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Notes

Introduction

1 For examples of how the opinions of the key theologians about women havebeen fruitfully analysed, see L. Roper, ‘Luther: Sex, Marriage and Motherhood’,History Today, 33, 1983, 33–8; S. C. Karant-Nunn, ‘The Transmission ofLuther’s Teachings on Women and Matrimony: The Case of Zwickau’, Archivfür Reformationsgeschichte, 77, 1986, 31–46; J. D. Douglass, ‘Christian Freedom:What Calvin Learned at the School of Women’, 53, 2, Church History,1984, 155–73; J. D. Douglass, Women, Freedom, and Calvin, Philadelphia,Westminster Press, 1985; M. Potter, ‘Gender Equality and Gender Hierarchy inCalvin’s Theology’, Signs, 11, 4, 1986, 725–39.

2 See recent discussions by S. Rosa and D. Van Kley, ‘Religion and the HistoricalDiscipline: A Reply to Mack Holt and Henry Heller’, French Historical Studies,21, 4, 1998, 611–29.

3 M. P. Holt, ‘Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion’, French HistoricalStudies, 18, 2, 1993, 524–51, 551.

4 T. Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève: Des fidèles entre deux chaires en France auXVIe siècle, Paris, Champion, 1997, p. xiii. Disappointingly, Wanagffelen’ssurvey includes only one detailed study of a woman, Marguerite de Navarre,largely analysed from the perspective of commentators and historians onher work.

5 Here I follow Moi’s adaptation of Pierre Bourdieu in arguing for ‘the immensevariability of gender as a social factor’. Emphasis in the original. Toril Moi,What is a Woman? And Other Essays, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999,p. 288.

6 M. U. Chrisman, ‘Women and the Reformation in Strasbourg, 1490–1530’,Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 62, 1972, 143–67; M. E. Wiesner, ‘Women’sResponses to the Reformation’, The German People and the Reformation (ed.)R. Hsia, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1988, 148–72; N. L. Roelker, ‘TheAppeal of Calvinism to French Noblewomen in the Sixteenth Century’, TheJournal of Interdisciplinary History, 2, 1972, 391–418; Roelker, ‘The Role ofNoblewomen in the French Reformation’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte,63, 1972, 168–95; N. Z. Davis, ‘City Women and Religious Change’, Societyand Culture in Early Modern France, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press,1975, 65–95; S. Marshall Wyntjes, ‘Women and Religious Choices in theSixteenth Century Netherlands’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 75, 1984,276–89.

7 Roelker, ‘The Appeal of Calvinism’; ‘The Role of Noblewomen’.8 L. Roper, The Holy Household: Women and morals in Reformation Augsburg,

Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989.9 K. Norberg, ‘Women, the Family, and the Counter-Reformation: Women’s

Confraternities in the Seventeenth Century’, Proceedings of the Annual Meetingof the Western Society for French History, 6, 1978, 55–63; B. B. Diefendorf, ‘Les

146

Divisions religieuses dans les familles parisiennes avant la Saint-Barthélemy’,Histoire, Economie et Société, 7, 1, 1988, 55–77; B. B. Diefendorf, ‘HousesDivided: Religious Schism in Sixteenth-Century Parisian Families’, in UrbanLife in the Renaissance, (eds) S. Zimmerman and R. F. E. Weissman, Newark,University of Delaware Press, 1989, 80–99; B. B. Diefendorf, ‘Give Us BackOur Children: Patriarchal Authority and Parental Consent to ReligiousVocations in Early Counter-Reformation France’, Journal of Modern History,68, 2, 1996, 1–43.

10 E. Macek, ‘The Emergence of a Feminine Spirituality in the Book of Martyrs’,Sixteenth Century Journal, 19, 1988, 62–80; J. Umble, ‘Women and Choice: AnExamination of the Martyr’s Mirror’, Mennonite Quarterly Review, 64, 1990,135–45.

11 M. E. Wiesner, ‘Ideology Meets the Empire: Reformed Convents and theReformation’, Germania Illustrata: Essays on Early Modern Germany Presented toGerald Strauss, (eds) A. C. Fix and S. C. Karant-Nunn, Kirksville, Missouri,Sixteenth-Century Essays and Studies, vol. 18, 1992, pp. 181–95; M. E. Wiesner(ed.), Convents Confront the Reformation: Catholic and Protestant Nuns inGermany, (trans.) J. Skocir and M. Wiesner, Milwaukee, Marquette UniversityPress, 1996; M. Oliva, The Convent and the Community in Late Medieval England:Female Monasteries in the Diocese of Norwich, 1350–1540, Woodbridge, BoydellPress, 1998.

12 See Diane Willen’s argument on the futility of assessing the advantages anddisadvantages of the Reformation for women in ‘Women and Religion inEarly Modern England’, in Women in Reformation and Counter-ReformationEurope: Private and Public Worlds, (ed.) S. Marshall, Bloomington, IndianaUniversity Press, 1989, p. 158.

13 Davis, ‘City Women and Religious Change’.14 Roelker, ‘The Appeal of Calvinism’; Marshall Wyntjes, ‘Women and Religious

Choices’.15 R. A. Mentzer Jr, ‘La Place et le rôle des femmes dans les églises réformées’,

Archives de sciences sociales des religions. 46, 113, 2001, 119–32, 119.16 L. Roper, The Holy Household; Roper, ‘Gender and the Reformation’, Archiv für

Reformationsgeschichte, 92, 2001, 290–302.17 Available in English translation: Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A

New View of the Counter-Reformation, London, Burns & Oates, 1977.18 As an example of this argument, see Luebke’s summation of the current

research, in The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings, (ed.) D. Luebke,Blackwell, Oxford, 1999, p. 9.

19 S. Karant-Nunn, ‘Continuity and Change: Some Effects of the Reformationon the Women of Zwickau’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 13, 1982, 17–42;P. Crawford, Women and Religion in England, 1500–1720, London, Routledge,1993; S. M. Johnson, ‘Luther’s Reformation and (un)Holy Matrimony’,Journal of Family History, 17, 3, 1992, 271–88.

20 See, for example, in the French context, B. B. Diefendorf, ‘Discerning Spirits:Women and Spiritual Authority in Counter-Reformation France’, Culture andChange: Attending to Early Modern Women, (eds) M. Mikesell and A. Seeff,Newark, University of Delaware Press, 2003, 241–65.

21 Wiesner (ed.), Convents Confront the Reformation; P. R. Baernstein, A ConventTale: A Century of Sisterhood in Spanish Milan, New York, Routledge, 2002;

Notes 147

G. Zarri, Le sante vive: cultura e religiosita femminile nella prima età moderna,Turin, Rosenberg & Sellier, 1990.

22 C. Walker, Gender and Politics in Early Modern Europe: English Convents inFrance and the Low Countries, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003;U. Strasser, ‘Bones of Contention: Cloistered Nuns, Decorated Relics, and theContest over Women’s Place in the Public Sphere of Counter-ReformationMunich’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 90, 1999, 255–88; E. A. Lehfeldt,‘Discipline, Vocation, and Patronage: Spanish Religious Women in aTridentine Microclimate’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 30, 1999, 1009–30; E. A. Lehfeldt, ‘Convents as Litigants: Dowry and Inheritance Disputesin Early-Modern Spain’, Journal of Social History, 33, 3, 2000, 645–64; E. A. Lehfeldt, ‘Gender, Order, and the Meaning of Monasticism during the reignof Isabel and Ferdinand’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 93, 2002, 145–71.

