippon kokumin-ron: kindai Nippon no aidentiti (Tokyo:

Chikuma Shobo, 1997), 32. 30. Duus, Abacus and the Sword, 71. 31. Of course, one must not forget the Triple Intervention following the war. It

dented Japanese euphoria following the victory, and Korea remained under threat from Western intervention, namely Russia. But now that China was defeated, Japan felt less inhibited from pursuing its interests on the penin-sula. For a brief overview of events surrounding the Triple Intervention, see Beasely, Rise of Modern Japan, 146–51.

32. Quoted in Iriye Akira, Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1966), 38. 33. See Unno, Nikkan heigo, 233. 34. Ibid., 151. 35. C. I. Eugene Kim and Han-kyo Kim, Korea and the Politics of Imperialism,

1876–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 128. 36. Quoted in Kim and Kim, Korea, 137. 37. Quoted in Stewart Lone, “The Japanese Annexation of Korea 1910: The Fail-

ure of Far East Asian Co-Prosperity,” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (1991): 149–50.

38. Ibid., 138. 39. Uchida, quoted in Takeuchi, ed., Gendai Nippon shiso taikei, Vol. 9: Ajia-shugi

(Tokyo: Chikuma shobo, 1963), 206. 40. Quoted in Hatano Masaru, Kindai higashi-Ajia no seiji hendo to Nippon no

gaiko (Tokyo: Keio Tsushin, 1995), 88. 41. Moriyama Shigenori, Kindai Nikkan kankeishi: Chosen shokuminchi-ka to

kokusai kankei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1987), 218–19. 42. Duus, Abacus and the Sword, 230. 43. Ibid., 236. 44. Quoted in Unno, Nikkan heigo, 219. 45. I say “signed” since it was more of a coercion. I shall not go into the details of

this process, since much research has been done on this. But it is worth noting that there are debates on whether the Treaty was “void” or rather it was “never established” to begin with. See, for example, Lee Tejin, “Kankoku heigo wa seiritsu shite inai,” 185–96.

46. Unno, Nikkan heigo, 234.

NOTES 207

47. Nakatsuka Akira, Kindai Nippon no Chosen ninshiki (Tokyo: Kenbun Shup-pan, 1993), 101.

48. See Maruyama Masao, Gendai seij no shiso to kodo (Tokyo: Miraisha, 1964), 20.

49. Kimura Kan, “‘Fuketsu’ to ‘osore’: bungakusha ni miru Nippon-jin no Kankoku imeji,” in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, ed. Okamoto Koji (Kyoto: Minerva, 1998), 116.

50. Hirata Yuji, Kyoiku chokugo kokusai kankei-shi no kenkyu: kantei honyaku chokugo wo chushin to shite (Tokyo: Kazama Shobo, 1997), 407–8.

51. Ibid., 408. 52. See Iriye, Nippon no gaiko, 84. 53. Lee Chong-sik, The Politics of Korean Nationalism (Berkeley: University of

California Press, 1963), 108. 54. See ibid., chap. 7, for more details on the movement. 55. See Dae-yeol Kim, Korea Under Colonialism: The March First Movement and

Anglo-Japanese Relations (Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, Seoul Branch, 1985), 102.

56. Quoted in ibid., 103. 57. Ibid., 103–4. 58. Ibid., 105. 59. Nakatsuku Akira, Kindai Nippon no Chosen ninshiki (Tokyo Kenbun Shup-

pan, 1993), 106. 60. Ibid., 105. 61. Kim, Korea Under Colonialism, 125–26. 62. Haraguchi Yoshio, “3.1 undo danatsu-jiken no kenkyu: keimu-kyoku nichi-

ji hokoku no hihanteki kento wo chushin ni shite,” Chosen-shi kenkyu-kai ronbun-shu 23 (1986), 225.

63. Kimura, “‘Fuketsu’ to ‘osore.’” 64. Hamaguchi Yuko, Nippon tochi to Higashi-Ajia shakai: shokuminchi Chosen to

Manshu no hikaku kenkyu (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1996), 28. 65. Lee, The Politics, 260. 66. Kimura, “‘Fuketsu’ to ‘osore,’” 116. 67. Lee, quoted in The Politics, 244. 68. Peter Duus, quoted in “Shokuminchi naki teikoku-shugi: ‘Dai Toa kyoeiken’

no koso,” trans. Fujiwara Kiichi, Shiso 814 (April 1992), 110. 69. Nakatsuka, Chosen ninshiki, 116. 70. Yoon Keun-cha, “Shokuminchi Nipponjin no seishin kozo: ‘teikoku ishiki’

towa nanika,” Shiso 778 (April 1989), 24. 71. See John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

(London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1999), 287; and Andrew Barshay, “Postwar Political and Social Thought,” in Modern Japanese Thought, ed. Wakabayashi, 274.

72. Lawrence Olson, Japan in Postwar Asia (London: Pall Mall Press, 1970), 103. 73. Ibid., 107.

208 NOTES

74. Ibid., 109. 75. Chung Dae-kyun, Kankoku no imeji (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1995), 63–71. 76. See Dower, Embracing Defeat, 381–82; and Yoon Keun-cha, Nippon kokumin-

ron, chap. 3. 77. Yoon, Nippon kokumin-ron, 122. 78. Tanaka Hiroshi, quoted in “Sengo Nippon to posuto-shokuminchi mondai,”

Shiso 734 (August 1985): 44. 79. See Chung, Kankoku, 63–71, for instances of Koreans acting as though if they

were “victors” in the war. 80. Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the US Occupation of Japan (New

York: Columbia University Press), 114. 81. Ibid., 117. 82. Tanaka Hiroshi, quoted in “Sengo Nippon to posuto-shokuminchi mondai,”

45. 83. See, for example, Lee Chong-sik, Sengo Nikkan kankei-shi, trans. Okonogi

Masao and Furuta Hiroshi (Tokyo: Chuo koron, 1989); Chung, Kankoku, 71–81; and Kwang-bok Kim, The Korea-Japan Treaty Crisis and the Instability of the Korean Political System (New York: Praeger, 1971), 58–64.

84. Chung, Kankoku, 72. 85. Ko Jun Suk, Sengoki Cho-Nichi kankei-shi (Tokyo: Tabata Shoten, 1974), 75. 86. Olson, Japan in Postwar Asia, 103. 87. See Kimura Shuzo, “Nikkan kosho no keii,” in Nikkan kankei no Tenkai, Koku-

sai seiji 2 (1962), 114–15. 88. Kim, Treaty Crisis, 42–43. 89. Sasaki Ryuji, “Imakoso Nikkan joyaku no minaoshi wo,” Sekai, April 1993,

124. 90. See Takasaki Soji, “Dai-sanji Nikkan kaidan to ‘Kubota hatsugen,’” Shiso 734

(August 1985): 53–68, for details on the remarks. 91. Quoted in ibid., 56. 92. Ibid., 60; see also Sasaki, “Imakoso Nikkan joyaku,” 123. 93. Takasaki, “Dai-sanji,” 56. 94. Ibid., 58; emphases added. 95. Ibid., 53. 96. See ibid., 59; and Chung, Kankoku, 74–75. 97. Takasaki Soji, “Nikkan joyaku de hosho wa kaiketsu shitaka,” Sekai, Septem-

ber 1992, 41. 98. Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 70–71. 99. Yoshizawa Fumitoshi, quoted in “Nikkan kaidan ni okeru seikyu-ken kosho

no seiji-teki daketsu: 1962-nen 3-gatsu kara 12-gatsu made wo chushin to shite,” Chosen-shi kenkyu-kai ronbun-shu 36 (1998): 179.

100. Ibid., 71–72. 101. Kim, quoted in Treaty Crisis, 49. 102. Kim, Ikeda, and Takasuki quoted in Treaty Crisis, 49. 103. Tanaka, quoted in “Sengo Nippon,” 47; and also Kim, Treaty Crisis, 49.

NOTES 209

104. Sakamoto Shigeki, “Nikkan wa joyaku mondai no otoshi-ana ni hamatte wa naranai,” Sekai, September 1998, 195.

105. Ibid., 203. 106. Nakatsuka, quoted in Kindai Nippon no Chosen ninshiki, 17–18 107. Lee, “Kankoku heigo (2),” 194. 108. Sakamoto, “Nikkan wa joyaku mondai,” 194. 109. Brian Bridges, Korea and the West (Chatham House Papers, 33) (London:

Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986), 64. 110. Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 35. 111. Kimura Masato, “Nippon no Taikan minkan keizai gaiko: kokko seijo-ka wo

meguru Kansai zaikai no ugoki,” Chosen hanto no kokusai seiji, Kokusai Seiji 92 (1989): 117.

112. Ko Jun-suk, Sengoki Cho-Nichi kankeishi (Tokyo: Tachibana shoten, 1974), 174–75.

113. Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 91–92. 114. Olson, Japan in Postwar Asia, 162. 115. Quoted in Kim, Treaty Crisis, 89. 116. Olson, Japan in Postwar Asia, 165. 117. See, for example, Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 151–55. 118. Quoted in Hong N. Kim, “Japanese-South Korean Relations After the Park

Assassination,” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1, no. 4 (1982): 77. 119. The Economist, October 10, 1998, 88. 120. Byung-joon Ahn, “The United States and Korean-Japanese Relations,” in The

US-South Korean Alliance: Evolving Patterns in Security Relations, ed. Gerald L. Curtis and Sung-joo Han (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1983), 151.

121. Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 44. 122. Kim Yong-seul, Nikkan kankei no sai-kochiku to Ajia (Fukuoka: Kyushu

Daigaku Shuppankai, 1995), 28–29. 123. Ibid., 48. 124. Byung-joon Ahn, quoted in “Japanese Policy Toward Korea,” 267. See Byung-

joon Ahn, “The United States and Korean-Japanese Relations,” in The US-South Korean Alliance: Evolving Patterns in Security Relations, ed. Gerald L. Curtis and Sung-joo Han (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1983), chap. 6.

125. See Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 179 for a similar argument regarding Nakasone’s plan to resolve the aid issue in the run up to his meeting with Reagan.

126. For detailed discussion of the textbook case, see Lee, Sengo Nikkan, chap. 6; and Chong-sik Lee, “History and Politics in Japanese-Korean Relations: The Textbook Controversy and Beyond,” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 2, no. 4 (1983): 69–93.

127. Yoon Keun-cha, “1982-nen kyokasho mondai,” Shiso 734 (August 1985): 71. 128. Chung Dae-kyun, Ilbon no imeji: Kankoku-jin no Nipponkan (Tokyo: Chuko

Shinsho, 1998), 102. 129. Chung quoting Tanaka Akihiko in ibid., 102–3. 130. Yoon, “1982-nen,” 77. See also Lee, Sengo Nippon, 204.

210 NOTES

131. The Economist, March 4, 2000, 83. 132. See George Hicks, Japan’s Hidden Apartheid: The Korean Minority and the

Japanese (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997). 133. See, for example, Nihon keizai shimbun, satellite edition, April 11, 2000, 35;

and Asahi Shimbun, satellite edition, April 12, 2000, 3. 134. Kim, Nikkan kankei, 82. 135. Victor D. Cha, “What Drives Korea-Japan Security Relations?” The Korean

Journal of Defense Analysis 10, no. 2 (1998): 70. 136. Taewoo Kim, “Japan’s New Security Roles and ROK-Japan Relations,” The

Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 11, no. 1 (1999): 149. 137. See Lensen, Balance of Intrigue, vol. 1, 2; and The Economist, October 10, 1998,

88–89. 138. Taku Tamaki, “Taking the ‘Taken-for-Grantedness’ Seriously: Problematizing

Japan’ Perpection of Japan-South Korea Relations,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 4, no. 2 (2004): 147–69.

Chapter 5

1. See, for example, Victor Cha, “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea,” International Stud-ies Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2000): 261–91; and Dorothy Robins-Mowry, ed., Is a Korea-Japan Symbiosis Possible? (New York: The Pacific Institute/Asia Insti-tute, 1996).

2. Taku Tamaki, “An Unholy Pilgrimage? Yasukuni and the Construction of Japan’s Asia imaginary,” Asian Politics and Policy 1, no. 1 (2009): 31–49.

3. David Hundt and Roland Bleiker, “Reconciling Colonial Memories in Korea and Japan,” Asian Perspective 31, no. 1 (2007): 66–67.

4. See, for example, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 13, 1994, 9. 5. See MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1990), 146; Gaiko seisho (1991), 212; and Gaiko

seisho (1992), 178. 6. Quoted in Rudolf Kranewitter, “Prejudices Against the Japanese,” Korea Jour-

nal, 32, no. 1 (1992), 74. 7. Yoshida Yutaka, Nippon-jin no senso-kan: sengo-shi no nakano henyo (Tokyo:

Iwanami shoten, 1995), 8. 8. Kim Young-seul, Nikkan kankei no sai-kochiku to Ajia (Fukuoka: Kyushu

daigaku shuppankai, 1995), 76–77. 9. Asahi Shimbun, June 24, 1996, 3. 10. Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt (London: Jonathan Cape, 1994), 65. 11. Tamaki, “An Unholy Pilgrimage?” 12. Ishihara Shintaro, “Nippon wo otoshi ireta joho-kukan no kai,” Bungei

shunju, February 1991, 95. 13. Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei in January 1974 quoted in Yoshida Yutaka,

Nippon-jin, 139. 14. See MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1992), 178; and Gaiko seisho (1999), whose subtitle

is: “Diplomacy with leadership for the new century.”

NOTES 211

15. Nishioka Tsutomu, “‘Jugun ianfu mondai’ towa nan datta noka,” Bungei shunju, April 1992, 312.

16. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1990), 144–50. 17. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 212. 18. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1992), 178. 19. Fukuda Yasuo quoted in www.kantei/go.jp/jp/hukudaspeech/2008/05/22speech

.html (accessed May 23, 2008). 20. Taro Aso quoted in www.kantei.go.jp/jp/asospeech/2008/09/25speech.hmtl

(accessed September 26, 2008). 21. See Timothy C. Lim, “The Origins of Societal Power in South Korea: Under-

standing the Physical and Human Legacies of Japanese Colonialism,” Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (1999): 603–33.

22. MITI, Tsusho hakusho (1990), 295. 23. MITI, Tsusho hakusho (1991), 370. 24. MITI, Tsusho hakusho (1995), 356. 25. See Financial Times, November 14, 2000, 12; and Financial Times, November

28, 2000, 24. 26. See Far Eastern Economic Review, January 31, 1991, 40. 27. See, for example, Lee Chung-sik, Sengo Nikkan kankei-shi, trans. by Okonogi

Masao and Furuta Hiroshi (Tokyo: Chuo koron, 1989), chap. 6; and George Hicks, Japan’s War Memories: Amnesia or Concealment? (London: Ashgate, 1997), chap. 4.