23 N. Z. Davis, Women on the Margins: Three seventeenth-century lives, Cambridge,MA, Harvard University Press, 1995; E. Arenal and S. Schlau, Untold Sisters:Hispanic Nuns in Their Own Works, (trans.) A. Powell, Albuquerque, Universityof New Mexico Press, 1989; E. Sampson Vera Tudela, Colonial Angels:Narratives of Gender and Spirituality in Mexico, 1580–1750, Austin, Universityof Texas Press, 2000; S. Broomhall, ‘Women as First Nations’ Missionaries inFrance’, forthcoming in a collection being prepared by Nora Jaffary, Gender,Race and Religion in the New World.

24 C. Harline, The Burdens of Sister Margaret, Doubleday, New York, 1994, p. xii.25 See, for example, P. D. Johnson, Equal in Monastic Profession: Religious Women

in Medieval France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983.26 G. Reynes, Couvent de femmes: la vie religieuse contemplative dans la France des

XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Paris, Fayard, 1987; E. Rapley, The Dévotes: Women andChurch in Seventeenth-century France, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s UniversityPress, 1990; E. Rapley, A Social History of the Cloister: Daily Life in the TeachingMonasteries of the Old Regime, Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press,2001; B. B. Diefendorf, From Penitence to Charity: Pious Women and the CatholicReformation in Paris, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.

27 Besides a number of long histories of individual monastic communities, I amaware of only one survey of sixteenth-century female monastic life: C. Blaisdell, ‘Religion, Gender, and Class: Nuns and Authority in EarlyModern France’, Changing Identities in Early Modern France, (ed.) M. Wolfe,Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1997, 147–68.

28 M. E. Wiesner, ‘Beyond Women and the Family: Towards a Gender Analysisof the Reformation’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 18, 3, 1987, 311–21, L. Roper,‘Gender and the Reformation’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, 92, 2001,290–302.

29 A. N. Galpern, The Religions of the People in Sixteenth-century Champagne,Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1976, p. 2.

30 C. Woodford, Nuns as Historians in Early Modern Germany, Oxford, ClarendonPress, 2002; Wiesner (ed.), Convents Confront the Reformation; K. J. P. Lowe,Nuns’ Chronicles and Convent Culture in Renaissance and Counter-ReformationItaly, Cambridge, Cambridge, University Press, 2003; J. Bilinkoff, ‘Womanwith a Mission: Teresa of Avila and the Apostolic Model’, in Modelli di santitàe modelli di comportamento, (eds) G. Barone, M. Caffiero and F. ScrozaBarcellona, Turin, Rosenberg and Sellier, 1994, 295–305; A. Weber, Teresa of

148 Women and Religion in Sixteenth-Century France

Avila and the Rhetoric of Femininity, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press,1990.

31 P. Mack, Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England,Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992.

32 L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality and Religion in EarlyModern Europe, London, Routledge, 1994; Witchcraze: Terror and Fantasy inBaroque Germany, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2004.

33 On the value of the predominance of the printed book in understandingsixteenth-century religion generally, see A. Pettegree, P. Nelles and P. Conner(eds), The Sixteenth-Century French Religious Book, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001.

1 Institutional Religion

1 Françoise Guyard, La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) J.-F. Bonnefoy, Paris,Editions franciscaines, 1937, p. 48.

2 Ibid., p. 300.3 P. Annaert, ‘Femmes d’église et femmes de pouvoir aux origines de

l’Annonciade de France’, Centre européen d’études bourguignonnes, 38, 1998, 201.4 See further discussion of hagiographic texts in Chapter 2.5 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, pp. 88–9.6 Ibid., p. 91.7 J.-F. Bonnefoy, ‘Les Intentions de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois et l’Ordre

de l’Annonciade’, Archivum franciscanum historicum, 31, 1938, 3–16.8 See J. Trochu, Françoise d’Amboise: Duchesse et Carmélite, 1427–1485, Nantes,

Lanoë, 1984, pp. 60 and 72.9 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 100.

10 Ibid., p. 100.11 Ibid., p. 165.12 Ibid., p. 169.13 Ibid., pp. 168–9.14 Ibid., p. 170.15 Ibid., p. 172.16 Ibid., p. 172.17 Ibid., p. 173.18 On the history of this convent, see Louis de Lacger, ‘Histoire des

Annonciades de Fargues à Albi’, Revue d’histoire franciscaine, 5, 1928, 100–67.19 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 266.20 S. Moreau-Rendu, Le Prieuré royal de Saint-Louis de Poissy, Colmar, Imprimerie

Alsatia, 1968, p. 143.21 R. P. Mortier, Histoire des Maîtres Généraux de l’ordre des Frères prêcheurs, vol. 5:

1487–1589, Paris, Alphonse Picard, 1911, pp. 305–6.22 F. Dupuis, ‘Un Procès au XVe siècle’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de

l’Ouest, 12, 1845, 266. AD de la Vienne, 2 H 1, Liasses 2, 36, 58.23 Ibid., 268.24 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 1, Liasse 2.25 AD d’Indre-et-Loire, H 794 Chronique de Beaumont-lès-Tours. For accessibility,

citations come from Grandmaison’s edition of the text. Chronique de l’Abbayede Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) C. de Grandmaison (Mémoires de la Société

Notes 149

Archéologique de Touraine, vol. 26), Tours, Rouillé-Ladevèze, 1877, p. 21. Seealso on Beaumont particularly S. Broomhall, ‘Familial and Social Networks inthe Later Sixteenth-century French Convent’, Early Modern Convent Voices:The World and the Cloister, (ed.) Thomas M. Carr, Studies on Early ModernFrance, 11, forthcoming.

26 AD de l’Aude, H 329.27 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 29.28 Ibid., 30.29 Ibid., 30.30 See J. Baker, ‘Female Monasticism and Family Strategy: The Guises and Saint

Pierre de Reims’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 28, 4, 1997, 1091–108. For asimilar study of dynastic politics in monastic institutions, see Joan Davies,‘The Montmorencys and the Abbey of Sainte Trinité, Caen: Politics, Profitand Reform’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 53, 4, 2002, 665–85.

31 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 30.32 Ibid., p. 46.33 Ibid., p. 46.34 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 2, Liasse 19.35 Ibid.36 See AD de l’Hérault, 63 H 51.37 AD de l’Hérault, 63 H 54.38 Lettres missives originales du seizième siècle, tirées des archives du duc de La

Trémoille, (eds) P. Marchegay and H. Imbert, Niort, L. Clouzot, 1881, pp. 340–1.39 Ibid., pp. 342–3.40 Minut, preface to Gabriel de Minut, Morbi Gallos: Infestantis salubris curatio et

saincta medicina: HOC EST, Malorum, quae intestinum crudeleque Gallorumbellum inflammant, remedium, Lyon, Barthélemy Honorat, 1587, pp. 8–9.

41 AD du Tarn-et-Garonne, H 238, Approbation par le F. Pierre Casterian, de l’ordre des Frères Mineurs, provincial d’Aquitaine, de l’election faites parces religieuses de Charlotte de Minut pour leur abbesse, le 21 decembre 1584.

42 See, for example, C. Blaisdell, ‘Religion, Gender, and Class: Nuns andAuthority in Early Modern France’, Changing Identities in Early Modern France,(ed.) M. Wolfe, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1997, pp. 147–68, 149.

43 J.-M. Le Gall, Les Moines au temps des Réformes: France (1480–1560), Seyssel,Champ Vallon, 2001, p. 20.

44 Ibid., pp. 70–4.45 M. Venard, ‘Catholicism and Resistance to the Reformation in France,

1555–1585’, in Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands1555–1585, (eds) P. Benedict, G. Marnef, H. van Nierop and M. Venard,Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of the Arts and Sciences, 1999,pp. 133–48, 137.

46 F. Rocquain, La France et Rome pendant les guerres de religion, Paris, Champion,1924; V. Martin, Le Gallicanisme et la réforme catholique: essai historique sur l’in-troduction en France des décrets du concile de Trente (1563–1615), Geneva,Slatkine, 1975; T. I. Crimando, ‘Two French Views of the Council of Trent’,Sixteenth Century Journal, 19, 2, 1988, 169–86.

47 This corresponds with Diefendorf’s assessment of seventeenth-century Paris,where she argues reform was perhaps less coherent than historians havedepicted and where ‘it was not the church but rather individual donors who


built the convents of the Catholic revival’. B. B. Diefendorf, ‘Contradictions ofthe Century of the Saints: Aristocratic Patronage and the Convents ofCounter-Reformation Paris’, French Historical Studies, 3, 24, 2001, 469–99, 499.

48 B. Stephenson, The Power and Patronage of Marguerite de Navarre, Aldershot,Ashgate, 2004, p. 169.

49 M.-R. Bonnet (ed.), ‘Une Transaction en langue provençale concernant lecouvent des religieuses de Saint-Césaire d’Arles en 1499’, Provence historique,48, 191, 1998, 69–99.

50 P. Imbart de la Tour, Les origines de la Réforme, vol. 3: L’évangélisme(1521–1538), Geneva, Slatkine, 1978, p. 304.

51 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 21.52 Ibid., p. 21.53 Ibid., p. 23.54 Blaisdell, ‘Religion, Gender, and Class’, 152.55 BM de Tours, ms 1332, reforms stipulated by Chezal-Benoît fathers to

Beaumont-lès-Tours, 1564.56 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 1, Liasses 3 and 83.57 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, 142–5, and discussion in

J.-F. Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu: Politique et mystique chez Jeanne deFrance, Paris, Beauchesne, 1991, p. 210.

58 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 143.59 See AD de l’Aude, H 336–37.60 For a fuller account of these struggles for recognition, see S. Broomhall,

‘Hospital Nursing by Women Religious: the Hôtel-Dieu in Paris’, Women’sMedical Work in Early Modern France, Manchester, Manchester UniversityPress, 2004, chapter 3.

61 30/11/1497 (AN, L 533, cote 4, original, parchemin) in L’Hotel-Dieu de Parisau Moyen Age: Histoire et Documents, vol.1, Documents (1316–1552), (ed.) E. Coyecque, H. Champion, Paris, 1891, pp. 308–10.

62 ‘Enquête sur le �tumulte� du 6 novembre’ (AN L 5368) in Coyecque, L’Hotel-Dieu de Paris au Moyen Age, vol. 1, p. 377.

63 Coyecque, L’Hotel-Dieu de Paris au Moyen Age, vol. 1, p. 377.64 Ibid., p. 378.65 Ibid., p. 379.66 C. Harline, The Burdens of Sister Margaret, New York, Doubleday, 1994, xii;

E. A. Lehfeldt, ‘Discipline, Vocation, and Patronage: Spanish ReligiousWomen in a Tridentine Microclimate’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 30, 1999,1009–30.

67 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 209.68 C. F. Klaus, ‘Architecture and Sexual Identity: Jeanne de Jussie’s Narrative of

the Reformation of Geneva’, Feminist Studies, 29, 2, 2003, 279–97.69 AD Bouches-du Rhone dep Aix 1 G 1145 cited in C. Dolan, Entre Tours et

Clochers: les gens d’Eglise a Aix-en-Provence au XVIe siècle, Sherbrooke, Editionsde l’Université de Sherbrooke/Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1981, p. 62.

70 J. K. McNamara, Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia,Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1996, p. 414.

71 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 1, Liasse 2.72 Cited in M. Venard, L’Eglise d’Avignon au XVIe siècle, Université de Lille III,

Service de reproduction des thèses, 1980, vol. 2, p. 1193.

Notes 151

73 Cited in M. Venard, L’Eglise d’Avignon au XVIe siècle, Université de Lille III,Service de reproduction des thèses, 1980, vol. 2, p. 1194.

74 Ibid., p. 1194.75 Ibid., p. 1195.76 AD de Versailles, 73 H 123 cited in Moreau-Rendu, Le Prieuré royal de Saint-

Louis de Poissy, p. 74.77 Moreau-Rendu, Le Prieuré royal de Saint-Louis de Poissy, p. 63.78 Ibid., p. 164.79 Ibid., p. 164.80 BM de Tours, ms 1332, fol. Aii r.81 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 51.82 See Broomhall, ‘Familial and Social Networks in the Later Sixteenth-century

French Convent’, forthcoming.83 Diefendorf, for example, discusses the continued permeability of the

reformed convents of the seventeenth century as both a positive andnegative for monastic communities. Diefendorf, ‘Contradictions of theCentury of the Saints’, 485.

84 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 2, Liasse 19.85 Letters of John Calvin, (ed.) J. Bonnet, (1858) vol. 2, New York, Burt Franklin,

1972, pp. 229–30.86 A. Jubien, L’Abbesse Marie de Bretagne et la Réforme de l’ordre de Fontevrault,

Angers, E. Barassé, 1872, pp. 54–5.87 Dolan, Entre Tours et Clochers, p. 87.88 AD de la Vienne, Abbaye de Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval, Liasse unique.89 AD de la Vienne, 2 H 1, Liasse 3. For accessibility, citations are from Barbier’s

transcription. A. Barbier, ‘Une Soeur de Brantôme, religieuse de l’Abbaye deSainte-Croix de Poitiers’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 16,1893, 10.

90 Ibid., 10.91 Ibid., 11.92 Ibid., 12.93 Other elite families, however, appear to have been exceptionally cautious in

placing daughters in monasteries. The notarial act produced by GuillaumeBriçonnet and his wife, Claude de Leveville, at the time their daughter Anneentered the monastery of Chelles in 1529, insisted repeatedly on the evi-dence for Anne’s personal vocation. Recueil d’actes notariés relatifs à l’histoirede Paris et de ses environs au XVIe siècle, vol. 1 (ed.) E. Coyecque, Paris,Imprimerie nationale, 1905, p. 221.

94 Delaborde still provides one of the most thorough accounts of Charlotte’slife, see J. Delaborde, Charlotte de Bourbon, princesse d’Orange, Paris,Fischbacher, 1888.

95 See discussion between Catherine de Lorraine to Renée de Ferrara to thiseffect in BN ms fr 3230 cited in H. de la Ferrière-Percy, Une Véritable Abbessede Jouarre, Paris, Calmann Lévy, 1891, p. 231.

96 Ferrière-Percy, Une Véritable Abbesse de Jouarre, pp. 230–1.97 AN Trésor des Chartes, J 954/33, Procès verbal d’enquête et audition de témoins

relativement à la retraite de Dame Charlotte de Bourbon, Abbesse de Jouarre quiétoit partie de son abbaye le 6 février, avec deux chariots chargées d’effets pour seretirer en Allemagne. (6 February 1572).


98 BN, ms fr 3182, Instruction originales du Président Barjot pour consulter l’affairede Charlotte de Bourbon, princesse d’Orange, du 21 juillet 1578; Informationsecrette … aux fins de trouver … ceux qui ont suborné Mme Charlotte de Bourbon,abbesse de Juerre; Mémoire touchant Madame la Princesse d’Orange sur la nullitéde sa profession. Copy also in BN, Clairambault 1114, Information de l’éva-sion de Charlotte de Bourbon, abbesse de Jouarre.

99 AN, J 772/11 Acte de protestation de Charlotte de Bourbon, abbesse de Jouarrecontre ses voeux. (25 August 1565) See also Jane Couchman, ‘Charlotte deBourbon’s Correspondence: Using Words to Implement Emancipation’,Women Writers in Pre-Revolutionary France: Strategies of Emancipation, (eds)C. H. Winn and D. Kuizenga, New York, Garland Publishing, 1997, pp. 101–15.