28. Hundt and Bleiker, “Reconciling Colonial Memories,” 71. 29. Rafael Narvaez, “Embodiment, Collective Memory and Time,” Body & Soci-

ety 12, no. 3 (2006), 52. 30. See Archer, Realist Social Theory. 31. Takasaki Soji, “Han-Nichi kanjo”: Kankoku, Chosen-jin to Nippon-jin (Tokyo:

Kodansha, 1993), 56; and Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 197. 32. Quoted in Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 56. 33. Quoted in Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 198. 34. Kimijima Kazuhiko, Kyokasho no shiso: Nippon to Kankoku no kin-gendaishi

(Tokyo: Suzusawa shoten, 1996), 175. 35. Ibid., 177–78. 36. Ibid., 185–87. 37. Ibid., 187. 38. Ibid., 189. 39. See George Hicks, Japan’s War Memories, chap. 6. 40. Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 72. 41. Ibid. 42. Kimijima Kazuhiko, Kyokasho no shiso, chap. 7. See also Chung Jaejeong,

Kankoku to Nippon: Rekishi kyoiku no shiso (Tokyo: Suzusawa shoten, 1998), chap. 6.

43. Chung Dae-kyun, Ilbon no imeji: Kankoku-jin no Nippon-kan (Tokyo: Chuko shinsho, 1998), 229.

44. Yoshida, Nipponjin no senso-kan, 54–55.

212 NOTES

45. Quoted in Ibid., 112. 46. Ibid. 47. Quoted in Miyake Akimasa, “Rekishi kyoksaho wo meguru seiji-teki gensetsu

to sono tokucho,” in Rekishi to shinjitsu: ima Nippon no rekishi wo kangaeru, Nakamura Masanori, et al. (Tokyo: Chikuma shobo, 1997), 35.

48. Quoted in Tawara Yoshifumi, Dokyumento “Ianfu” mondai to kyokasho kogeki (Tokyo: Kobunken, 1997), 11.

49. Quoted in Ibid., 16. 50. Takahashi Testsuya, Sengo sekinin-ron (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1999), 118–20. 51. Quoted in Tawara, Dokyumento, 25. 52. Ibid., 27. 53. Quoted in Chung, Kankoku to Nippon, 168. 54. Kimijima, Kyokasho no shiso, 97. 55. Quoted in Chung, Kankoku to Nippon, 171. 56. Kimijima, Kyokasho no shiso, 108. 57. Chung, Kankoku to Nippon, 172; and Kimijima, Kyokasho kogeki no shinso,

109. 58. See Takasaki Soji, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” chap. 7. 59. See Sekai, November 1995, 123–38. 60. Miyake, “Rekishi kyokasho,” 31. 61. Kuboi Norio, Kyokasho kara kesenai rekishi (Tokyo: Akashi shoten, 1997),

54–55. 62. Ibid., 58. 63. Ibid., 56. 64. Ibid., 65. 65. Miyake, “Rekishi kyokasho,” 30. 66. Ibid. 67. Wakakuwa Midori, “Jugun ianfu-mondai, jenda-shi no shiten kara: naze

‘hyoteki’ to nattaka,” in Reksihi to shinjitsu, Nakamura, et al., 176. 68. Ibid., 181. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid., 184–85. 71. Miyake, “Reskishi kyokasho,” 30. 72. The Economist, April 14, 2001, 66. 73. See The Economist, March 23, 2002 74. The Economist, April 14, 2001, 66. 75. Ibid., 35. 76. Ibid. 77. Quoted in Tawara, Dokyumento, 22. Here, Itagaki is quoting the words of

Fujioka Nobumasa, the founder of the Group. This is an ample indication of the “collusion” between the policy circles and the “fringe” groups.

78. See Financial Times, October 16, 2001, 16. 79. Wakakuwa Midori, “Jugun ianfu-mondai,” 165–66. 80. See The Economist, March 10, 2007, 12.

NOTES 213

81. George Hicks, “The ‘Comfort Women,’” in The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945, ed. Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 306.

82. Wakakuwa, “Jugun ianfu-mondai,” 172. 83. See ibid.; and Hicks, “The ‘Comfort Women,’” 306. 84. Hicks, “The Comfort Women,” 306–7. 85. See Wakakuwa, “Jugun ianfu mondai,” 172. 86. Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 129–30. 87. Wakakuwa, “Jugun ianfu-mondai,” 167. 88. Quoted in Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 130. 89. Quoted in Hicks, “The ‘Comfort Women,’” 307. 90. See Onuma Yasuaki, “Ianfu” mondai towa nandatta noka (Tokyo: Chuko

shinsho, 2007), 2; Jane W. Yamazaki, Japanese Apologies for World War II: A Rhetorical Study (London: Routledge, 2006), 58.

91. Yamazaki, Japanese Apologies, 58. 92. Onuma, “Ianfu” mondai, 2–3. 93. Tawara, Dokyumento, 27–28. 94. Tawara, Dokyumento, 29. 95. Tawara, Dokyumento, 31. 96. Tawara, Dokyumento, 34. 97. Quoted in Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 133. 98. Ibid., 174. 99. Quoted in Sekai, November 1995, 125. 100. Ibid., 123, 129. 101. The “Appeal,” quoted in Yamazaki, Japanese Apologies, 67. 102. Yoshikawa Haruko, Jugun ianfu: shin-shiryo ni yoru kokkai ronsen (Tokyo:

Ayumi shuppan, 1997), 96. 103. Onuma, “Ianfu” mondai, 181; Kuboi, Kyokasho, 88–89. 104. Kuboi, Kyokasho, 87–89. 105. Ibid., 93. 106. Yoshikawa, Jugun ianfu, 119. 107. Onuma Yasuaki quoted in Kuobi, Kyokasho, 80–81. 108. Onuma, “Ianfu” mondai, 205. 109. Quoted in The Economist, December 16, 2000, 22. 110. The Economist, March 10, 2007, 67. 111. The Economist, May 5, 2007, 62. 112. Ishizaka Koichi, “‘Fusen ketsugi’ towa nanika,” Sekai, May 1995, 181–82. 113. See, for example, MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 212; and Gaiko seisho (1992),

173–82. 114. Quoted in Ryuji Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution on World War Two: Keep-

ing History at Bay,” Asian Survey 36, no. 10 (1996): 1014. 115. Ibid., 1015. 116. Ibid. 117. Tawara, Dokyumento, 7.

214 NOTES

118. Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,” 1015. 119. Tawara, Dokyumneto, 8. 120. Asahi Shimbun, January 31, 1995, 1. 121. Foreign Ministry statement in Asahi Shimbun, February 1, 1995, 2. 122. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, February 1, 1995, 1. 123. Asahi Shimbun, February 1, 1995, 7; also Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,”

1015. 124. Okuno Seisuke quoted in Asahi Shimbun, March 17, 1995, 2. 125. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, November 13, 1994, 9. 126. Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,” 1018. 127. Ibid., 1017–18. 128. Quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 11, 1995, 3. 129. Quoted in Ibid. 130. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, May 26, 1995, 4. 131. Asahi Shimbun, May 26, 1995, 9. 132. Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,” 1021–22. 133. Asahi Shimbun, June 7, 1995, 1. 134. Ibid. 135. Quoted in Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,” 1012. 136. See Mukae, “Japan’s Diet Resolution,” 1027–29; and Hicks, Japan’s War Mem-

ories, 93–94. 137. Asahi Shimbun, June 5, 1995, 2. 138. Hicks, Japan’s War Memories, 94. 139. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, evening edition, August 15, 1995, 4. 140. Ibid.; See also Tamaki, “An Unholy Pilgrimage.”

Chapter 6

1. Lee Won-duk, “Reskishi-mondai wo meguru Nikkan no katto mekanizumu,” in Nikkan no kyotsu ninshiki: Nippon wa Kankoku ni totte nan nanoka? ed. Kim Jon-gol and Lee Won-duk (Hadano: Tokai daigaku shuppankai, 2007), 37–38.

2. See Cha, “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea,” International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2000): 261–91.

3. Takasaki Soji, “Han-Nichi kanjo”: Kankoku Chosen-jin to Nippon-jin (Tokyo: Kodansha gendai shinsho, 1993), 98.

4. Yamazaki, Japanese Apologies, 36. 5. Tamaki Taku, “Nikkan kankei ‘muzukashisa’ no kozu,” Ajia bunka kenkyu, no.

32 (2006): 123–40. 6. Ikeda Tadashi quoted in Gaiko Forum, October 1992, 53. 7. Ibid., 54. 8. Financial Times, November 16, 2006, 17. 9. See Cha, “Abandonment.”

NOTES 215

10. Azuma Kiyohiko, “Nikkan anzen hosho kankei no hensen: kokko seijoka kara reisen-go made,” Kokusai anzen hosho 33, no. 4 (2006): 98.

11. Azuma, “Nikkan anzen hosho,” 101. 12. See JDA, Boei hakusho (1990), 70; Boei hakusho (1991), 65; Boei hakusho

(1992), 72; and Boei hakusho (1993), 7. 13. See MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 212; and Gaiko seisho (1992), 178. 14. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1990), 147. 15. See Kim Yeong-seul, Nikkan kankei no sai-kochiku to Ajia (Fukuoka: Kyushu

daigaku shuppan-kai, 1995), 25; and Cha, “Abandonment.” 16. Kawamura Sumihiko, “Nikkan sekando-torakku gaiko to kaijo ni okeru

chiiki kyoryoku,” in Nippon no gaiko-seisaku kettei yoin, ed. Gaiko seisaku kettei-yoiyn kenkyukai (Tokyo: PHP Publishing, Inc., 1999), 230–31.

17. Ibid., 231. 18. Ibid. 19. See ibid., 234–35. 20. See Tanaka Akihiko, Anzen hosho: sengo 50-nen no mosaku (Tokyo: Yomiuri

Shimbunsha, 1997), 342–47. 21. Azuma, “Nikkan anzen hosho,” 103. 22. Ozawa Ichiro, “Futsu no kuni ni nare,” in Sengo Nippon gaikoron-shu: kowa

ronso kara wangan senso made, ed. Kitaoka Shinichi (Tokyo: Chu koron, 1995), 463.

23. The Economist, October 13, 2001, 70. 24. Sasae Kenichiro, “20 seiki no ‘kako’ kara 21 seiki no ‘mirai’ e,” Gaiko Forum,

December 1998, 70–71. 25. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1990), 146. 26. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun (evening edition), May 25, 1990, 1. 27. Quoted in Gaiko Forum, June 1990, 37; emphasis added. 28. Quoted in Gaiko Forum, June 1990, 40. 29. See MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 212; and Gaiko seisho (1992), 178. 30. Quoted in Rudolf Kranewitter, “Prejudices Against the Japanese,” Korea Jour-

nal 32, no. 1 (1992): 74. 31. See Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 18, 1992, 3. 32. Quoted in Yamamoto Tsuyoshi, “‘Yuko’ to ‘tekishi’ to,” Sekai (Extra), April

1991, 67. 33. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 367. 34. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 382. 35. Kuriyama Takakazu, “Taikenteki gaiko-ron,” Chuo koron, November 1991,

113. 36. Quoted in Chuo koron, September 1991, 60. 37. JDA, Boei hakusho (1991). 38. Quoted in Gaiko Forum, October 1992, 51. 39. Azuma, “Nikkan anzen hosho,” 103. 40. See Kinomiya Masashi, “Nikkan kankei no rikigaku to tenbo: reisenki no

dainamizumu to datsu-reisenki ni okeru kozo henyo,” in Nikkan no kyotsu ninshiki, ed. Kim and Lee, 57.

216 NOTES

41. See Graham, Japan’s Sea Lane Security, 222. 42. See MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1991), 212; Gaiko seisho (1992), 178; Gaiko seisho

(1999), 21. 43. Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” 107–8. 44. Ibid., 98. 45. Yamazaki, Japanese Apologies, 36. 46. For details on the political negotiations, see, for example, Asahi Shimbun,

May 19, 1990, 1; Asahi Shimbun, May 21, 1990, 1; Sekai Shuho, June 19, 1990, 14–15; George Hicks, Japan’s War Memories, chap. 5; and Takasaki, “Han-Nichi kanjo,” chap. 5.

47. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, May 25, 1990, 1. 48. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, May 25, 1990, 2. 49. Sekai shuho, May 29, 1990, 19. 50. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 23, 1990, 1. 51. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, May 26, 1990, 1. 52. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun (evening edition), May 25, 1990, 23. 53. For various conservative sentiments on the “past,” see, for example, Far East-

ern Economic Review, August 25, 1994, 22–24; The Economist, January 29, 2000, 84; The Economist, July 10, 1999, 68; The Economist, August 11, 2001, 52; Sekai, January 1996, 56–71; Bungei shunju, April 1996, 262–79; and Ishi-hara Shintaro, “Nippon wo otoshi ireta joho-kukan no kai,” Bungei shunju, February 1991, 94–110.

54. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, May 26, 1990, 1. 55. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1992), 373. 56. Quoted in ibid., 382. 57. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1993), 356. 58. In MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1994), 153. 59. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1995), 149. 60. Quoted in MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1996), 156. 61. Quoted in Gaiko Forum, October 1992, 54. 62. Ogura Kazuo, “‘Ajia no fukken’ no tameni,” Chuo koron, July 1993, 72. 63. Quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun (evening edition), August 15, 1995, 4. 64. Ibid. 65. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, June 22, 1996, 2. 66. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, June 24, 1996, 1. 67. Sekai shuho, 3 November 1998, 6. 68. Nihon Keizai Shimbun (evening edition), 8 October 1998, 2. 69. See, for example, The Economist, October 10, 1998, 88–89. 70. Quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, October 8, 1998, 2. 71. Quoted in Sekai shuho, November 3, 1998, 13. 72. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, March 21, 1999, 3. 73. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1999), 21. 74. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, October 8, 1998, 1. 75. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1999). 76. Quoted in Sekai shuho, February 24, 1998, 12.

NOTES 217

77. Quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun (evening edition), March 20, 1999,1. 78. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, October 9,1998, 7. 79. Quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, October 9, 1998, 2. 80. Quoted in Asahi Shimbun, October 9, 1998, 7. 81. Quoted in ibid. 82. Financial Times, November 20, 2001, 14. 83. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/koizumispeech/2002/01/01message.html

(accessed December 2, 2008). 84. Ibid. 85. http://www.mext.go.jp/worldcup/hajime/h_main.htm (accessed October 31,

2008). 86. http://www.mext.go.jp/worldcup/dokuhon/1_1.htm (accessed October 31,




2008). 90. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/koizumispeech/2002/07/01kyoudou.html

(accessed December 2, 2008). 91. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/kids/magazine/0501/6_4.html (accessed Decem-

ber 2, 2008). 92. http://www.jkcf.or.jp/friendship2005/japanese/opening/opening_2.html

(accessed 2 December 2008). 93. http://www.jkcf.or.jp/friendship2005/japanese/about/message.html

(accessed 2 December 2008). 94. See Tamaki, “An Unholy Pilgrimage?” 95. Suzuoki Takashi, “Hajimatta bunretsu to dakyo: Kankoku to Nippon to,”

Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Web edition), August 18, 2006. http://www.nikkei.co.jp/neteye5/suzuoki/20060816n598g000_16.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

96. Quoted in Chuo koron, August 2005, 44. 97. See Financial Times, October 16, 2001, 16; The Economist, August 19, 2006. 98. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/koizumispeech/2003/06/07seimei.html (accessed

December 2, 2008). 99. http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/koizumispeech/2003/06/07press.html (accessed



December 2, 2008). 102. See Abe Shinzo, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/abespeech/2006/10/09koreapress

.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

218 NOTES

103. Fukuda Yasuo, http://www. Kantei.go.jp/jp/hukudaspeech/2008/04/21kyoudou.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

104. See Kim Dae-jung quoted in Asahi Shimbun, October 8, 1998, 1; and Miyazawa Kiichi quoted in Sekai Shuho, February 24, 1998, 12.