100 BN ms 3182. For accessibility, citations come from Delaborde’s transcription,Delaborde, Charlotte de Bourbon, p. 38.

101 Ibid., p. 39.102 Ibid., p. 39.103 Ibid., p. 39.104 Ibid., p. 39.105 Ibid., pp. 39–40.106 Ibid., p. 40.107 Ibid., p. 40.108 Ibid., pp. 40–1.109 Ibid., p. 41.110 Ibid., p. 41.111 Ibid., p. 42.112 Ibid., p. 42.113 Ibid., p. 43.114 Ibid., p. 43.115 Ibid., pp. 42–3.116 Ibid., p. 43.117 Ibid., p. 43.118 Ibid., p. 43.119 Ibid., pp. 43–4.120 Ibid., p. 44.121 Ibid., p. 44.122 Ibid., p. 38.123 Ibid., p. 44.124 Ibid., p. 44.125 Ibid., p. 45.126 Ibid., p. 44.127 Ibid., p. 45.128 Ibid., p. 45.129 Ibid., p. 45.130 Couchman, ‘Charlotte de Bourbon’s Correspondence’, 104.131 ‘Disciplina nervus eccelsiae: The Calvinist reform of Morals’, Sixteenth Century

Journal, 18, 1, 1987, 89–116; ‘Le consistoire et la pacification du monde rural’,Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du protestantisme français, 1989, 373–89;‘Marking the Taboo: Excommunication in French Reformed Churches’, Sinand the Calvinists: Morals Control and the Consistory in Reformed Tradition,(ed.) R. A. Mentzer, Kirksville, Mo., Truman State University Press, 1994,

Notes 153

pp. 97–128; ‘The Persistence of “Superstition and Idolatry” among RuralFrench Calvinists’, Church History, 65, 1996, 220–33; ‘Morals and MoralRegulation in Protestant France’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 31, 1,2000, 1–20; ‘La Place et le rôle des femmes dans les églises réformées’,Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 46, 113, 2001, 119–32.

132 Mentzer, ‘Le consistoire et la pacification du monde rural’, pp. 388–9.133 Ibid., pp. 388–9.134 Mentzer, ‘Marking the Taboo’, p. 125.135 Philippe Chareyre, ‘ “The Greatest Difficulties One Must Bear to follow Jesus

Christ”: Morality at Sixteenth-Century Nîmes’, Sin and the Calvinists, (ed.)Mentzer, pp. 63–96, 75.

136 AD de l’Aube, Chapitre de la Cathédrale de Troyes, G 4189 cited in summaryin Inventaire sommaire des Archives départementales antiérieures à 1790: Aube,Archives ecclésiastique série G (clergé séculier), (eds) H. Arbois de Jubainville,and F. André, vol. 2, Paris, Alphonse Picard, 1896, p. 332.

137 Ibid., p. 231.138 ‘Le registre consistorial de Coutras, 1582–1584’, (eds) A. Soman and

E. Labrousse, Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du protestantisme français, 126,1980, 193–228, 202.

139 Ibid., 203.140 Mentzer, ‘Marking the Taboo’, p. 114.141 Chareyre, ‘ “The Greatest Difficulties” ’, p. 76.142 Ibid., pp. 86–7.143 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, (ed.) Henriette de Witt, vol. 2, Paris, Mme

Vve Jules Renouard, 1868, p. 302.144 Ibid., p. 280.145 Ibid., pp. 299–300.146 Ibid., p. 300.147 See further discussion of this aspect in Broomhall and Winn, ‘La notion

d’égalité au sein du couple dans les Mémoires de Charlotte Arbaleste’,Albineana, 18, forthcoming.

148 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, vol. 2, pp. 277 and 286.149 Ibid., p. 288.150 Ibid., pp. 308–9.151 Ibid., p. 300.152 Ibid., p. 277.153 For example, ibid., p. 296.154 Madame de Mornay au president de Clauzonne, Avril 1585, reprinted in

H. Imbert, La Coiffure de Madame du Plessis-Mornay, Niort, L. Clouzot, 1880, p. 13.155 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, vol. 2, p. 89.156 Comparison between confession of faith in Mémoires de Madame de Mornay,

vol. 2, 289–95 and that included in her 1583 testament in Mémoires et corre-spondance de Duplessis-Mornay, vol. 2, Paris, Treuttel et Wurtz, 1824,pp. 257–69.

157 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, vol. 2, p. 294.158 For example, ibid., p. 298.159 Ibid., p. 298.160 On Arbaleste’s clash with the Consistory, see also Joshua Rosenthal’s reading

of Mornay’s use of matrimonial identity and theological authority in


‘L’Affaire de la coiffure: l’autorité théologique et l’identité matrimonialechez Mornay’, Albineana, 18, forthcoming.

161 See R. A. Mentzer and A. Spicer, ‘Introduction: Être protestant’, andM. Dinges, ‘Huguenot Poor Relief and Health Care in the Sixteenth andSeventeenth Centuries’, in Society and Culture in the Huguenot World,1559–1685, (eds) R. A. Mentzer and A. Spicer, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2002, pp. 4 and 157–74.

162 Mentzer and Spincer, ‘Epilogue’, Society and Culture the Huguenot World, p. 229.

2 Understanding the Divine

1 The Writings of Agnes of Harcourt: The Life of Isabelle of France and the Letteron Louis XI and Longchamp, (ed.) S. L. Field, Indiana, University of NotreDame Press, 2003, p. 11.

2 BN ms fr 11662, fol. 15 r.3 Ibid., fol. 15 r.4 Ibid., fol. 16 r.5 See website of Les Elumineurs Ltd, textmanuscripts.com, where a description

of this manuscript is provided. The first published life of Isabelle in 1619appears to have derived its information and pitch of Isabelle’s sanctity fromthis source. See also analysis of the construction of Isabelle’s life in the sev-enteenth century by Jesuit Nicolas Caussin in T. Worcerster, ‘ “NeitherMarried nor Cloistered”: Blessed Isabelle in Catholic Reformation France’,Sixteenth Century Journal, 30, 2, 1999, 457–72.

6 The later miracles on ff. 35–7 occurred c. 1530 and appear to have beenadded at Longchamp by a second hand after 1550 and probably before1569. www.textmanuscripts.com

7 J. Trochu, Françoise d’Amboise: Duchesse et Carmélite, 1427–1485, Nantes,Lanoë, 1984, p. 123.

8 Ibid., p. 124.9 Ibid., p. 124.

10 Ibid., p. 130. Christophe Leroy, Les saintes ardeurs de Mere Francoised’Amboise, Paris, 1621.

11 Ibid., p. 131.12 Ibid., p. 129.13 Claude Haton, Mémoires de Claude Haton, vol. 1, (ed.) L. Bourquin, Paris,

Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2001, p. 337.14 Some biographical notes about Jeanne were compiled by Guyard’s uncle,

Blessed Gabriel-Maria, see J.-F. Bonnefoy, ‘Bibliographie de l’Annonciade’,Collectanea Franciscana, 13, 1943, 122.

15 Guyard’s account was transcribed into the seventeenth-century text ofPaulin du Gast, then into Moulinet, Vie de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois,Paris, Louis Vivès, 1856, pp. 210–20.

16 Guyard, La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) J.-F. Bonnefoy, Paris, Editionsfranciscaines, 1937, p. 49.

17 Moulinet, Vie de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois, p. 219.18 Peter Burke’s analysis of Counter-Reformation saints suggests that the ideal

candidate was male, Italian or Spanish, noble and clerical. P. Burke, ‘How to

Notes 155

Be a Counter-Reformation Saint’, Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe,1500–1800, (ed.) K. von Greyerz, London, Allen and Unwin, 1984, p. 49.