Chapter 7

1. See Inoguchi, Nippon, 72–78. 2. See Matsumoto Koji, “Mujun suru tai-Nichi yokyu: gijustu-iten to akaji-ber-

ashi wa ryoritsu shinai,” Gendai Koria, October 1991, 34–43. 3. Asahi Shimbun, 1 August 1997, 2. 4. See, for example, “Fear of Military Buildup,” Editorial, Korea Times, Web

ed., July 29, 1999, http://www.hk.co.kr/14_8/199907/t485161.htm (accessed August 22, 1999). But the tide may be changing; see Sekai Shuho, June 22, 1999, 66–67. It notes that the South Korean public opinion in general has accepted the New Guidelines from a “third party perspective” (dai sansha no tachiba), in which one South Korean newspaper told readers that 1999 is not 1905 nor the 1930s.

5. See Reinhard Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy for the twenty-first Century, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1998), chap. 3.

6. William R. Nester, Japan’s Growing Power Over East Asia and the World Econ-omy (London: Macmillan, 1990), 165.

7. See Ozawa Ichiro, “Futsu no kuni ni nare,” in Sengo Nippon gaikoronshu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made, ed. Kitaoka Shinichi (Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995), 463.

8. Okita quoted in C. K. Yeung, “Ajia-Taiheiyo keizai kyoryoku kaigi to Nip-pon,” trans. Sato Yoichiro, in Gendai Nippon no Ajia gaiko: taibei kyocho to jishu-gaiko no hazama de, ed., Miyashita Akitoshi and Sato Yoichiro (Kyoto: Minerva, 2001), 255.

9. Kojima quoted in Yeung, “Ajia-Taiheiyo,” 255–56. 10. Yeung, “Ajia-Taiheiyo,” 259–62. 11. Gilbert Rozman, “South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power’s

Options within the East Asian Core Triangle,” The Pacific Review 20, no. 2 (2007): 207.

12. For example, Nester, Japan’s Growing Power. 13. Eric Heginbotham and Richard J. Samuels, “Mercantile Realism and Japanese

Foreign Policy,” International Security 22, no. 4 (1998): 172. 14. MOFA, Gaiko seisho (1990), 147. 15. See, for example, The Economist, May 22, 1999, 133–34. 16. Ming Wan, “Japan and The Asian Development Bank,” Pacific Affairs 68, no.

4 (1995–96): 510. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., 509. 19. Inoguchi Takashi, Nippon: keizai-taikoku no seiji-unei (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku

Shuppankai, 1993), 96.

NOTES 219

20. Financial Times, November 14, 2000, 12. 21. Financial Times, November 10, 2000, 16. 22. Author’s interview with Ikeda Yukihiko, Tokyo, September 18, 2000. 23. Quoted in Drifte, Japan’s Foreign Policy, 92–93. 24. Courtney Purrington, “Tokyo’s Policy Responses During the Gulf War and

the Impact of the ‘Iraqi Shock’ on Japan,” Pacific Affairs 65, no. 2 (1992): 161. 25. Barry K. Gills, “The Crisis of Postwar East Asian Capitalism: American Power,

Democracy and the Vicissitudes of Globalization,” Review of International Studies 26, no. 3 (2000): 389; emphasis added.

26. See Inoguchi, Nippon, 43–45, for continuity in Japanese bureaucracy. 27. Mark Beeson, Regionalism and Globalization in East Asia: Politics, Security

and Economic Development (London: Palgrave, 2007), 186. 28. Beeson, Regionalism, 187. 29. Motoshige Itoh, “Trade Imbalance, Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal

Trade Regime in the Asia-Pacific: Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies,” The Pacific Review 12, no. 2 (1999): 323.

30. Fukagawa Yukiko, “Nikkan jiyu boeki kyotei (FTA) kosho sai-shuppatsu eno kadai,” Fainansharu Rebyu, April 2006, 105.

31. Iriye Akira, Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1966), 30. 32. Seki Shizuo, “Shidehara Kijuro no ‘taishi gaiko’: naisei fukansho-shugi

wo chushin ni,” in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, ed. Okamoto Koji (Kyoto: Minerva, 1998), 143–44; and Iriye, Nippon, 92.

33. Peter Duus, Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 248.

34. Timothy C. Lim, “The Origins of Societal Power in South Korea: Under-standing the Physical and Human Legacies of Japanese Colonialism,” Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (1999): 604.

35. Ibid., 613. 36. Ibid., 616. 37. Donald Stone Macdonald, The Koreans: Contemporary Politics and Society,

3rd ed. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 250–51. 38. Ota Osamu, “Daikan-minkoku juritsu to Nippon: Nikkan tsusho kosho no

bunseki wo chushin ni,” Chosen Gakuho, 173 (1999), 27. 39. Ibid., 15. 40. Kasai Nobuyuki, “Nikkan keizai-kankei no hensen: izon to jiritsu no sou-

koku,” in Posuto-reisen no Chosen hanto, ed. Okonogi Masao (Tokyo: Nippon Kokusai Mondai Kenkyujo, 1994), 326.

41. Lee Chong-sik, Sengo Nikkan kankei-shi, trans. Okonogi Masao and Furuta Hiroshi (Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1989), Ch. 3; and Kasai, “Nikkan keizai,” 328–29.

42. Lee, Sengo Nikkan, 87. 43. Ibid., 71. 44. T. W. Kang, Is Korea the Next Japan? Understanding the Structure, Strategy, and

Tactics of America’s Next Competitor (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 115; see also, Kasai, “Nikkan keizai,” 328.

220 NOTES

45. Quoted in Brian Bridges, Japan and Korea in the 1990s: From Antagonism to Adjustment (London: Edward Elgar, 1993), 92.

46. Asahi Shimbun, 18 January 1992, 3. 47. Yanagimachi Tsutomu, “Kankoku hando-tai sangyo no rekishi-teki hatten to

kadai: zaibatsu kigyo no jigyo-senryaku wo chushin ni,” Ajia Kenkyu 37, no. 4 (1991): 130–31.

48. Nakajima Koichi, “Higashi Ajia no keizai-seicho ni okeru taibei yushitsu to tainichi yunyu kozo no kensho: Taiwan to Kankoku no ingasei no tesuto,” Ajia Kenkyu 42, no. 2 (1996): 63–93.

49. Kaneko Itsuo, Momose Shigeo, and Okamoto Yoshihiro, Kankoku keizai: kigyo no hatten to genjo (Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1999), 131–32.

50. The figures show Hyundai at 4.1 percent, Kia 5.0 percent, and Daewoo 4.9 percent. Their competitors show similar figures such as Toyota at 5.2 per-cent, Nissan 5.9 percent, GM 4.5 percent, and Ford 4.3 percent. Ono Junko, Kankoku no jiudosha sangyo (Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyujo, 1996), 98.

51. Andrew E. Green, “South Korea’s Automobile Industry: Development and Prospects,” Asian Survey 32, no. 5 (1992): 417.

52. Ono, Kankoku no jidosha sangyo, 95. 53. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 20, 1990, 3. 54. Kang Yong-ji, “‘Ajia keizai kyoryoku-ken’ niramu Nikkan kyoryoku wo: NIES

no shuraku wo mo fusegu,” Ekonomisuto, March 12, 1991, 58. 55. Hattori Tamio, “Miyazawa hokan, shukudai toshite nokotta Nikkan keizai-

masatsu: namboku toitsu sokushin niwa Nippon mo koken wo,” Ekono-misuto, February 4, 1992, 54.

56. MITI, Tsuho Hakusho (1990), 290. 57. Ibid., 295. 58. Glenn D. Hook, et al., Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics and

Security (London: Routledge, 2001), chap. 10. 59. Inoguchi, Nippon, 72. 60. Ibid., 74. 61. Fukagawa, “Nikkan jiyu-boeki kyotei,” 107. 62. Yamazawa Ippei, “Niju-isseiki no Nikkan keizai kankei wa ikani arubeki

ka,” Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, September 10, 2008, http://www.meti.go.jp/discussion/topic_11/kikou_03,htm (accessed February 3, 2009).

63. Yamazawa, “Niju-isseiki.” 64. METI, “Nikkan keizai kyoka ni muketa torikumi,” http://www.meti.go.jp/

policy/trade_policy/epa/html/jk_relation.html (accessed October 31, 2008). 65. METI, “Nikkan FTA shimpojumu (Tokyo) no kekka gaiyo,” September

28, 2000, http://www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/0001000/0/0928jkfta.htm (accessed October 31, 2008).

66. Nishioka quoted in Chung Dae-kyun, Kankoku no imeji (Tokyo: Chuko Shin-sho, 1995), 204–5.

67. Matsumoto “Mujun,” 36; emphasis added.

NOTES 221

68. Sato in Bungei Shunju, July 1992, 281. 69. Momose Tadashi, Kankoku ga shindemo Nippon ni oitsukenai 18 no riyu

(Tokyo: Bungei Shunju, 1998), 27. 70. Ibid., 53. 71. Ibid., 64. 72. Ibid., 172. 73. Momose Tadashi, Yappari Kankoku ga shindemo Nippon ni oitsukenai 18 no

riyu (Tokyo: Bungei Shunju, 1999), 163. 74. Sekai Shuho, April 21, 1998, 27. 75. Lee hong-ju, “Nikkan ryokoku no keizai-katto wo do kaiketsu suruka: mirai

no tameno teigen,” Sekai, February 1996, 202. 76. Ono, Kankoku no jidosha sangyo, 117. 77. Ibid., 128. 78. An automobile manufacturer quoted in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 21, 1990,

9. 79. Okatani Naoaki, “Nikkan wa ‘chikakute soen na kankei’ wo seisan seyo:

gijutsu iten nadode gutaiteki joho ga hitsuyo,” Sekai Shuho, March 3, 1992, 64–69.

80. Reprinted in Gendai Koria, October 1991, 44–45. 81. Ibid., 46–47. 82. Momose, Yappari Kankoku, 176. 83. Keidanren, Nikkan sangyo-kyoryoku no aratana hatten ni mukete,” Novem-

ber 20, 2000, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/policy/2001/055.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

84. Ibid. 85. Bungei Shunju, July 1992, 287–88. 86. Matsumoto, “Mujun,” Gendai Koria, October 1991, 38. 87. Fujimura Masaya, “Nikkan no shin-jidai ni mukete,” Gaiko Forum, June 1998,

19 88. Ibid., 21. 89. Okuda Hiroshi, “Higashi-Ajia jiyu keizai-ken no kochiku ni muketa Nik-

kan no yakuwari,” April 24, 2003, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/speech/20030424.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

90. Kaifu quoted in Kang, “‘Ajia keizai,’” 62. 91. Kang, “‘Ajia keizai,’” 60. 92. Ha Shin-gi, “Kankoku ga kaku ‘gijutsu-rikkoku’ no aojashin: Soren, Doitsu

tono hai-teku kyoryoku ga kappatsuka,” Ekonomisuto, May 14, 1991, 89. 93. Asahi Shimbun, January 28, 1990, 2. 94. Far Eastern Economic Review, January 31, 1991, 41. 95. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, evening ed., 26 May 1990, 1. 96. Asahi Shimbun, January 10, 1991, 2. 97. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 10, 1991, 2. 98. Far Eastern Economic Review, January 31, 1991, 42. 99. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, May 20, 1990, 3.

222 NOTES

100. Asahi Shimbun, January 17, 1992, 1. 101. Ibid., January 18, 1992, 1. 102. Ibid., 3. 103. Sekai Shuho, February 24, 1998, 9. 104. Asahi Shimbun, January 18, 1992, 3. 105. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 16, 1992, 3. 106. Ibid., evening ed., January 17, 1992, 1. 107. Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 17, 1992, 5. 108. Ibid., November 29, 1998, 3. 109. Asahi Shimbun, October 9, 1998, 11. 110. Ibid., March 1, 1999, 2. 111. Quoted in Financial Times, November 28, 2000, 24. 112. Ibid. 113. http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/trade_policy/epa/html/jk_fta_keii.html

(accessed October 21, 2008). 114. Joint Statement by the Japan-Korea FTA Business Forum, January 25, 2002. 115. METI, “Nikkan FTA shimpojumu (Tokyo) no kekka gaiyo,” September 28, 2000,

http://www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/0001000/0/0928jkfta.htm (accessed Octo-ber 31, 2008).

116. METI, “Kankoku tono keizai renkei,” 2003 excerpt from Trade White Paper, http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/trade_policy/epa/html/s_korea.html (accessed October 31, 2008).

117. MOFA, “Kankoku keizai no genjo to Nikkan keizai kankei,” October 2008, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/korea/pdfs/keizai.pdf (accessed October 31, 2008).

118. Ibid. 119. Tamura Hideo, “‘Jiyu boeki’ Nikkan ugokezu,” Nihon Keizai Shimbun,

Web ed., September 8, 2003, http://www.nikkei.co.jp/neteye5/tamura/20030905n1695000_05,html (accessed February 12, 2009).

120. Beeson, Regionalism and Globalization, 191. 121. Ibid.

Conclusion

1. See Dower, Embracing Defeat, 29–30. 2. Miyoshi, Off Center, chap. 1; and Maruyama, Nippon no shiso. 3. See, for example, John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World

War II (London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1998), chap. 10; Takeu-chi Yoshimi, “Hoho to shiteno Ajia,” in Takeuchi Yoshimi zenshu, Takeuchi Yoshimi, vol. 5 (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1981), 90–115.

4. See Unno Fukuju, Nikkan heigo (Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1995); and Iriye, Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1966), chap. 2.

NOTES 223

5. See, for example, Lee Chong-sik, Sengo Nikkan kankeishi, trans. Okonogi Masao and Furuta Hiroshi (Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1989); Takasaki Soji, Kensho: Nikkan kaidan (Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1996); and Lee Tong-won, Kan-Nichi joyaku teiketsu hiwa (Tokyo: PHP, 1997).

6. See Wight, Agents. 7. John Gerard Ruggie, “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitar-

ianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 855–85.

8. See, for example, Irving Velody and Robin Williams ed., The Politics of Con-structionism (London: Sage, 1998); and Ian Hacking, The Social Construction of What? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

9. Maja Zehfuss, “Constructivism and Identity: A Dangerous Liaison,” European Journal of International Relations 7, no. 3 (2001): 315–48.

10. Roxanne Lynn Doty, “Aporia: A Critical Exploration of the Agent-Structure Problematique in International Relations Theory,” European Journal of Inter-national Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 376.

11. Roxanne Lynn Doty, “A Reply to Colin Wight,” European Journal of Interna-tional Relations 5, no. 3 (1999): 389.

12. See Margaret S. Archer, Being Human: The Problem of Agency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

13. Nikolas Busse, “Constructivism and Southeast Asian Security,” The Pacific Review 12, no. 1 (1999): 41.

14. See Seng Tang, “Rescuing Constructivism from the Constructivists: A Criti-cal Reading of Constructivist Interventions in Southeast Asian Security,” The Pacific Review 19, no. 2 (2006): 239–60.

15. Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military on Postwar Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996); Thomas U. Berger, “Norms, Identity and National Security in Germany and Japan,” in The Culture of National Security: Norms, and Identity in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), chap. 9; Thomas U. Berger, “From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan’s Culture of Anti-Milita-rism,” International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 119–50; and Peter J. Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, “Japan’s National Security: Structures, Norms and Poli-cies,” International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 82–118.

16. David Campbell, “Foreign Policy and Identity: Japanese ‘Other’/American ‘Self,’” in The Global Economy as Political Space, ed. Stephen J. Roscow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), chap. 7.

17. Victor D. Cha, “What Drives Korea-Japan Security Relations?” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 10, no. 2 (1998): 69–87.

18. Victor D. Cha, “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea,” International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2000): 261–91.

19. See, for example, Chung Dae-kyun, Kankoku no imeji (Tokyo: Chuko Shin-sho, 1995); Chung Dae-kyun, Ilbon no imeji: Kankoku-jin no Nippon-kan (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1998); Yoon Keun-cha, Nippon kokumin-ron: kindai

224 NOTES

Nippon no aidentiti (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1997); and Masao Miyoshi, Off Center: Power and Cultural Relations between Japan and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

20. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1934).

21. See Porpora, “The Caterpillar’s Question.” 22. Rogers Brubaker and Frederick Cooper, “Beyond ‘Identity,’” Theory and Soci-

ety 29, no. 1 (2000): 1. 23. Ibid., 5. 24. Archer, Realist Social theory: The Morphogenetic Approach (Cambridge: Cam-

bridge University Press, 1995), 257. 25. Douglas V. Porpora, “The Caterpillar’s Question: Contesting Anti-Human-

ism’s Contentions,” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 27, no. 2/3 (1997): 251.

26. See, for example, Archer, Being Human, Ch. 6; and Gillis, “Memory and Identity.”

27. John R. Searle, Intentionality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), chap. 5; and John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (London: Penguin, 1995), chap. 6.

28. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality, 23–26. 29. See Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 1965), chap. 3. 30. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms; and Berger, “Norms.” See also, Katzenstein and

Okawara, “Japan’s National Security”; and Thomas U. Berger, “From Sword to Chrysanthemum.”

31. Takeuchi Yoshimi, “Introduction,” in Gendai Nippon shiso taikei, vol. 9: Ajia shugi, ed. Takeuchi Yoshimi (Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1963).

32. Dower, Embracing Defeat; and Yukiko Koshiro, Trans-Pacific Racisms and the US Occupation of Japan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).

33. See Yoon, Nippon kokumin-ron, 166–73; Takasaki Soji, “Han-Nichi kanjo”: Kankoku, Chosen-jin to Nippon-jin (Tokyo: Kodansha Gendai Bunko, 1993), 197–99; and Iriye Akira, Shin Nippon no gaiko (Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1991), 213.

34. The Economist, March 23, 2002, 68; and Financial Times, April 22, 2002, 16. 35. See Zehfuss, “Constructivism and Identity”; and Wight, Agents, Structures,

and International Relations. 36. For ideas in foreign policy, see Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, ed.,

Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (New York: Cornell University Press, 1993).

37. Robert O. Keohane, “International Institutions: Two Approaches,” Interna-tional Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1988): 392.

38. Campbell, Writing Security; Campbell, National Deconstruction; and Weldes, Constructing National Interest.

39. Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 24–25.

NOTES 225

40. Milja Kurki, “Causes of a Divided Discipline: Rethinking the Concept of Cause in International Relations Theory,” Review of International Studies 32, no. 2 (2006): 214–15.

41. Merje Kuus, “European Integration in Identity Narratives in Estonia: A Quest for Security,” Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 1 (2002): 94. I thank Wolfango Piccoli for alerting me to this article.

42. See, for example, Zehfuss, “Constructivism and Identity.” 43. Wendt, Social Theory, 238. 44. Steve Smith, “Wendt’s World,” Review of International Studies 26, no. 1 (2000):

161. 45. See Archer, Realist Social Theory, 257–58; Searle, The Construction of Social

Reality, 23–26; and Colin Wight, “They Shoot Dead Horses Don’t They? Locating Agency in the Agent-Structure Problematique,” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (1999): 125ff.

46. See Risse, et al., “To Euro or Not to Euro?” 156. 47. Wight, Agent, Structures and International Relations. 48. For a discussion of actor designation, see Frederick Frey, “The Problem of

Actor Designation in Political Analysis,” Comparative Politics 17, no. 2 (1985): 127–52.

Bibliography

Acharya, Amitav. Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Routledge, 2001.

Ahn, Byung-joon. “The United States and Korean-Japanese Relations.” Chap. 6 in The US-South Korean Alliance: Evolving Patterns in Security Relations, edited by Gerald L. Curtis and Sung-Joo Han. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1983.

Akaha, Tsuneo. Japan’s Security Agenda in the Post-Cold War Era. The Pacific Review 8, no. 1 (1995): 45–76.

Amako Satoshi. Chugoku wa kyoi ka. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1997.Amaya Naohiro. “‘Chonin koku: Nippon’ tedai no kurigoto: kokusai shakai wo shi-

tataka na chonin toshite ikinuku tameni.” In Sengo Nippon gaikoronshu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made, edited by Kitaoka Shinichi, 365–95. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1991.Archer, Margaret S. “Realism and The Problem of Agency.” Journal of Critical Real-

ism 5, no. 1 (2002): 11–20.———. Being Human: The Problem of Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2000.———. Culture and Agency: The Place of Culture in Social Theory, rev. ed. Cam-

bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.———. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cam-

bridge University Press, 1995.Asahi Shimbun, various issues.Azuma Kiyohiko. Nikkan anzen hosho kankei no hensen: Kokko seijoka kara rei-

sen-go made. Kokusai Anzen Hosho 33, no. 4 (2006): 87–114.Barshay, Andrew. “Post-war Social and Political Thought, 1945–90.” Chap. 6 in

Modern Japanese Thought, edited by Bob Takeshi Wakabayashi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Beasley, W. G. The Rise of Modern Japan. Tokyo: Charles Tuttle, 1990.Beeson, Mark. Regionalism and Globalization in East Asia: Politics, Security and Eco-

nomic Development. London: Palgrave, 2007Berger, Peter and Thomas Luckmann. The Social Construction of Reality. London:

Penguin, 1967.Berger, Thomas U. “Norms, Identity and National Security in Germany and Japan.”

Chap. 9 in The Culture of National Secutiry: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Peter Katzenstein. NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.

228 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. From Sword to Chrysanthemum: Japan’s Culture of Anti-militarism. International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 119–50.

Biersteker, Thomas and Cynthia Weber, eds. State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Bito Masahide. Nippon shijo ni okeru kindai tennsoei: tenno kikansetsu no rekishi-teki haikei. Shiso 794 (August, 1990): 4–30.

Bhaskar, Roy. The Possibility of Naturalism, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 1998.Booth, James W. Communities of Memory: On Identity, Memory, and Debt. Amer-

ican Political Science Review 93, no. 2 (1999): 249–63.Braudel, Fernand. On History. Translated by Sarah Matthews. London: Weidenfeld

and Nicolson, 1980.Bridges, Brian. Japan and Korea in the 1990s: From Antagonism to Adjustment. Lon-

don: Edward Elgar, 1993.———. Korea and the West, Chatham House Papers, 33. London: Routledge and

Kegan Paul, 1986.Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper. Beyond ‘Identity.’ Theory and Society 29,

no. 1 (2000): 1–47.Bungei Shunju, various issues.Burkitt, Ian. “Relations, Communication and Power.” Chap. 8 in The Politics of Con-

structionism, edited by Irivng Velody and Robin Williams. London: Sage, 1998.Buruma, Ian. Wages of Guilt. London: Jonathan Cape, 1994.Busse, Nikolas. Constructivism and Southeast Asian Security. The Pacific Review 12,

no. 1 (1999): 39–60.Butler, Judith. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge,

1997.Buzan, Barry. Japan’s Defence Problematique. The Pacific Review 8, no. 1 (1995):

25–43.Calder, Kent E. Japanese Foreign Policy Formulation: Explaining The Reactionary

State. World Politics 40, no. 4 (1988): 517–41.Calhoun, Craig. “Social Theory and the Politics of Identity.” Chap. 1 in Social The-

ory and the Politics of Identity. Edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994.

Campbell, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, rev. ed. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1998.

———. National Deconstruction: Violence, Identity, and Justice in Bosnia. Minne-apolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.

———. “Foreign Policy and Identity: Japanese ‘Other”/American ‘Self.’” Chap. 7 in The Global Economy as Political Space, edited by Stephen J. Roscow, Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994.

Cha, Victor D. “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea.” International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2000): 261–91.

———. What Drives Korea-Japan Security Relations? Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 10, no. 2 (1998): 69–87.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

Chai, Sun-Ki. Entrenching the Yoshida Defense Doctrine: Three Techniques for Institutionalization. International Organization 51, no. 3 (1997): 389–412.

Chakrabarty, Dipesh. “Afterword: Revisiting the Tradition/Modernity Binary.” Chap. 18 in Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan, edited by Stephen Vlastos. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Chien, Frederick Foo. The Opening of Korea: A Study of Chinese Diplomacy 1876–1885. New York: The Shoe String Press, 1967.

Chung Dae-kyun. Ilbon no imeji: Kankoku-jin no Nippon-kan. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1998.

———. Kankoku no imeji: sengo Nippon-jin no ringoku-kan. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995.

———. Kankoku no ‘han-Nichi’ ga kawaru hi wa itsuka. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1991. 126–38.

Chung Jae-Jeong. Kankoku to Nippon: rekishi kyoiku no shiso. Tokyo: Suzusawa Sho-ten, 1998.

Chuo Koron, various issues.Costalat-Founeau, Anne-Marie. Identity Dynamics, Action and Context. Journal

for the Theory of Social Behaviour 29, no. 3 (1999): 289–300.Curtis, Gerald L., ed. Japan’s Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Coping with Change.

NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.Davies, Bronmyn. “Psychology’s Subject: A Commentary on the Relativism/Real-

ism Debate.” Chap. 10 in Social Constructionism, Discourse and Realism, edited by Ian Parker. London: Sage, 1998.

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, trans. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976.

Dikötter, Frank, ed. The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan. Lon-don Hurst, 1997.

Dodds, Klaus and David Atkinson, eds. Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopo-litical Thought. London: Routledge, 2000.

Doty, Roxanne Lynn. Desire All the Way Down. Review of International Studies 26, no. 1 (2000): 137–39.

———. A Reply to Colin Wight. European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 3 (1999): 387–90.

———. Aporia: A Critical Exploration of the Agent-Structure Problematique in International Relations Theory. European Journal of International Relations 3, no. 3 (1997): 365–92.

———. “Sovereignty and the Nation: Constructing the Boundaries of National Identity.” Chap. 5 in State Sovereignty as Social Construct, edited by Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Dower, John W. Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. London: Allen Lane the Penguin Press, 1999.

———. Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 1878–1954. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

Drifte, Reinhard. Japan’s Foreign Policy for the 21st Century, 2nd ed. London: Mac-millan, 1998.

230 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. An Old Architecture for Peace? Reconfiguring Japan Among Unreconfig-ured Great Powers.The Pacific Review 12, no. 3 (1999): 479–89.

Duus, Peter. The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

———. 1992. Shokuminchi naki teikoku-shugi: ‘Dai Toa kyoeiken’ no koso. Trans-lated by Fujiwara Kiishi, Shiso 814 April, 98–132.

Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie, eds. The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Duus, Peter and Irwin Scheiner. “Socialism, Liberalism, and Marxism, 1901–1931.” Chap. 4 in Modern Japanese Thought, edited by Bob Takashi Wakabayashi. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Ebara Takuji, Ikai Takaaki, and Ikeda Masahito, eds. Nippon kindai shiso taikei, Vol. 12: Taigai-kan. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1988.

Ebara Yoshiyasu. Nisshin senso ni okeru Kuga Katsunan no taigai seisaku-ron. Nip-pon Rekishi 541 (June, 1993): 78–93.

The Economist, various issues.Edkins, Jenny. Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political

Back In. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999.Edström, Bert. Japan’s Evolving Foreign Policy Doctrine: From Yoshida to Miyazawa.

London: Macmillan, 1999.Ekonomisuto, various issues.Eto Jun. Tozasareta gengo-kukan: senryogun no kenetsu to sengo Nippon. Tokyo:

Bunshun Bunko, 1994.Far Eastern Economic Review, various issues.Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin. Violence and the Social Construction of Eth-

nic Identity. International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 845–77.Foster, Don. “Across the S-S Divide.” Chap. 8 in Social Constructionism, edited by

Ian Parker. Discourse and Realism. London: Sage, 1998.Frey, Frederick. The Problem of Actor Designation in Political Analysis. Compara-

tive Politics 17, no. 2 (1985): 127–52.Fujimura Masaya, “Nikkan no shin jidai ni mukete.” Gaiko Forum, June 1998, pp.

18–22.Fukagawa Yukiko. “Nikkan jiyu boeki kyotei (FTA) kosho sai-shuppatsu eno kadai.”

Fainansharu Rebyu, April 2006, 103–24.Fukuhara Mantaro. Kinadai Nippon no tairiku seisaku. Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki, 1991.Gaiko seisaku kettei-yoin kenkyukai edited by, Nippon no gaiko-seisaku kettei yoin.

Tokyo: PHP Publishing, Inc., 1999.Giddens, Anthony. The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984.Gills, Barry K. “The Crisis of Postwar East Asian Capitalism: American Power,

Democracy, and the Vicissitudes of Globalization.” Review of International Stud-ies 26, no. 3 (2000): 381–403.

Gillis, John, ed. “Memory and Identity: The History of a Relationship.” Introduc-tion in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 231

Gilpin, Robert. The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princ-eton University Press, 1987.

———. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Gluck, Carol. “The Idea of Showa.” In Showa: The Japan of Hirohito, edited by Carol Gluck and Stepehn R. Graubard, 1–26. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990.