19 Agnes de Harcourt’s text about Isabelle de France is a thirteenth-centuryexample. The Writings of Agnes of Harcourt, (ed.) Field.

20 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 53.21 Ibid., pp. 53–4.22 Jean Bouchet, Les annales d’Aquitaine, faicts & gestes en sommaire des roys de France,

& d’Angleterre, & païs de Naples & de Milan, Poitiers, J. et E. de Marnef, 1557.23 Ibid., fols. 119–27.24 Ibid., fol. 127 v.25 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 54.26 Ibid., p. 65.27 Ibid., p. 65.28 Ibid., p. 71.29 Ibid., p. 57.30 Ibid., pp. 240–1.31 R. M. Bell, Holy Anorexia, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1985,

p. 175. On Counter-Reformation constructions of female sanctity, see also G. Zarri, ‘From Prophecy to Discipline, 1450–1650’, (trans.) Keith Botsford,and S. F. Matthews Grieco, ‘Models of Female Sanctity in Renaissance andCounter-Reformation Italy’, both in Women and Faith: Catholic Religious Lifein Italy from Late Antiquity to the Present, (eds) L. Scaraffia and G. Zarri,Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 83–112 and 159–75.

32 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 81.33 Ibid., p. 82.34 J.-F. Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu: Politique et mystique chez Jeanne de

France, Paris, Beauchesne, 1991.35 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, pp. 84–5.36 Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu, p. 33.37 A. M. Jeanneret, ‘Notice sur l’origine et l’établissement du monastère de

Sainte Claire d’Orbe et sur sa translation à Evian’, in Catherine de Saulx, Viede Tres Haulte, tres puissainte et tres Illustre dame, Madame Loyse de Savoye,Geneva, Jules Guillaume Fick, 1860, p. 18.

38 Vie de … Madame Loyse de Savoye, pp. 55–6.39 Ibid., p. 74.40 Ibid., p. 75.41 Jeanneret, ‘Notice sur l’origine’, p. 29.42 Ibid., p. 32.43 Ibid., p. 20.44 Yves Magistri, Mirouers et guydes fort propres pour les dames et damoiselles de

France, (1585) Sint Truiden, Instituut voor Franciscaanse geschiedenis, 1996.45 Ibid., p. 190.46 René Guérin, Abrégé de la Vie de la Bienheureuse Marguerite de Lorraine, Séez,

Ch. Leconte, 1934, p. 6.47 Ibid., p. 19.48 Ibid., p. 21.49 Cited in H. de la Ferrière-Percy, Marguerite d’Angoulême, son livre de dépenses

(1540–1549), Paris, Auguste Aubry, 1862, p. 197.


50 Ferrière-Percy, Marguerite d’Angoulême, p. 31.51 AD d’Indre et Loire, 1 J 1165 Les déclarations faites à la chapelle de Sainte

Catherine de Fierbois, près de Sainte-Maure en Touraine, de 245 miracles arrivés de1375 à 1536. The Bibliothèque Nationale copy (BN ms fr 1045), is an earlierversion of the text, including 237 miracles from 1375 until 1470, and hasbeen published as Livre des miracles de Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois, (ed.) Y. Chauvin, Poitiers, Société des Archives historiques de Poitou, 1976.

52 La Chronique de l’Annonciade, (ed.) Bonnefoy, p. 233. In 1618 the archbishopof Bourges was able to compile a list of some 130 authenticated miracles. Seealso Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu, p. 150.

53 B. Chevalier, ‘Saint François de Paule à Tours d’après le process de canoniza-tion’, in S. Francesco di Paola: Chiesa e società del suo tempo (atti del convegnointernazionale di studio, Paola, 20–24 maggio 1983), Rome, Curia Generaliziadell’Ordine dei Minimi, 1984, pp. 184–208, 192.

54 Ibid., 203.55 For discussion of concepts of late medieval sainthood and community

dynamics, see A. M. Kleinberg, Prophets in their Own Country: Living Saints andthe Making of Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, Chicago, The University ofChicago Press, 1992. For typologies of sainthood, see A. Vauchez, La Saintetéen Occident aux derniers siècles du Moyen Age: d’après les procès de canonisation etles documents hagiographiques, Rome, Ecole française de Rome, 1981; and P. Delooz, ‘Towards a Sociological Study of Canonized Sainthood in theCatholic Church’, Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folkloreand History, (ed.) Stephen Wilson, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1983, pp. 189–216.

56 D. Gentilcore, From Bishop to Witch: The System of the Sacred in Early ModernTerra d’Otranto, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1992, p. 170.

57 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) C. de Grandmaison,(Mémoires de la Société Archéologique de Touraine, vol. 26), Tours, Rouillé-Ladevèze, 1877, p. 72.

58 Ibid., p. 73.59 AD de la Seine-Maritime, 54 H 41.60 Ibid., fol. 7 r.61 Ibid., fols 7 r–v.62 Ibid., fol. 10 r.63 Ibid., fol. 9 v.64 Ibid., fols 7 v–8 r.65 Ibid., fol. 8 v.66 Ibid., fol. 9 r.67 Ibid., fol. 2 r.68 Ibid., fol. 2 v. and fol. 9 v.69 Ibid., fol. 4 r.70 For background, see R. Kieckhefer, ‘The Holy and the Unholy: Sainthood,

Witchcraft and Magic in Late Medieval Europe’, Journal of Medieval andRenaissance Studies, 1994, 355–85.

71 See article by A. M. Walker and E. H. Dickerman, ‘ “A Woman under theInfluence”: A Case of Alleged Possession in Sixteenth-Century France’,Sixteenth Century Journal, 22, 3, 1991, 534–54.

Notes 157

72 D. Charles Blendecq, Cinq histoires admirables, esquelles est montré commemiraculeusement par la vertu & puissance du S. Sacrement de l’Autel, a esté chasséBeelzebub, Paris, Guillaume Chaudière, 1582, histoire 4, 65.

73 Ibid., histoire 4, 69.74 Ibid., histoire 3, 46.75 Ibid., histoire 3, 80.76 M. Sluhovsky, ‘A Divine Apparition or Demonic Possession? Female Agency

and Church Authority in Demonic Possession in Sixteenth-Century France’,Sixteenth Century Journal, 27, 4, 1996, 1044.

77 Ibid., 1049.78 Marshman, ‘Exorcism as Empowerment: A New Idiom’, The Journal of

Religious History, 23, 3, 1999, 265–81.79 AD du Rhône, 27 H 22 discusses reforms to the abbey. The elite status of the

abbey is attested by the preuves de noblesse provided by nuns at the turn of thecentury, 27 H 48. See also A. Coville, ‘Une Visite de Saint Pierre de Lyon en1503’, Revue d’histoire de Lyon, 1912, 243–72.

80 Coville, ‘Une Visite de Saint Pierre de Lyon en 1503’, 271.81 See closing lines of Adrien de Montalembert, La Merveilleuse histoire de l’esperit

qui depuis naguères c’est [sic] apparu au monastère des religieuses de Sainct-Pierrede Lyon, Lyon, A. Brun, 1887.

82 Ibid., fol. Diiir.83 Ibid., fol. Giiir.84 I have been unable to locate the text in which Montalembert completes this

account. He introduces the case here, but explains that he has written aboutit elsewhere. See also for Lyons two later sixteenth-century exorcisms: of22-year-old Catherine Poncet from the parish of Peaugre, near Nancy, andwidow Perinette Pinay, in J. Benedicti, La Triomphante Victoire de la VièrgeMarie sur sept malins esprits finalement chassés du corps d’une femme dans l’églisedes Cordeliers de Lyon, Lyon, Benoît Rigaud, 1583, as cited in H. L. and J. Baudrier, Bibliographie lyonnaise recherches sur les imprimeurs, libraires, relieurs,et fondeurs de lettres de Lyon au XVIe siècle, vol. 3, Paris, F. de Nobelé, 1964, 376.See also an earlier edition in 1582, as cited in Baudrier, vol. 4, p. 94.