———. Japan’s Modern Myths. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.Gluck, Carol and Stepehn R. Graubard, eds. Showa: The Japan of Hirohito. New

York: W. W. Norton, 1990.Goldstein, Judith, and Robert O. Keohane. “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical

Framework.” Chap. 1 in Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Politi-cal Change, edited by Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Goldstein, Judith and Robert O. Keohane edited by, Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Graham, Euan. Japan’s Sea Lane Srecurity, 1940–2004: A Mattere of Life and Death? London: Routledge, 2006.

Green, Andrew E. “South Korea’s Automobile Industry: Development and Pros-pects.” Asian Survey 32, no. 5 (1992): 411–28.

Green, Michael J. Arming Japan: Defense Production, Alliance Politics, and the Post-war Search for Autonomy. NY: Columbia University Press, 1995.

Ha Shing-gi, “Kankoku ga kaku ‘gijutsu rikkoku’ no aojashin: Soren, Doitsu tono hai-teku kyoryoku ga kappatsu-ka.” Ekonomisuto, May 14, 1991, 86–89.

Hacking, Ian. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-sity Press, 1999.

———. “On Being More Literal About Construction.” Chap. 3 in The Politics of Con-structionism, edited by Irving Velody and Robin Williams. London: Sage, 1998.

Hamaguchi Yuko, Nippon tochi to Higashi-Ajia shakai: shokuminchi Chosen to Man-shu no hikaku kenkyu. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1996.

Haraguchi Yoshio. “3.1 undo danatsu-jiken no kenkyu: keimu-kyoku nichi-ji hokoku no hihanteki kento wo chushin to shite.” Chosen-shi kenkyu-kai ronbun-shu, 23 (1986): 215–43.

Hasenclever, Andreas, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger. Theories of International Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Hatano Masaru. Kindai Higashi-Ajia no seiji hendo to Nippon no gaiko. Tokyo: Keio Tsushin, 1995.

Hattori Tamio. Kankoku keizai wa yomigaeruka? okureta kozo-shusei no tsuke. Sekai, February 1998, 177–85.

Heginbotham, Eric, and Richard J. Samuels. Mercantile Realism and Japanese For-eign Policy. International Security 22, no.4 (1998): 171–203.

Henderson, Dan Fenno, ed. The Constitution of Japan: Its First Twenty Years, 1947–67. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968.

Hicks, George. Japan’s Hidden Apartheid: The Korean Minority and the Japanese. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.

232 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. Japan’s War Memories: Amnesia or Concealment. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.———. “The ‘Comfort Women.’” Chap. 10 in The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931–

1945, edited by Peter Duus, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Hirata Yuji. Kyoiku chokugo kokusai kankeishi no kenkyu: kantei honyaku chokugo wo chushin to shite. Tokyo: Kazama Shobo, 1997.

Hirono Yoshihiko. “Yamagata Aritomo: Yamagata Aritomo ikensho.” Chap. 3 in Kindai Nippon gaiko-shisoshi nyumon, edited by Seki Shizuo. Kyoto: Minerva, 1999.

Holllis, Martin, and Steve Smith. Explaining and Understanding International Rela-tions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

Hook, Gelnn D., et al. Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics and Secu-rity. London: Routledge, 2001.

Hundt, David, and Roland Bleiker. “Reconciling Colonial Memories in Korea and Japan.” Asian Perspective 31, no. 1 (2007): 61–91.

Iida, Yumiko. “Fleeing the West, Making Asia Home: Transposition of Otherness in Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1905–1930.” Alternatives 22, no. 3 (1997): 409–32.

Inoguchi Takashi, Nippon: Keizai-taikoku no seiji-unei. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1993.

Iriye Akira, Shin Nippon no gaiko. Tokyo Chuko Shinsho, 1991.———. Ed. The Chinese and the Japanese: Esays in Political and Cultural Interac-

tions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.———. Nippon no gaiko. Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho, 1966.Ishihara Shintaro. “Nippon wo otoshiireta joho-kukan no kai.” Bungei Shunju,

April 1991, 94–110.Ishizaka Koichi. “‘Fusen kestugi’ towa nanika.” Sekai, May 1995, 181–86.Motoshige Itoh. “Trade Imbalance, Trade Frictions and Maintaining a Liberal Trade

Regime in the Asia-Pacific: Recent Trends in Japanese Trade Policies.” The Pacific Review 12, no. 2 (1999): 319–31.

Japan Defence Agency. Boei hakusho, various issues.Jervis, Robert. Percpetion and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1976.Johnston, Alastair Iain. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in

Chinese History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.Jovchelovitch, Sandra. “In Defence of Representations.” Journal for the Theory of

Social Behaviour 26, no. 2 (1996): 121–35.Kades, Charles L. “The American Role in Revising Japan’s Imperial Constitution.”

Political Science Quarterly 104, no.2 (1989): 215–47.Kaneko Itsuo, Momose Shigeo, and Okamoto Yoshihiko. Kankoku keizai: kigyo no

hatten to genjo. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1999.Kang, T. W. Is Korea the Next Japan? Understanding the Structure, Strategy and Tac-

tics of America’s Next Competitor. New York: The Free Press, 1989.Kang Yong-Ji. “‘Ajia keizai kyoryoku-ken’ niramu Nikkan kyoryoku wo: NIES no

suraku wo fusegu.” Ekonomisuto, March 12, 1991, 58–61.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Kasai Nobuyuki. “Kankoku no chokusetsu toshi to keizai hatten.” Chap. 1 in Taiwan Kankoku no keizai toshi no tenkai, edited by Taniguchi Koji. Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyujo, 1990.

Katzenstein, Peter J. Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

———, ed. The Culture of National Secutiry: Norms and Identity in World Politics. NY: Columbia University Press, 1996.

Katzenstein, Peter J., Robert O. Keohane, and Stephen D. Krasner. “International Organization and the Study of World Politics.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 645–85.

Katzenstein, Peter J., and Nobuo Okawara. “Japan’s National Security: Structures, Norms and Policies.” International Security 17, no. 4 (1993): 82–118.

Kawamura Sumihiko. “Kaijo ni okeru chiiki-kyoryoku no kanosei to genkai.” Chap. 6 in Nippon no gaiko-seisaku kettei yoin, edited by Gaiko-seisaku kettei yoin ken-kyukai. Tokyo: PHP, 1999.

Keidanren, Nikkan. “Sangyo-kyoryoku no aratana hatten ni mukete.” November 20, 2000. http://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/policy/2001/055.html (accessed 22 October 2008).

Keohane, Robert O. “International Institutions: Two Approaches.” International Studies Quarterly 32, no. 4 (1988): 379–96.

———. After Hegemony. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye. Power and Interdependence, 2nd ed. New

York: Harper Collins, 1989.Khan, Yoshimitsu. “Inoue Kowashi and the Dual Image of the Emperor of Japan.”

Pacific Affairs 71, no. 2 (1998): 215–30.Kim, C. I. Eugene, and Han-kyo Kim. Korea and the Politics of Imperialism 1876–

1910. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.Kim, Dae-yeol. Korea Under Colonialism: The March First Movement and Anglo-

Japanese Relations. Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 1985.Kim, Hong N. “Japan-South Korean Relations After the Park Assassination.” Jour-

nal of Northeast Asian Studies 1, no. 4 (1982): 71–90.Kim Kyung-min. “Kankoku kara mita Nippon no boeiryoku.” Shin boei ronshu 21,

no. 2 (1993): 78–91.Kim, Kwan Bok. The Korea-Japan Treaty Crisis and the Instability of the Korean

Political System. New York: Praeger, 1971.Kim, Taewoo. “Japan’s New Security Roles and ROK-Japan Relations.” The Korean

Journal of Defense Analysis 11, no.1 (1999): 147–68.Kim Yong-seul. Nikkan kankei no sai-kochiku to Ajia. Fukuoka: Kyûshû Daigaku

Shuppankai, 1995.Kimijima Kazuhiko. Kyokasho no shiso: Nippon to Kankoku no kin-gendai-shi.

Tokyo: Suzusawa Shoten, 1996.Kimiya Tadashi. “Hokuto Ajia no chitsujo-keisei: Nikkan no sekinin.” Gaiko Forum,

June 1998, 48–55.Kimura, Kan. “‘Fuketsu’ to ‘Osore.’” Chap. 4 in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, edited

by Okamoto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva, 1998.

234 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kimura Masato. “Nippon no taikan minkan keizai gaiko: kokko seijo-ka wo meg-uru Kansai zaikai no ugoki.” Kokusai Seiji: Chosen hanto no kokusai seiji, no. 92 (1989): 116–31.

Kimura Shuzo. “Nikkan kosho no keii.” Kokusai Seiji: Nikkan kankei no tenkai, no. 2 (1962): 110–27.

Kinomiya Masashi. “Nikkan kankei no rikigaku to tenbo: reisenki no dainamizumu to datsu-reisenki ni okeru kozo henyo.” In Nikkan no kyotsu ninshiki: Nippon wa Kankoku ni totte nan nanoka?, edited by Kim Jun-Gol and Lee Won-dok, 47–72. Hadano: Tokai Daigaku Shuppankai, 2007.

Kitaoka Shinichi, ed. Sengo Nippon gaikoronshu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made. Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1995.

Ko Jun-suk. Sengoki Cho-Nichi kankeishi. Tokyo: Tachibana Shoten, 1974.Ko, Seung K. “South Korean-Japanese Relations Since the 1965 Normalization

Pacts.” Modern Asian Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 49–61.Kojima Yasunori. “Edo-jidai ni okeru Chosen-zo no suii: chishiki-jin no baai.” In

Kagami no naka no Nippon to Kankoku, edited by Kojima Yasunori and M. W. Steele. Tokyo: Perikansha, 2000, 13–53.

Kojima Yasunori and M. William Steele, eds., Kagami no naka no Nippon to Kankoku. Tokyo: Perikansha, 2000.

Kondo, Dorinne. Crafting Selves: Power, Culture, Gender, and Discourses of Identity in a Japanese Workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Korea Herald, various issues.Korea Times, various issues.Koshiro, Yukiko. Trans-Pacific Racisms and the US Occupation of Japan. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1999.Kranewitter, Rudolf. “Prejudices Against the Japanese.” Korea Journal 32, no. 1

(1992): 72–83.Kratochwil, Friedrich. Rules, Norms, and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, 1989.Kuriyama Takakazu. “Taiken-teki Nippon gaiko-ron.” Chuo Koron, November

1991, 108–23.Kuus, Merje. “European Integration in Identity Narratives in Estonia: A Quest for

Security.” Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 1 (2002): 91–108.Kubàlkovà, Vendulka, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert. “Constructing Construc-

tivism.” Chap. 1 in International Relations in a Constructed World, edited by Vendulka Kubàlkovà, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1998.

Kuboi Norio. Kyokasho kara kesenai rekishi. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1997.Kurki, Milja. “Causes of a Divided Discipline: Rethinking the Concept of Cause in

International Relations Theory.” Review of International Studies 32, no. 2 (2006): 189–216.

Lapid, Yosef, “Culture’s Ship: Returns and Departures in International Relations Theory.” Chap. 1 in The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, edited by Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

Lapid, Yosef, and Friedrich Kratochwil, eds., The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1996.

Lee Chong-sik. Sengo Nikkan kankei-shi, translated by Okonogi Masao and Furuta Hiroshi. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1989.

———. “History and Politics in Japanese-Korean Relations: The Textbook Con-troversy and Beyond.” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 2, no. 4 (1983), 69–93.

———. The Politics of Korean Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963

Lee Hong-ju. “Nikkan ryokoku no keizai katto wo do kaiketsu suruka: mirai no tame no teigen.” Sekai, February 1996, 201–8.

Lee Tejun. “Kankoku heigo wa seiritsu shite inai: Nippon no taikan teikoku kokken shimbaku to joyaku kyosei (1).” Sekai, July 1998, 300–10.

———. “Kankoku heigo wa seiritsu shite inai: Nippon no taikan teikoku kokken shimbaku to joyaku kyosei (2).” Sekai, August 1998, 185–96.

Lee Won-duk. “Rekishi-mondai wo meguru Nikkan no katto mekanizumu.” in Nik-kan no kyotsu ninshiki: Nippon wa Kankoku ni totte nan nanoka, edited by Kim Jungol and Lee Won-duk Hadano: Tokai Daigaku Shuppankai, 2007, 25–72.

Lensen, George Alexander. Balance of Intrigue: International Rivalry in Korea and Manchuria, 1884–1899, vols. 1–2. Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida, 1982.

Lim, Timothy C. “The Origins of Societal Power in South Korea: Understanding the Physical and Human Legacies of Japanese Colonialism.” Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 3 (1999): 603–33.

Lone, Stewart. “The Japanese Annexation of Korea 1910: The Failure of East Asian Co-Prosperity.” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (1991): 143–73.

Lowenthal, David. “Identity, Heritage and History.” Chap. 2 in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, edited by John Gillis. Princeton: Princeton Uni-versity Press, 1994.

Macdonald, Donald Stone. The Koreans: Contemporary Politics and Society. Boul-der: Westview Press, 1996.

Maier, Robert. “Forms of Identity and Argumentation.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26, no. 1 (1996): 35–50.

Maruyama Masao. Gendai seiji no shiso to kodo. Tokyo: Miraisha, 1964.———. Nippon no shiso. Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1961.Masuda Hiroshi. “Ishibashi Tanzan: Sho-Nippon-shugi.” Chap. 10 in Kindai Nippon

gaiko-shisoshi nyumon, edited by Seki Shizuo. Kyoto: Minerva, 1999.Matsumoto Koji. “Mujun suru tai-Nichi yokyu: gijutsu-iten to akaji-berashi wa

ryoritsu shinai.” Gendai Koria, October 1991, 34–43.Mayo, Marlene J. “The Korean Crisis of 1873 and Early Meiji Foreign Policy.” Jour-

nal of Asian Studies 31, 4 (1972): 793–819.McCormack, Gavan. Client State: Japan in the American Embrace. London: Verso,

2007.McNelly, Theodore. “The Role of Monarchy in the Political Modernization of

Japan.” Comparative Politics 1, no. 3 (1969): 366–81.

236 BIBLIOGRAPHY

McSweeney, Bill. Security, Identity, and Interests: A Sociology of International Rela-tions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Mead, George Herbert. Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934

Mearsheimer, John. “The False Promise of International Institutions.” International Security 19, no. 3 (1994–95): 1–49.

Mercer, Jonathan. “Anarchy and Identity.” International Organization 49, no. 2 (1995): 229–52.

Miki Kiyoshi. Miki Kiyoshi essensu. Tokyo: Kobushi bunko, 1995.Ministry of Economic Trade and Industry (METI). “Nikkan FTA shimpojumu

(Tokyo) no kekka gaiyo.” September 28, 2000, http://www.meti.go.jp/kohosys/press/0001000/0/0928jkfta.htm (accessed October 31, 2008).

———. “Kankoku tono keizai renkei.” An excerpt from 2003 Trade White Paper, http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/trade_policy/epa/html/s_korea.html (accessed October 31, 2008).

———. “Nikkan keizai kyoka ni muketa torikumi,” http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/trade_policy/epa/html/jk_relation.html (accessed October 31, 2008).

———. Tsusho hakusho, various issues.Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Gaiko seisho, various issues.———. “Kankoku keizai no genjo to Nikkan keizai kankei,” October 2008, http://

www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/korea/pdfs/keizai.pdf (accessed October 31, 2008).Minear, Richard. Victors’ Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1972.Miyake Akimasa. “Rekishi kyokasho wo meguru seiji-teki gensetsu to sono

tokucho.” In Rekishi to shinjitsu, ed. Nakamura Masanori, et al. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1997, 27–48.

Miyoshi, Masao. Off Center: Power and Culture Relations Between Japan and the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Momose Tadashi. Yappari Kankoku ga shindemo Nippn ni oitsukenai 18 no riyu, translated by Kim Chung-myong. Tokyo: Bungei Shunju, 1999.

———. Kankoku ga shindemo Nippon ni oitsukenai 18 no riyu, translated by Kim Chung-myong. Tokyo: Bungei Shunju, 1998.

Moravcsik, Andrew. “Taking Preferences Seriusly: A Liberal Theory of Interna-tional Politics.” International Organization 51, no. 4 (1997): 513–53.

Moriyama Shigenori. Kindai Nikkan kankeishi: Chosen shokuminchi-ka to kokusai kanakei. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1987.

Mukae, Ryuji. “Japan’s Diet Resolution on World War Two: Keeping History at Bay.” Asian Survey 36, no. 10 (1996): 1011–30.

Murata Koji. “Nichibei anzen-hosho kankei no mondaiten.” Gaiko jiho, no. 1326 (March 1996): 60–68.

Myers, Ramon H. “Post World War II Japanese Historiography of Japan’s Formal Colonial Empire.” Chap. 12 in The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945, edited by Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Myers, Ramon H., and Mark R. Peattie, eds. The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 237

Nagumo Kazuo. “Nitcho kankeishi no genjo ni tsuite: sakkon no ‘han-nichi ken-kan’ ron wo fumaete.” Ajia Afurika Kenkyu 34, no. 4 (1994): 63–69.

Najita, Tetsuo, and H. D. Harootunian. “Japan’s Revolt Against the West.” Chap. 5 in Modern Japanese Thought, edited by Bob Takeshi Wakabayashi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Naka Nobumasa. “Nippon izokukai no goju-nen: sembotsusha to do mukiauka.” Sekai, September 1994, 34–52.

Nakajima Koichi. “Higashi Ajia no keizai seicho ni okeru taibei yushutsu to tainichi yunyu-kozo no kensho: Taiwan to Kankoku no inga-sei tesuto.” Ajia Kenkyu 42, no. 2 (1996): 63–93.

Nakamura Masanori, Miyake Akimasa, Yoshimi Yoshiaki, et al. Rekishi to shinjitsu: ima Nippon no rekishi wo kangaeru. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1997.

Nakano, Koichi. “Nationalism and Localism in Japan’s Political Debate of the 1990s.” The Pacific Review 11, no. 4 (1998): 505–24.

Nakatsuku Akira. Kindai Nippon no Chosen ninshiki. Tokyo Kenbun Shuppan, 1993.Nam Si-ook. “Nippon wa naze Ajia no rida ni narenaika: tohoku Ajia no mirai to

Nikkan.” Sekai, February 1996, 189–99.Narvaez, Rafael F. “Embodiment, Collective Memory and Time.” Body and Society

12, no. 3 (2006): 51–73.Nester, William R. Japan’s Growing Power Over East Asia and The World Economy.

London: Macmillan, 1990.Neumann, Iver. “Self and Other in International Relations.” European Journal of

International Relations 2, no. 2 (1996): 139–74.New York Times, various issues.Nihon Keizai Shimbun, various issues.Nishimura, Shigeki. “Security Issues and Defense of Japan.” The Korean Journal of

Defense Analysis 6, no. 1 (1994): 123–35.Nishioka Tsutomu. “‘Jugun ianfu mondai’ towa nandattanoka.” Bungei Shunju,

April 1992, 300–15.Oe, Kenzaburo. “Japan’s Search for Identity in the Nuclear Era.” Alternatives 7, no.

4 (1981): 547–59.Ogura Kazuo. “‘Ajia fukken’ no tame ni.” In Sengo Nippon gaiko-ronshu: kowa ronso

kara wangan senso made, edited by Kitaoka Shinichi. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995 483–505.

Okamoto, Koji. “Kita Ikki no Ajia-shugi.” Chap. 7 in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, edited by Okamoto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva:1998.

Okatani Naoaki. “Nikkan wa ‘chikakute soen na kankei’ wo seisan seyo: gijutsu-iten nado de gutai-teki joho ga hitsuyo.” Sekai Shuho March 3, 1992, 64–69.

Okonogi Masao. edited by, Posuto reisen no Chosen hanto. Tokyo: Nippon koku-saimondai kenkyujo, 1994.

Okuda Hiroshi. “Higashi-Ajia jiyu keizai-ken no kochiku ni muketa Nikkan no yaku-wari,” April 24, 2003, http://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/speech/20030424.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

Olson, Laurence. Japan in Postwar Asia. London: Pall Mall Press, 1970.

238 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Ono Junko. Kankoku no jidosha sangyo. Tokyo: Ajia Keizai Kenkyujo, 1996.Onuma Yasuaki. “Jugun ianfu” mondai towa nandatta noka. Tokyo: Chuko Shinsho,

2007.Onuf, Nicholas. “Constructivism: A User’s Guide.” Chap. 3 in International Rela-

tions in a Constructed World, edited by Vendulka Kubàlkovà, Nicholas Onuf, and Paul Kowert. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1998.

Ota Osamu. “Taikan minkoku juritsu to Nippon: Nikkan tsusho kosho no bunseki wochushin ni.” Chosen Gakuhho no. 173 (October 1999), 1–48.

———. “Okawa Shumei no Ajia-kan.” Chap. 8 in Kindai Nippon no Aji-kan, edited by Okamoto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva, 1998.

Otsuka, Takehiro. “Ishiwara Kanji: Sekai saishusen-ron.” Chap. 12 in Kindai Nippon gaiko shiso-shi nyumon, edited by Seki Shizuo. Kyoto: Minerva, 1999.

Ozawa Ichiro. “Futsu no kuni ni nare.” In Sengo Nippon gaikoronshu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made, edited by Kitaoka Shinichi. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995, 461–81.

Palan, Ronen. “A World of Their Making: An Evaluation of The Constructivist Critique in International Relations.” Review of International Studies 26, no. 4 (2000): 575–98.

Park, Yong-Ok. “Japan’s Defense Buildup and Regional Balance.” The Korean Jour-nal of Defense Analysis 3, no. 1 (1991): 85–100.

Parker, Ian. “Realism, Relativism and Critique in Psychology.” Chap. 1 in Social Constructionism, Discourse and Realism, edited by Ian Parker. London: Sage, 1998.

Patomäki, Heikki, and Colin Wight. “After Postpositivism? The Promise of Critical Realism.” International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 2 (2000): 213–37.

Petrey, Sandy. Speech Acts and Literary Theory. NY: Routledge, 1990.Polomka, Peter. “East Asian Security in a Changing World: Japan’s Security for a

‘Third Way.’” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 4, no. 2 (1992): 71–94.Porpora, Douglas V., “The Caterpillar’s Question: Contesting Anti-Humanism’s

Contentions.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 27, no. 2–3 (1997): 243–63.

Potter, Jonathan. “Fragment in the Realization of Relativism.” Chap. 3 in Social Con-structionism, Discourse and Realism, edited by Ian Parker. London: Sage, 1998.

Purrington, Courtney. “Tokyo’s Policy Responses During the Gulf War and the Impact of the ‘Iraqi Shock’ on Japan.” Pacific Affairs 65, no. 2 (1992): 161–81.

Pyle, Kenneth. The Japanese Question: Power and Purpose in a New Era, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1996.

Risse, Thomas, Daniela Engelmann-Martin, Hans-Joachim Knopf, and Klaus Roscher. “To Euro or Not to Euro? The EMU and Identity Politics in the Euro-pean Union.” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 2 (1999): 147–87.

Robins-Mowry, Dorothy, ed. Is a Korea-Japan Symbiosis Possible? New York: The Pacific Institute/Asia Institute, 1996.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 239

Roscow, Stephen J., Naeem Inayatullah, and Mark Rupert, eds. The Global Economy as Political Space. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994.

Rozman, Gilbert. “South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power’s Options within the East Asian Core Triangle.” The Pacific Review 20, no. 2 (2007): 197–220.

Ruggie, John Gerard. “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge.” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998): 855–85.

———. “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations.” International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993): 139–74.

Ryang, Sonia. “Love and Colonialism in Takemura Itsue’s Feminism: A Postcolonial Critique.” Feminist Review no. 60 (1998): 1–32.

Sakamoto Shigeki. “Nikkan wa joyaku mondai no otoshi-ana ni hamatte wa nara-nai.” Sekai, September 1998, 193–206.

Sardar, Ziauddin, Postmodernism and The Other: The New Imperialism of Western Culture. London: Pluto Press, 1998.

Sasae Kenichiro. “20 seiki no ‘kako’ kara 21 seiki no ‘mirai’ e.” Gaiko Forum, Decem-ber 1998, 70–72.

Sasaki Ryuji. “Imadekoso Nikkan joyaku no minaoshi wo.” Sekai, April 1993, 120–36.

Satoh, Yukio. “Emerging Trends in Asia-Pacific Security: The Role of Japan.” The Pacific Review 8, no. 2 (1995): 267–81.

Schoppa, Leonard. “The Social Context in Coersive International Bargaining.” International Organization 53, no. 2 (1999): 307–42.

Searle, John R. The Construction of Social Reality. London: Penguin, 1995.———. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.———. Intentionality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.———. Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.Sekai, various issues.Sekai Shuho, various issues.Seki Shizuo. “Shidehara Kijuro no ‘Tai-shi gaiko.’” Chap. 5 in Kindai Nippon no

Ajia-kan, edited by Okamoto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva, 1998.Shimada Yoichi. “Inoue Jun’nosuke: Inoue Jun’nosuke ronso.” Chap. 11 in Kindai

Nippon gaiko-shisoshi nyumon, edited by Seki Shizuo. Kyoto: Minerva, 1999.———. “Takeuchi Yoshimi.” Chap 11 in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, edited by Oka-

moto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva, 1998.Shotter, John. Conversational Realities: Constructing Life through Language. Lon-

don: Sage, 1993.Smethurst, Richard J. A Social Basis for Prewar Japanese Militarism. Berkeley: Uni-

versity of California Press, 1974.Smith, Steve. “Wendt’s World.” Review of International Studies 26, no. 1 (2000):

151–63.Somers, Margaret, and Gloria Gibson. “Reclaiming the Epistemological ‘Other’:

Narrative and the Social Construction of Identity.” Chap. 2 in Social Theory and the Politics of Identity, edited by Craig Calhoun. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994.

240 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Spruyt, Hendrik. “A New Architecture for Peace? Reconfiguring Japan Among the Great Powers.” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998): 364–88.

Sunobe Ryuzo. “Taiken-teki Nikkan kankei-ron.” In Kagami no naka no Nippon to Kankoku, edited by Kojima Yasunori and M. W. Steele. Tokyo: Perikansha, 2000, 193–214.

———. “Nikkan kankei no arubeki sugata wo motomete.” Gaiko Forum, June 1990, 21–25.

Suzuki, Asao. “Dai-toa kyoeiken no shiso.” Chap. 10 in Kindai Nippon no Ajia-kan, edited by Okamoto Koji. Kyoto: Minerva, 1998.

Suzuoki Takashi. “Hajimatta bunretsu to dakyo: Kankoku to Nippon to.” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Web ed., August 18, 2006, http://www.nikkei.co.jp/neteye5/suzuoki/20060816n598g000_16.html (accessed October 22, 2008).

Takahashi Tetsuya. Sengo sekinin-ron. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1999.Takasaki Soji. Kensho Nikkan kaidan. Tokyo: Iwanami Shinsho, 1996.———. “Han-Nichi kanjo”: Chosenjin to Nipponjin. Tokyo: Kodansha Gendai

Shinsho, 1993.———. “Nikkan joyaku de hosho wa kaiketsu shitaka.” Sekai, September 1992,

40–48.———. “Dai-sanji Nikkan kaidan to ‘Kubota hatsugen.’” Shiso, 734 (August 1985),

53–68.Takeuchi, Keiichi. “Japanese Geopolitics in the 1930s and 1940s.” Chap. 4 in Geopo-

litical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought, edited by Klaus Dodds and David Atkinson. London: Routledge, 2000.

Takeuchi Yoshimi. “Introduction.” In Gendai Nippon shiso taikei, Vol. 9: Ajia-shugi, edited by Takeuchi Yoshimi. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1963.

Takeyama Masayuki. “Atarashii Nikkan gyogyo kyotei no teiketsu ni mukete: koku-sai kaiyo-ho no wakugumi no henka.” Gaiko Jiho, no. 1349 June 1998, 84–95.

Tam, Yue-him. “An Intellectual’s Response to Western Intrusion: Naito Konan’s View.” Chap. 9 in The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions, edited by Akira Iriye. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Tamaki, Taku. “An Unholy Pilgrimage? Yasukuni and the Construction of Japan’s Asia Imaginary.” Asian Politics and Policy 1, no. 1 (2009): 31–49.

———. “Taking the ‘Taken-for-Grantedness’ Seriously: Problematizing Japan’s Perception of Japan-South Korea Relations.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 4, no. 2 (2004): 147–69.

———. “Nikkan kankei ‘muzukashisa’ no kozu.” Ajia Bunka Kenkyu 32 (2006): 123–40.

Tamamoto, Masaru. “The Uncertainty of The Self: Japan at Century’s End.” World Policy Journal 16, no. 2 (1999): 119–28.

Tamura Hideo. “‘Jiyu boeki’ Nikkan ugokezu.” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Web ed., September 8, 2003, http://www.nikkei.co.jp/neteye5/tamura/20030905n1695000_05,html (accessed February 12, 2009).

Tan, See Seng. “Rescuing Cosntructivism form the Constructivists: A Critical Read-ing of Constructivist Interventions in Southeast Asia.” The Pacific Review 19, no. 2 (2006): 239–60.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 241

Tanaka, Akihiko. Anzen hosho: sengo 50-nen no mosaku. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun, 1997.

Tanaka Hiroshi. “Sengo Nippon to posuto-shokuminchi mondai.” Shiso, 734 (August 1985), 38–52.

Tannenwald, Nina. “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use.” International Organization 53, no. 3 (1999): 433–68.