85 M. Venard, L’Eglise d’Avignon au XVIe siècle, Université de Lille III, Service dereproduction des theses, 1980, vol. 2, p. 1348.

86 Louis Le Caron, De la tranquilité d’esprit, Paris, J. du Puys, 1588, pp. 168–9.87 Ibid., pp. 164–5.88 Ibid., pp. 169–70.89 Ibid., pp. 171–2.90 Ibid., p. 166.91 Ibid., pp. 166–7.92 Jean Bodin, De la Démonomanie des sorciers (1580) Paris Jacques du Puys,

1587, fol. 272 v.93 Ibid., fols aiijr–v.94 R. Briggs, Communities of Belief: Cultural and Social Tension in Early Modern

France, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 12.95 Jean Boulaese, L’Abbregée histoire du grand miracle par nostre Sauveur & Seigneur

Jesus-Christ en la saincte Hostie du sacrement de l’Autel, faict à Laon 1566, Paris,Thomas Belot, 1573, fol. 4 r.

96 Ibid., fol. 4 v.


97 Ibid., fols 7v–8r.98 Michel Marescot, Discours veritable sur le faict de Marthe Brossier de

Romorantin, pretendue demoniaque, Paris, Mamert Patisson, 1599, p. 39.99 Ibid., p. 39.

100 Ibid., p. 40.101 Kevin C. Robbins argues that the French Calvinist Churches agreed in

theory about the diabolical alignment between magical practices andwomen, yet spent little time pursuing cases in consistories. Robbins, ‘MagicalEmasculation, Popular Anticlericalism, and the Limits of the Reformationin Western France circa 1590’, Journal of Social History, 31, 1, 1997, 61–83.Mentzer provides examples of the consistory admonishing women forhealing practices in ‘La Place et le rôle des femmes dans les églises réformées’,Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 46, 113, 2001, 125. See also B. Gordon,‘Malevolent Ghosts and Ministering Angels: Apparitions and Pastoral Care inthe Swiss Reformation’, The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in LateMedieval and Early Modern Europe, (eds) Gordon and P. Marshall, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 109; Sluhovsky, ‘Calvinist Miracles andthe Concept of the Miraculous in Sixteenth-century Huguenot Thought’,Renaissance and Reformation 19, 2, 1995, 5–25.

102 On Crespin, see L. Racaut, ‘Religious Polemic and Huguenot Self-perceptionand Identity, 1554–1619’, Society and Culture in the Huguenot World,1559–1685, (eds) Mentzer and A. Spicer, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress, 2002, pp. 29–43; Catharine Randall Coats, ‘Reconstituting the TextualBody in Jean Crespin’s Histoire des martyrs (1564)’, Renaissance Quarterly, 44,1, 1991, 62–85.

103 Jean Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs persecutez et mis à mort pour la verité delévangile, Depuis le temps des apostres jusques à present (1619), vol. 1, Toulouse,Société de Livres Religieux, 1885, p. 576.

104 Ibid., p. 578.105 Crespin’s view follows similar idea expressed in Calvin’s letter to the female

prisoners in Paris, 1557, also published in the Histoire des Martyrs.106 Ibid., p. 541.107 Ibid., p. 567.108 Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises réformées au royaume de France, Paris,

Fischbacher, vol. 2, 1884, p. 699. Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs, vol. 3, p. 318.109 Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs, vol. 3, p. 318.

3 Religious Knowledge

1 E. Delaruelle, ‘La vie religieuse dans les pays de langue française à la fin duXVe siècle’, La piété populaire au moyen age, Turin, Bottega d’Erasmo, 1980, pp. 7 and 30.

2 G. Hasenohr, ‘Aspects de la litérature de spiritualité en langue française(1480–1520)’, Revue d’Histoire de l’Eglise de France, 1991, 29–45; Gabrielle deBourbon, Oeuvres spirituelles, 1510–1516, (ed.) E. Berriot-Salvadore, Paris,Champion, 1999, p. 30.

3 J.-F. Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu: Politique et mystique chez Jeanne deFrance, Paris, Beauchesne, 1991, p. 176.

Notes 159

4 Ibid., pp. 173–4; and Delaruelle, ‘La vie religieuse dans les pays de languefrançaise à la fin du Xve siècle’, p. 20.

5 Drèze, Raison d’Etat, raison de Dieu, p. 188.6 BN ms fr 2282, 12 r.7 Gabrielle de Bourbon, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Berriot-Salvadore, pp. 75–6.8 Anne de France, Les Enseignements d’Anne de France, (ed.) A-M. Chazaud,

Marseilles, Lafitte Reprints, 1978, pp. 26, 128–9.9 BN ms fr 2282, fol. 6 v.

10 Ibid., fols 13 r–v.11 Ibid., fol. 14 r.12 de Bourbon, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Berriot-Salvadore, pp. 32, 36–7.13 BN n.a.f. 19738, fol. 1 r.14 Ibid., fol. 1 r.15 Ibid., fol. 2 r.16 Ibid., fol. 4 v.17 Ibid., fol. 6 v.18 Ibid., fol. 11 r.19 Ibid., fol. 12 v.20 Ibid., fols 15 r, 15 v.21 Mazarine ms 978, fol. 1 v.22 Ibid., fol. 1 v.23 Ibid., fols 39 r-v.24 Ibid., fol. 18 v.25 Ibid., fol. 42 r.26 Ibid., fol. 12 r.27 Ibid., fol. 35 r.28 de Bourbon, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Berriot-Salvadore, p. 87.29 Mazarine ms 978, fol. 29 r.30 Ibid., fol. 39 v.31 J. Fleming, Reason and the Lover, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press,

1984, p. 37.32 Ibid., p. 31.33 BN n.a.f. 19738, fol. 6 v.34 Ibid., fol. 7 r.35 Ibid., fol. 7 r.36 Ibid., fol. 7 r.37 Ibid., fol. 7 r.38 See H. Vose, ‘Marguerite d’Angoûleme: A Study in Sixteenth-century

Spirituality, Based on her 1521–1524 Correspondence with GuillaumeBriçonnet’, PhD thesis, The University of Western Australia, 1985.

39 P. Jourda, ‘Tableau chronologique des publications de Marguerite deNavarre’, Revue du Seizième Siècle, 1925–26, 209–55; and A. Lefranc, Les Idéesreligieuses de Marguerite de Navarre d’après son œuvre poétique, Geneva, Slatkine,1969; G. Ferguson, Mirroring Belief: Marguerite de Navarre’s Devotional Poetry,Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1992.

40 B. Stephenson, The Power and Patronage of Marguerite de Navarre, Aldershot,Ashgate, 2004, p. 176.

41 Les Dernières Poésies de Marguerite de Navarre, (ed.) Lefranc, Paris, Colin, 1896,p. 396.


42 Published in Marguerite de Navarre, Théâtre profane, (ed.) V. L. Saulnier, Paris,Droz, 1946.

43 Le Miroir de Treschrestienne Princesse Marguerite de France, Royne de Navarre,Duchesse D’Alençon & du Berry: auquel elle voit & son neant, & son tout. Paris,Antoine Augereau, 1533, fol. 1 r.

44 Prologue, Day 5 and Day 8, cited in Jean-Jacques Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmesdans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, Bulletin philologique et historique du comité destravaux historiques et scientifiques, 1956–60, p. 382 n. 1.