Tawara Yoshifumi. Dokyumento “Ianfu” mondai to kyokasho-kogeki. Tokyo: Kobunken, 1997.

Terada, Takashi. “The Origins of Japan’s APEC Policy: Foreign Minister Takeo Miki’s Asia-Pacific Policy and Current Implications.” The Pacific Review 11, no. 3 (1998): 337–63.

Thayer, Nathaniel B. “Japan’s Foreign Policy in the Nakasone Years.” Chap. 4 in Japan’s Foreign Policy After the Cold War, edited by Gerald L. Curtis. 1993

Uchida Ryohei. “Nikkan goho.” In Gendai Nippon shiso taikei, Vol. 9: Ajia-kan, edited by Takeuchi Yoshimi. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1963, 205–38.

Unno Fukuju. Nikkan heigo. Toky: Iwanami Shinsho, 1995.Ushiba Nobuhiko and Yamamoto Tadashi. Ushiba Nobuhiko keizai gaiko eno sho-

gen. Tokyo: Daiyamondo, 1984.Van Wolferen, Karel. The Enigma of Japanese Power. London: Papermac, 1990.Velody, Irving, and Robin Williams. “Introduction.” In The Politics of Construction-

ism, edited by Irving Velody and Robin Williams. London: Sage, 1998.Vlastos, Stephen, ed. Mirror of Modernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.Wagner, Wolfgang. “Queries About Social Representations and Construction.”

Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 26, no. 2 (1996): 95–120.Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi. “Introduction.” Chap. 1 in Modern Japanese Thought,

edited by Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Wakakuwa Midori. “Jugun-ianfu mondai, jenda-shi no shiten kara: naze ‘hyoteki’ ni nattaka.” In Rekishi to shinjitsu: ima Nippon no rekishi wo kangaeru, edited by Nakamura Masanori et al. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1997, 163–212.

Walker, R. B.J. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Waltz, Kenneth. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.Wan, Ming. “Japan and the Asian Development Bank.” Pacific Review 68, no. 4

(1995–95) 509–28.Watanabe Akio. Ajia-Taiheiyo no kokusai kankei to Nippon. Tokyo: University of

Tokyo Press, 1992.Watanabe Osamu. “Sengo hoshu seiji no naka no Abe-seiken.” Gendai Shiso 35, no.

1 (2007): 113–43.Watsuji Tetsuro. Fudo: ningengaku-teki kosatsu. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1979.Weiner, Michael. “The Invention of Identity.” In The Construction of Racial Identi-

ties in China and Japan, edited by Frank Dikötter. London Hurst, 1997, 96–117.Weldes, Jutta, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Mis-

sile Crisis Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1999.

242 BIBLIOGRAPHY

———. “The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory.” Inter-national Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 335–70.

Wendt, Alexander. The Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1999.

———. “Collective Identity Formation and the International State.” American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (1994): 384–96.

———. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics” International Organization 46, no. 2 (1992): 391–425.

Wight, Colin. Agents, Structures and International Relations: Politics as Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

———. “They Shoot Dead Horses Don’t They? Locating Agency in the Agent-Structure Problematique.” European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 1 (1999): 109–42.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Zettel, 2nd ed., translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967.

Williams, Michael C. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Wolferen, Karel Van. The Enigma of Japanese Power. London: Papermac, 1990.Yamamoto Tsuyoshi. “‘Yuko’ to ‘tekishi’ to.” Sekai (Extra issue), April 1991, 62–67.Yamazaki, Jane W. Japanese Apologies for World War II: A Rhetorical Study. London:

Routledge, 2006.Yamazaki, Ryu. “Review of the Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation: A

Japanese Perspective.” The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 9, no. 2 (1997): 27–44.

Yamazawa Ippei. “Niju-isseiki no Nikkan keizai kankei wa ikani arubeki ka.” Min-istry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, September 10, 2008, http://www.meti.go.jp/discussion/topic_11/kikou_03.htm (accessed February 3, 2009)

Yanagimachi Tsutomu. “Kankoku handotai sangyo no reskihi-teki hatten to kadai: zaibatsu no jigyo-senryaku wo chushin ni.” Ajia kenkyu 37, no. 4 (1991): 119–46.

Yee, Albert S. “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies.” International Organization 50, no. 1 (1996): 69–108.

Yeung, C. K. “Ajia Taiheiyo keizai kyoryoku kaigi to Nippon.” Translated by Sato Yoichiro. Chap. 9 in Gendai Nippon no Ajia gaiko: taibei- kyocho to jishu-gaiko no hazama de, edited by Miyashita Akitoshi and Sato Yoichiro. Kyoto: Minerva, 2001.

Yoon Keun-cha. Nippon kokumin-ron: kindai Nippon no aidentiti. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo, 1997.

———. “1982-nen kyokasho mondai.” Shiso no. 734 (August 1985), 69–95.Yoshida Shigeru. “Nippon gaiko no ayundekita michi.” In Kitaoka Shinichi edited

by, Sengo Nippon gaikoronshu: kowa ronso kara wangan senso made. Tokyo: Chuo Koron, 1995, 99–113.

Yoshida Yutaka. Nipponjin no senso-kan: sengoshi no naka no henyo. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995.

Yoshikawa Haruko. Jugun ianfu: shin-shiryo ni yoru kokkai ronsen. Tokyo: Ayumi Shuppan, 1997.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 243

Yoshizawa Fumitoshi. “Nikkan kaidan ni okeru seikyu-ken kosho no seiji-teki daketsu: 1962-nen 3-gatu kara 12-gatsu made wo chushin to shite.” Chosen-shi kenkyukai ronbun-shu no. 36 (1998): 171–95.

Young, Louise. “Rethinking Race for Manchukuo.” In The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan, edited by Frank Dikötter. London: Hurst, 1997, 158–76.

Zehfuss, Maja. “Constructivism and Identity: A Dangerous Liaison.” European Jour-nal of International Relations 7, no. 3 (2001): 315–48.

Index

Abe, Shinzo, 1, 132, 151, 155; and comfort women, 127

accreditation incident, 90–94, 101actor(s), 2, 6–7, 13–20, 56, 181, 183;

actor designation, 4–5, 9–10, 15, 17, 180, 185; actor identities, 6, 9, 18, 21–31, 35, 37, 40–56, 84, 114, 184; agent(s) 2, 5, 14, 20–23, 27–31, 34, 41–43, 45–49, 51–52, 54–56, 177, 179, 181, 184, 186; agent-structure problem, 29, 87, 115, 179; collective actors, 4, 23, 53, 186

alliance, 74, 77, 87, 108, 127, 143; quasi alliance between Japan and South Korea, vii, 4

ampo. See Mutual Security AgreementAnderson, Benedict, 38annexation, vii, 59–60, 88, 90–91,

94–98, 101–3, 105, 108, 113, 118, 120, 123, 136, 162; treaty, 95, 101, 136; validity of, 103

antirealism. See social theoryapologies, 2, 8–9, 83–84, 101–2, 105,

111–12, 116, 122, 128–25, 141, 143–44, 151, 167; apologies diplomacy (owabi gaiko) 105, 122

Archer, Margaret, 34, 45, 50–51, 54–56, 181

Arita Hachiro, 98army, imperial, 69, 70–71, 124; role in

atrocities, 125–32article 9 (of the 1947 constitution), 8,

73–74, 78Asahi Shimbun, 97, 102, 117, 120, 129

Asia, vii, 1–3, 6–10, 20, 31–33, 39, 56–72, 75–84, 87–94, 98–101, 105–83 passim, 205n9; Asia imaginary, 3, 10, 57, 62–65, 79, 84, 113; Japan’s Asian existence, viii, 57, 78, 84, 109, 119

Asian Development Bank (ADB), 159; Japan’s leadership, 160

Asian Financial Crisis, 151, 159, 168Asian Peace Foundation for Women

(1995), 124, 130–31Aso Taro, 81, 118, 201n81atom bomb, 76, 77, 81

background, 46–53, 56–57, 60–62, 168, 181; collective background, 48, 51–52, 62, 70–73, 79; deep background, 47–49, 60; local background, 47–49, 50, 56, 99, 138, 154, 156; as memory, 51

backwardness, 2–4, 7–11, 98, 107–12, 147, 156–78 passim, 183–84; Asia as, 3, 8, 69, 64, 68, 82–84; Korea as, 59–60, 90, 93, 96, 104, 108, 112–13, 116, 118, 142–43, 155–56

Basic Treaty, 9, 103–4, 116, 153, 178; restitution and, 126–28

Beeson, Mark, 161, 175Bhaskar, Roy, 43, 54budan seiji (military governance), 96,

98bureaucracy, 82, 219n26; bureaucrats,

4, 82, 161, 165business community, 4, 7, 11, 104, 112,

118, 157–58, 161–79Buzan, Barry, 3

246 INDEX

cabinet, 4, 90, 92, 95; chief cabinet secretary, 122, 129, 132

Calhoun, Craig, 35Campbell, David, 21, 25–30, 45, 180,

185chaebol, 162–63China, vii, 67–71, 79, 88–94, 97, 102,

105, 120, 135, 160–61, 173, 205n9, 206n31; as hypothetical enemy, 93; influence over Asia, 88, 91–92; suzerainty, 88

Chosen, 91, 95–96Chun Doo-hwan, 104, 116, 143civility (mindo), 96–97Clinton, Bill, 144cold war, 21, 75, 83, 87, 111; end of,

116, 142–48, 156colonialism, vii, viii, 2, 8, 10, 44, 51,

59–63, 67, 70–71, 79, 84–85, 88–89, 91, 93–96, 98–100, 102–3, 107–9, 111, 113–18, 125, 127, 134–37, 139, 146, 148–50, 157, 161–63, 174, 177–78, 183

comfort women, 1, 111, 115, 119, 124, 126–41, 155; Abe’s accusation, 132; in textbooks, 119, 123–26

Communist Party, 80, 131constitution, ix, 8, 60, 73, 75–76,

136; peace identity, 76, 136, 146; prewar constitution, 8, 10, 57, 59, 60–66, 73, 92; and kokutai, 65–66; postwar constitution, 8, 60, 62, 73–74, 76, 80, 136

constructivism, 6, 9, 13–16, 20–31, 42, 179, 180

continuity, 48, 51, 59, 63, 73, 83, 106, 161, 180, 219n26; and disjuncture, viii, 13, 31, 57, 61–62, 78, 85, 107, 113, 180; identity, 26, 50–52, 138

Coprosperity Sphere. See Far Eastern Coprosperity Sphere

Defense Agency. See Japan Defense Agency

Defense White Paper, 144, 147Diet, the, 73–78, 81, 100, 118, 132, 135,

146, 149, 151; resolution of 1995, ix, 111, 115, 119, 132–35, 141

diplomacy, 1–10, 21, 25, 53, 57, 60–67, 75, 89–94, 101–8, 112–14, 118–19, 127–28, 139–83 passim; future-oriented, 2, 84, 106–8, 116, 122, 141–47, 156, 169; UN-oriented, 160

Diplomatic Blue Book, 81, 116, 118, 144–46, 151

discipline, 94, 96–97; undisciplined, 112–13

Dokto. See TakeshimaDoty, Roxanne Lynn, 26–29, 179Drifte, Reinhard, 3, 8Duus, Peter, 91, 161

economy, 42, 75–78, 104, 119, 151–53, 157–74; black economy, 100; economic relations, 4, 112, 156–65, 171, 174; Korean economy, 162–63, 171–74

Education Ministry. See Ministry of Education

emperor, 63–66, 68, 70, 82–83, 90, 96, 99, 118, 143, 148, 151, 182; Heisei (Akihito) 148; Meiji, 90, 94–95; Showa (Hirohito) 72, 133, 143, 148; system, 63–64, 66, 198n16, 198n17; Taisho, 68

Enomoto Takeaki, 80, 91–92ethnicity. See kokuminethnocentrism, 7, 10, 62–63, 65, 71,

84, 96, 100, 106, 111, 114, 117, 122, 132–33, 137, 153, 155, 157, 177, 185

Eto Jun, 72–73exclusive economic zone (EEZ),

100–101

February 26 Incident, 70Foreign Ministry. See Ministry of

Foreign Affairs

INDEX 247

foreign policy, vii, 2–3, 608, 13, 19, 25, 27–28, 61–64, 73–74, 84, 138, 149, 159, 179–82, 185

forgetting. See remembering and forgetting

Free Trade Agreement (FTA). See trade

Fujio Masayuki, 149Fukuda, Takeo, 78; Yasuo, 75, 118,

155Fukuzawa Yukichi, 67future, 2–3, 8, 10, 107–18, 130–56

passim, 157, 168–74, 170, 180, 183; International Conference on the Future of Asia (May 2008) 75

future-oriented diplomacy. See mirai-shiko gaiko

Giddens, Anthony, 54–56Gluck, Carol, 63–66, 80governance-general, 96–98Great Depression, 69Greater Far Eastern Coprosperity

Sphere, 59, 60, 62, 71, 87, 98great powers, 3, 17, 60, 66, 87, 90, 94,

116Group to Publish a New Textbook

(tsukurukai), 124–28, 212n77guidelines, the: 1978, 144; New

Guidelines (1997), 77, 144, 147, 159, 218n4

hakko ichiu, 71Hara Kei, 97Hasegawa Yoshimichi, 97–98Hashimoto Ryutaro, 75, 131, 144, 150Hata Tsutomu, 132, 149, 171Hatoyama Yukio, 134heiwa kokka, 7–8, 10, 60–62, 72–79,

81–83, 87, 99, 101, 107–8, 111, 114, 116–20, 127, 130, 136, 138, 144, 152, 155, 159, 161, 164, 174, 177–78, 182–83

hierarchy. See worldviewHigashikuni Naruhiko, 83–84, 99, 118

ichioku so zange (mass recompense), 83–84, 99, 117

identity: collective identity, viii, 1–7, 27, 36–39, 48–61, 181, 184–86; Japanese identity, 1, 4, 7–8, 10, 55, 59–62, 72, 82–87, 99, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113–15, 138, 141, 156–58, 178–80, 182–85; national identity, 26, 126

Ikeda Hayato, 103, 122Ikeda Tadashi, 143, 147, 149Ikeda Yukihiko, 160imagined communities. See Anderson,

BenedictImo Mutiny (1882), 93, 96Imperial: army, 71, 125–32 passim;

navy, 68, 82; rule, 44, 83, 90, 96imperialism, 10, 60–61, 69, 103, 167Imperial Rescript on Education, 8, 10,

64–65, 92Inoguchi Takashi, 4, 160, 164Inoue Kaoru, 93Inoue Kowashi, 92intentionality, 30, 40–49, 53, 181;

collective intentionality, 49, 53, 181

interdependence, 5–3, 60–62, 72, 77, 84, 162–64; peaceful, 7–8, 10, 60, 117, 158

international relations (IR), vii–viii, xii, 2, 6, 9, 13, 15–16, 20–21, 27, 30–33, 88, 179, 181–83; constructivism, 5–6, 9, 13–16, 20–33, 42, 179–85; constructivist vs. poststructuralist debate, 6, 9, 13–16, 20–31, 33, 179, 184–85; neoliberal institutionalism, 4, 6, 9, 13, 16–19, 27, 30; neorealism, 3–4, 6, 9, 13, 16–19, 22, 27, 30; postpositivism, 15, 20, 27–28; poststructuralism, 6, 9, 13–16, 20–21, 24–33, 84, 179, 180, 184–85; rational choice theories, 3–4, 7, 15–16, 19, 27, 30, 53, 180

248 INDEX

intersubjectivity, 2, 42, 46–47, 54–56, 156, 177–79, 182–85

Ishihara Shintaro, 106Ishiwara Kanji, 70Ito Hirobumi, 64, 93–96, 103Iwakura Tomomi, 90

Japan: alliance with the United States (see Mutual Security Agreement); exceptionalism, 67, 87–89; government, 1–2, 4, 7, 11, 15, 18, 62–71, 75–76, 81, 83, 89–104, 108, 111–16, 120–34, 142, 153, 155, 157–58, 160, 163, 165–72, 177; uniqueness myth, vii, 10, 59, 62–63, 67, 82, 117, 182–84

Japan Communist Party (JCP). See Communist Party

Japan Defense Agency, 76, 144, 147Japan Federation of Economic

Organizations. See KeidanrenJapan-Korea, 60, 88, 94, 152–53, 165,

169, 172; Protectorate Treaty, 92, 94, 103, 123; protocol, 93, 123. See also annexation

Kaifu Toshiki, 146, 148–49, 169–70kaikoku (the opening), 63–64, 88,

123Kajiyama Seiroku, 122, 129Kanghwa: Incident, 60, 87, 90–92, 95,

123; Treaty of, 91–92, 123Kapsin Coup, 93Katsura Taro, 93–95Katzenstein, Peter, 17, 79–80, 180,

182Kawamura Sumihiko, 144Keidanren, 168–69Keohane, Robert, 17–19, 185Kim Dae-jung, 104, 142, 147–48,

150–53, 156, 165–66, 171Kim Youg-sam, 150Kishi Nobusuke, 75–76, 78, 103Kita Ikki, 70–71Koiso Kuniaki, 98

Koizumi Junichiro, 1, 152–53; visits to Yasukuni, 1, 153–55

Kojong, King, 97kokumin, 100; conflation with nation,

96, 100–101; ethnicity, 26, 70, 83, 100; race, 68, 71, 83, 97, 100; shinmin, 100

kokutai, 7–8, 10, 60–72, 79, 83, 89, 92–93, 98, 113, 178, 182; as identity, 59, 62–63, 67–68, 71–73, 82, 96, 108

Komura Jutaro, 93, 95Kono Yohei, 129, 132, 149Korea: annexation of (see annexation);

ethnic Koreans in Japan, 83, 99–100, 106

Korea clause, 147Korea imaginary, viii, 8, 107–9,

113–14, 116–17, 121, 147, 178, 180, 182–83

Korea, negative images of, 8, 57, 59–60, 84, 87, 99–100, 102, 106, 111, 115, 128, 143, 166, 168, 174, 177, 183

Korean otherness, viii, 2–10, 13–15, 57, 59–61, 68, 84–85, 87, 91, 94–95, 99, 103, 105–8, 111–16, 119, 124, 128, 131–34, 136–38, 141–43, 147–48, 155–58, 161, 163–66, 168–69, 172–74, 177–78, 180, 182–84

Korean uprising against Japan (see March 1 Movement); North Korea, vii, 108, 142, 146–47, 150, 154–55, 158, 205n1

Korea “problem,” 89, 95, 99Korea’s dependence, 3, 104, 162–64,

173Koshiro, Yukiko, 83, 100Krasner, Stephen, 17Kuboi Norio, 124, 131Kubota Kanichiro, 102; the Kubota

Remark, 102, 115Kuriyama Takakazu, 146Kurki, Milija, 185

INDEX 249

language. See speech actsLiberal Democratic Party (LDP),

103–4, 124, 126, 129, 132, 134–35, 148–49, 151, 165

liberationism. See pan-Asianism

MacArthur, Douglas, 73, 101; constitution, 73; MacArthur Line, 101

March 1 Movement (1919), 97, 123Maritime Self-Defense Forces

(MSDF), 82, 144sMaruyama Masao, 64–65, 88McSweeney, Bill, 24, 27Mead, George Herbert, 23, 29, 30, 37,

44–45, 48, 178, 181Meiji: constitution, 7, 10, 59–61, 73,

92; emperor, 90, 94; era (1868–1912), 68; oligarchs, 63–64, 70, 88–89, 205n9; restoration, 3, 7, 61, 63, 65, 87, 108, 178, 183, 198n17

memory, 10, 36, 39, 50–52, 54, 89, 114, 117, 126, 137–38; collective, 36, 53, 84, 100, 114, 117, 121, 126, 138, 181; mnemonics, 2, 111, 117, 119–20, 122, 132, 136–37; “nowness” of, 51–52, 114, 119, 133, 138; politics of, 10, 17, 33, 54, 107–8, 111, 113–19, 126, 131–34, 137–39, 141, 155–56; wartime, 55, 77, 84, 100, 124, 127, 136, 141, 177

merchant state identity. See shonin kokka

METI. See Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Min, Queen, 93mindo. See civilityMinistry of Defense. See Japan

Defense AgencyMinistry of Education, 66, 105,

120–21, 124–25, 129, 152Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA),

78, 82–83, 100–104, 116–18, 130,

133, 143–45, 147, 149–53, 159, 173

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 77, 79, 118, 160, 163–64, 167, 170, 173; METI, 165–66, 173

mirai-shiko gaiko (future-oriented diplomacy), 2, 9–10, 84, 106–8, 111–12, 116–18, 122, 132, 141–56 passim, 157, 164, 166–70, 173

Miyazawa Kiichi, 118, 129–30, 146, 149, 151, 163, 171; New Miyazawa Initiative, 159

Momose Tadashi, 163, 167–68Mongol invasion, 89, 108Mori Yoshiro, 134, 151Murayama Tomiichi, 75, 81, 131–34,

150; Muryama Remark (1995) 136–37, 150

Mutual Security Agreement (MSA), 75–76, 105, 117, 144, 147

Nakasone Yasuhiro, 77–78, 80, 105, 143, 151, 154, 209n125

Nakayama Taro, 145–46, 149nation, 62–65, 71, 74, 78–82, 88–93,

99, 104, 115, 118, 120–26, 131–37, 148, 152

nationalism, 39, 80, 101, 137; kokumin as nation, 100; ultranationalism, 60, 85, 198n16

Nationality Act, 83, 100–101navy, 91; imperial navy, 68, 82. See also

Maritime Self-Defense Forcesneoliberal institutionalism. See

international relationsneorealism. See international

relationsNew Far Eastern Order, 71New Frontier Party (Shinshinto), 129,

134–35Nishioka Tsutomu, 166North Korea. See Korea“nowness” of memory. See memoryNye, Joseph, 17

250 INDEX

Obuchi Keizo, 75, 81, 151, 165, 172occupation: of Japan (1945–1952), 72,

74, 82–83, 99, 113, 117; of Korea, 91; SCAP, 72–73, 82–83, 101

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 164, 169, 172

Official Development Assistance (ODA), 8, 78, 160

Ogura Kazuo, 149, 171–72Okakwa Shumei, 70Okubo Toshimichi, 90Okuma Shigenobu, 90Okuno Sosuke, 133–34ontology, 6, 16, 22, 25, 27, 31–47

passim, 54–56, 146, 184–85Onuf, Nicholas, 21other. See self/otherOzawa Ichiro, 144

Pacific War. See World War IIpan-Asianism, 3, 10, 57, 62, 68, 99;

liberationism, 3, 63, 67, 71Park Chung-hee, 102–4, 115, 163Parliamentarians’ League on the

Fiftieth Anniversary of the End of World War II, 134–35

past, 2, 3, 8–10, 36, 52, 55, 84, 107, 109, 111–20, 126, 130–38, 141–56 passim, 157, 166–67, 169–70, 173–74, 178, 183, 216n53

peace, 7, 41, 44, 46, 59, 60, 62, 72–79, 81, 93–97, 118, 132, 136, 144, 146, 149, 150, 152, 159, 201n81, 205n9; peace constitution (see constitution); peaceful coexistence, 62, 74, 79, 81, 84, 87, 151, 154, 177; peaceful interdependence, 7–8, 10, 60, 158; peace state identity, 52–53, 57, 60–62, 73–83, 88, 107, 116–18, 122, 130–32, 136, 146, 162 (see also heiwa kokka)

Peace Preservation Law, 63, 69, 198n16politics of memory. See memory

Porpora, Douglas, 44, 46, 48, 181postmodernism. See international

relationspostpositivism. See international

relationspoststructuralism. See international

relationsPotsdam Declaration, 63, 71, 74, 80power, 3–4, 143; soft power, 3, 8, 78,

159, 178

race, 68–69, 71, 82–83, 97, 100; conflation with jinshu, 68; minzoku, 68; nation, 100; racialized worldview, 68–69, 82, 97, 100

rational choice theories. See international relations

Reagan, Ronald, 209n125realism. See international relations;

social theoryreification, 2–6, 8–10, 14–16, 22,

27–28, 33, 36, 44–45, 47, 49–64 passim, 87, 104, 107, 109, 111–16, 119–21, 128, 131–33, 135–37, 147, 156, 157, 166–68, 173, 177, 179–86

remembering and forgetting, xi, 82, 106, 111, 115, 117, 119, 122, 125–26, 133–34, 136–38

Republic of Korea, the (ROK). See Korea

residency-general, 94–95restitution, 9, 102–3, 105, 111, 118,

131, 133, 158; aid as, 105, 116, 162, 174

Rhee Syngman, 101–2, 162; The Rhee Line, 101, 115

Risse, Thomas, 24Roh Moo-hyun, 154Roh Tae-woo, 118, 127–28, 145,

148–49, 163, 170–71Ruggie, John Gerard, 21, 24, 42, 179Russo-Japanese war, 67–68, 91, 94;

Treaty of Portsmouth, 94

INDEX 251

Sakigake, 132, 135Sato Eisaku, 103SCAP (Supreme Command of the

Allied Powers). See occupationSearle, John, 34, 44, 46–49, 54, 181seikan-ron (1873) 90–91Sekai shuho, 148, 167, 171Self-Defense Forces (SDF), 60, 76, 82,

106, 144. See also Maritime Self-Defense Forces

self/other, vii–viii, 2–57 passim, 59–68, 79–85, 87–108, 111–38 passim, 141–56, passim, 157–75 passim, 177–84

sengo, 75–76, 80, 132Shidehara Kijuro, 69, 80, 161Shiina Etsusaburo, 103shogunate, 65, 89–90shonin kokka, 7–8, 10, 60, 62, 72–73,

77–79, 82–84, 87, 99, 107–8, 111, 116, 120, 127, 138, 157–59, 161–64, 172, 174, 177–78, 182–83

Showa, emperor, 133, 143, 148. See also emperor

Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 91, 93Smethurst, Reichard, 70Smith, Steve, 5, 186social construction, 6, 39, 41–45,

179–80, 185social theory, 6, 9, 13–14, 21, 31,

33–34, 42, 179, 181; antirealism, 6, 9, 14, 31–47 passim, 53, 56, 179, 193n7; philosophical realism, 6, 9, 14, 33

South Korea. See Koreaspeech acts, 5, 33, 36, 40, 45, 48–54, 60,

83, 117, 119, 148, 158, 177, 183, 185; language, 2, 10, 27, 35, 38–47, 66, 72–75, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99–102, 115, 119, 124, 133, 36–37, 141–50, 153, 155, 167, 169, 173–75, 178; symbols, 8, 14, 35–38, 41, 44, 51, 53, 59, 61, 63–64, 66, 70, 76–78, 84, 89, 92–93, 108, 115, 120, 147–49, 154, 183

Spruyt, Hendrik, 4structuration theory, 54–56Supreme Command of the Allied

Powers (SCAP). See occupationSuzuki Zenko, 104, 106symbols. See speech acts

Taisho: emperor, 68 (see also emperor); democracy, 68–69; era (1912–1926) 69

Taiwan, 95, 100, 125, 135, 164Takeshima (Dokto), 141, 150Takeuchi Yoshimi, 182Tanaka Kakuei, 78, 105, 117technology transfers, 11, 104, 112,

116–17, 119, 157–58, 164–67, 169–71, 178

Terauchi Masatake, 95–97textbook, 66, 105, 111, 114, 119–26,

129, 137, 139, 141, 150; inspection regime (kentei), 120–23

Tientsing, Treaty of, 92–93Tokyo trials, 96Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 89, 151trade, 53, 69, 72, 77–79, 118, 157; Free

Trade Agreement, 119, 160–74; relations with South Korea, 91, 104, 112, 114, 139, 157–74; White Paper, 119, 173

Tsushima: clan, 89; Strait, 1, 8, 103, 111–12, 116, 158, 174, 180, 185–86

Uchida Ryohei, 94ultranationalism. See nationalismunequal treaties, 91United Kingdom, 92, 123United Nations, 81, 118, 144, 147, 160United States of America, vii, 70, 74,

76–77, 79, 87, 92, 101, 103, 117, 123, 144, 147; alliance with Japan (see Mutual Security Agreement)

Wakabayashi, Bart Tadashi, 67Walker, R. B. J., 26

252 INDEX

Waltz, Kenneth, 13, 16–20, 30Watanabe, Michio, 136, 149Wendt, Alexander, 21–30, 41, 179, 186Wight, Colin, 39, 48World Cup (2002), 1, 139, 142,

150–55, 169, 172, 174, 183, 186worldview, viii, 1, 5–8, 13–15, 17, 20,

24, 33, 40, 43, 47, 50–53, 56–57, 59, 62, 64, 67–68, 70, 77, 79, 83–84, 88–89, 91, 97, 104, 112, 116, 121, 128, 138, 145, 155, 157–59, 174, 178–80, 182; hierarchy as, vii, 3, 7–8, 10, 60, 62, 66–68, 70, 73, 77, 79, 83–84, 88, 92, 96, 99, 104, 107–8, 112–16, 118–19,

122, 128, 137, 145, 156–59, 163, 172–73, 177–78, 180, 182–83

World War I, 97World War II, 71, 80, 87, 99, 111, 158;

Pacific War, 55, 59, 102

Yamagata Aritomo, 68, 93, 161Yanaiba Sakimitsu, 89Yasukuni (shrine), 1, 153; controversy,

153–55Yellow peril, 68Yoshida Shigeru, 73–80, 101; Yoshida

Doctrine, 74, 116

Zehfuss, Maja, 179

notes - springer978-0-230-10612-3/1.pdf · notes 189 chapter 1 1. kenneth n. waltz, theory of...

Documents