45 Ingrid Akerlund, Sixteenth-Century French Women Writers: Marguerited’Angoulême, Anne de Graville, the Lyonnese School, Jeanne de Jussie, MarieDentière, Camille de Morel (Studies in French Literature 67) Lewiston, TheEdwin Mellen Press, 2003, p. 22.

46 See list of publications in Susan Broomhall, Women and the Book Trade inSixteenth-Century France, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2002, appendix 1.

47 Ibid., p. 144.48 P. Imbart de la Tour, Les Origines de la Réforme, vol 3: L’évangélisme

(1521–1538), Geneva, Slatkine, 1978, p. 349.49 L. de Lacger, ‘Histoire des Annonciades de Fargues à Albi’, Revue d’histoire

franciscaine, 5, 1928, 134.50 de Bourbon, Oeuvres spirituelles, 1510–1516, (ed.) E. Berriot-Salvadore,

p. 30.51 Cited in J.-M. Le Gall, Les Moines au temps des Réformes: France (1480–1560),

Seyssel, Champ Vallon, 2001, p. 187.52 Correspondance des réformateurs dans les pays de langue française, (ed.)

A.-L. Herminjard, vol. 7, Nieuwkoop, B. De Graaf, 1966, p. 142.53 Ibid., p. 143.54 Ibid., p. 142 n. 2.55 Letters of John Calvin, (ed.) J. Bonnet, (1858) vol. 2, New York, Burt Franklin,

1972, p. 229.56 Ibid., p. 229.57 AD de la Vienne, Abbaye de Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval, Liasse unique.58 Letters of John Calvin, (ed.) Bonnet, p. 230.59 I have not been able to find evidence of this much repeated detail: only three

documents of the period survive in the single file on the abbey at the AD dela Vienne.

60 Cited in T. Moulinet, Vie de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois, Paris, Louis Vivès,1856, p. 215.

61 Moulinet, Vie de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois, p. 217.62 N. Z. Davis, ‘City Women and Religious Change’, Society and Culture in Early

Modern France, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1975, p. 80.63 Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, p. 386.64 Ibid., p. 386.65 E. Arnaud, Histoire des protestants du Dauphiné aux XVIe, XVIIe, et XVIIIe

siècles, vol. 1, Geneva, Slatkine, 1970, pp. 26–7.66 Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, p. 388.67 Arnaud, Histoire des protestants du Dauphiné, vol. 1, p. 32.68 Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, p. 388.69 François LePicart, Les Sermons et instructions chrestiennes, pour tous les iours de

caresme, & feries de Pasques, Paris, Nicholas Chesneau, 1566, fol. 173, in

Notes 161

L. Taylor, Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France,Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 177 (Taylor’s translation).

70 Articles arrestez au synode tenu à Lyon, 25 Novembre 1561, in Documentsprotestants inédits du XVIe siècle, (ed.) E. Arnaud, Paris, Grassart, 1872, p. 30.

71 Georges Bosquet, Histoire de M. G. Bosquet sur les troubles advenus en la ville deTolose l’an 1562, Toulouse, R. Colomiez, 1595, p. 50.

72 Nicolas Pithou de Chamgobert, Chronique de Troyes et de la Champagne durantles guerres de Religion (1524–1594), (ed.) P-E. Leroy, Presses universitaires deReims, vol. 1, 1998, p. 189 n. 2.

73 Timothy Watson, ‘Preaching, Printing, Psalm-singing: The Making andUnmaking of the Reformed Church in Lyon, 1550–1572’, in Society andCulture in the Huguenot World, 1559–1685, (eds) R. A. Mentzer Jr and A. Spicer,Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 16–17.

74 Claude Haton, Mémoires de Claude Haton, vol. 1: 1553–65, (ed.) L. Bourquin,Paris, Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2001, pp. 4–5, 160.

75 C. J. Blaisdell, ‘Calvin’s Letters to Women: The Courting of Ladies in HighPlaces’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 13, 3, 1982, 67–84.

76 Letters of John Calvin, (ed.) J. Bonnet, (1858) vol. 2, New York, Burt Franklin,1972, p. 77.

77 Ibid., p. 86.78 Arnaud, Histoire des protestants du Dauphiné, vol. 1, p. 33.79 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, (ed.) Leroy, vol. 1, p. 143.80 Livre VII, pp. 5 and 7, cited in Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme

en Dauphiné’, p. 383.81 M. Carbonnier-Burkard, ‘La Réforme en langues des femmes’, La Religion de

ma mère: Les femmes et la transmission de la foi, (ed.) J. Delumeau, Paris, LesEditions du Cerf, 1992, p. 182.

82 Pierre de l’Estoile, The Paris of Henry of Navarre as seen by Pierre de l’Estoile:Selections from his Mémoires-Journaux (trans. and ed.) N. L. Roelker,Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1958, p. 139.

83 Yet it must be said that his account of their discussion made them ratherreluctant heroines. Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs persecutez et mis à mort pour laverité de lévangile, Depuis le temps des apostres jusques à present (1619),Toulouse, Société de Livres Religieux, vol. 3, 1889, p. 827.

84 Crespin, Histoire des martyrs, vol. 1, p. 566.85 Ibid., p. 669.86 For contemporary discussion about Poissy and its nuns, both criticism and

praise, see G. Ferguson, ‘The Stakes of Sanctity and Sinfulness: Tales of thePriory of Poissy (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)’, in Female Saints andSinners: Saintes et mondaines (France 1450–1650), (eds) J. Britnell and A. Moss,University of Durham, Durham Modern Language Series, 2002, pp. 59–78.

87 E. Berriot-Salvadore, ‘�Une nonnain latinisante�: Anne de Marquets’,Poésie et bible de la Renaissance à l’âge classique: 1550–1680: Actes du Colloquede Besançon des 25 et 26 mars 1997, (eds) P. Blum et A. Mantero, Paris, HonoréChampion, 1999, p. 185.

88 On her moderate views, see Anne de Marquets, Sonets spirituels, (ed.) G. Ferguson, Geneva, Droz, 1997, p. 27.


89 Preface to Gabrielle de Coignard, Œuvres Chestiennes [sic] de Feu [sic] DameGabrielle de Coignard (Toulouse, Pierre Jagourt and Bernard Carles, 1594),Macon, Protat, 1890, pp. 4–5.

90 Gabrielle de Coignard, Œuvres chrétiennes, (ed.) C. H. Winn, Geneva, Droz,1995, pp. 129–30.

91 Ibid., p. 288.92 See Winn’s insightful introduction to the programme of Coignard’s spiritual

work in Gabrielle de Coignard, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Winn.93 Anne de Marquets, Sonets spirituels, (ed.) Ferguson, p. 30.94 See his arguments in Ibid., pp. 60–3; Ferguson, ‘Biblical Exegesis and Social

and Theological Commentary in the Sonets spirituels of Anne de Marquets’,Oeuvres et critiques, 20, 2, 1995, pp. 111–21; Ferguson, entry on Anne deMarquets in The Feminist Encyclopedia of French Literature, (ed.) E. MartinSartori, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1999, pp. 344–6; as well asH. Fournier, ‘La voix textuelle des Sonnets spirituels de Anne de Marquets’,Etudes littéraires, 20, 2, 1987, 77–92; C. Yandell, ‘ “L’Habit ne fait pas lanonne”: Controversy and Authority in Anne de Marquets’, Mediaevalia,1999, 157–80.

95 Coignard, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Winn, p. 80.96 Ibid., pp. 84–7. See also P. Sommers, ‘Gendered Readings of The Book of

Judith: Guillaume du Bartas and Gabrielle de Coignard’, Romance Quarterly,48, 4, 2001, 211–20.

97 T. C. Cave, Devotional Poetry in France, c. 1570–1613, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1969, p. 86; Coignard, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Winn, p. 80;Marquets, Sonets spirituels, (ed.) Ferguson, p. 57; Ferguson, ‘The Feminisationof Devotion: Gabrielle de Coignard, Anne de Marquets, and François deSales’, in Women’s Writings in the French Renaissance: Proceedings of the FifthCambridge French Renaissance Colloquium, 7–9 July 1997, (eds) P. Ford andG. Jondorf, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 187–206.

98 G. Ferguson, ‘Le Chapelet et la Plume, ou, quand la religieuse se faitécrivain: le cas du prieuré de Poissy (1562–1621)’, Nouvelle Revue du seizièmesiècle, 19, 2, 2001, 98.

99 Coignard, Oeuvres spirituelles, (ed.) Winn, p. 45.100 Cited in full in T. Wanegffelen, Ni Rome ni Genève: Des fidèles entre deux

chaires en France au XVIe siècle, Paris, Champion, 1997, pp. 493–4.101 D. Alexandre-Bidon, ‘Des femmes de bonne foi: La religion des mères au

Moyen-Age’, in La Religion de ma mère, (ed.) Delumeau, p. 93.102 Anne de France, Les Enseignements d’Anne de France, (ed.) A.-M. Chazaud,

Marseilles, Lafitte Reprints, 1978, pp. 104–5.103 Ibid., p. 105.104 Ibid., pp. 92–3.105 Alexandre-Bidon, ‘Des femmes de bonne foi: La religion des mères au

Moyen-Age’, p. 92.106 Procès-verbal of 1566 cited in M. Reulos, ‘Les débuts des Communautés

réformées dans l’actuel département de la Manche’, Revue du Département dela Manche, 24, 1982, 37.

107 Ibid., p. 38.108 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, (ed.) P.-E. Leroy, vol. 2, 2000, pp. 677–8.

Notes 163

109 Georgette de Montenay, Emblèmes, ou Devises Chrestiennes, Composées parDamoiselle Georgette de Montenay, Lyon, Jean Marcorelle, 1571.

110 Alison M. Saunders, ‘The Sixteenth-century French Emblem Book as a Formof Religious Literature’, in The Sixteenth-Century French Religious Book, (eds) A. Pettegree, P. Nelles and P. Conner, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001, p. 40.

111 S. F. Matthews Grieco, ‘Georgette de Montenay: A Different Voice inSixteenth-century Emblematics’, Renaissance Quarterly, 47, 1994, 795.

112 Madame and Philippe du Verger, Le Verger Fertile des Vertus Plein de toutediversité, de fruicts & fleurs pour l’ytilité ornement & saincte instruction de lapetite jeunesse (1595), (eds) S. Broomhall and C. H. Winn, Paris, Champion,2004, p. 122.

113 See also C. Randall, ‘Shouting down Abraham: How Sixteenth-centuryHuguenot Women Found Their Voice’, Renaissance Quarterly, 50, 1997,411–42. See Broomhall and Winn’s comparative study of the memoirs andtestaments of Arbaleste and Burlamacchi in ‘The Problematics of Self-Representation in Early Modern Women’s Memoirs’, Tangence, forthcoming.

114 On Duplessis-Mornay’s political career, see Hugues Daussy, Les Huguenots etle roi. Le combat politique de Philippe Duplessis-Mornay (1572–1600), Geneva,Droz, 2002.

115 See Donna Donald, ‘La mère comme médiatrice: les relations dans la familleMornay’, forthcoming in Albineana.

116 For further discussion of this aspect of Arbaleste’s contribution, seeBroomhall and Winn, ‘La notion d’égalité au sein du couple dans lesMémoires de Charlotte Arbaleste’, forthcoming in Albineana.

117 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, (ed.) Henriette de Witt, vol. 1, Paris, MmeVve Jules Renouard, 1868, p. 306.

118 Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Genève, ms. suppl. 84. Mémoiresconcernant Michel Burlamacchi et sa famille, par Mademoiselle RenéeBurlamacchi.

119 On Protestant memoir writing, see N. Kuperty-Tsur, Se dire à la Renaissance:Les Mémoires au XVIe siècle, Paris, J. Vrin, 1997, p. 39.

120 Mémoires de Madame de Mornay, (ed.) Witt, vol. 1, p. 66.121 Mémoires concernant Michel Burlamacchi, fol. 4 r–v.122 Ibid., fol. 4 v.123 Epistre d’une Damoiselle Françoise à une sienne amie dame estrangere, sur la mort

d’excellente et vertueuse Dame, Leonor de Roy, princesse de Condé, Contenant leTestament & dernière volonté d’icelle, Ensemble, le tombeau de ladite Dame,n.p. [1564], fol. Bi v.

124 Ibid., fol. Bi v.125 Other than as martyrs as they are discussed in Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs.126 Généalogie de Messieurs du Laurens, descrite par moy Jeanne du Laurens, veufve à

M. Gleyse, & couchée nayvement en ces termes, BM d’Aix, ms 843. Citationsfrom the edition of Une famille au XVIe siècle, (ed.) C. de Ribbe, Paris, JosephAlbanel, 1868.

127 Ibid., p. 51.128 Ibid., p. 70.129 Ibid., p. 61.130 Ibid., p. 98.131 Ibid., p. 69.


132 Kuperty-Tsur, Se dire à la Renaissance, p. 192.133 On early modern historiography, see D. R. Kelley, ‘History as a Calling: The

Case of La Popelinière’, in Renaissance: Studies in Honor of Hans Baron, (eds) A. Molho and J. A. Tedeschi, Florence, G. C. Sansoni, 1971, pp. 771–89; onwomen’s history writing, see Mary Spongberg, Writing Women’s History sincethe Renaissance, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

4 Visible Religious Practices

1 A. N. Galpern, The Religions of the People in Sixteenth-century Champagne,Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1976, p. 198.

2 See discussion and commentary on recent works adopting this approach inN. Z. Davis, ‘From “Popular Religion” to Religious Cultures’, in ReformationEurope: A Guide to Research, (ed.) S. Ozment, St Louis, Center for ReformationResearch, 1982, pp. 324–5.

3 L. Taylor, Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation France,Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 72.

4 Anne de France, Les Enseignements d’Anne de France, (ed.) A.-M. Chazaud,Marseilles, Lafitte Reprints, 1978, p. 105.

5 E. Belle, La Réforme à Dijon: des origines à la fin de la Lieutenant Générale deGaspard de Saulx-Tavannes (1530–1570), Dijon, Damidot Frères, 1911, p. 34.

6 Reproduced in ibid., p. 163.7 Ibid., p. 167.8 See Philip Benedict’s assessment based on attendance and abjuration lists,

Rouen during the Wars of Religion, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1981, p. 88. Benedict cites Louise Guiraud’s evidence of a Calvinist assemblyrole from Montpellier of 1560 where 757 men and 343 women were inattendance, from her Etudes sur la Réforme à Montpellier (Montpellier, 1918),vol. 2, pp. 346–78, cited Benedict, p. 88 n. 1.

9 See discussion in Chapter 3.10 Reproduced in Belle, La Réforme à Dijon, pp. 164–5.11 Guiraud, Etudes sur la Réforme à Montpellier, vol. 2, pp. 346–78, cited

Benedict, Rouen During the Wars of Religion, p. 88 n. 1.12 Reproduced in Belle, La Réforme à Dijon, pp. 166–8.13 Ibid., p. 167.14 B. B. Diefendorf, ‘Houses Divided: Religious Schism in Sixteenth-century

Parisian Families’, Urban Life in the Renaissance, (eds) S. Zimmerman and R. F. E. Weissman, Newark, University of Delaware Press, 1989, p. 84.

15 R. A. Mentzer Jr and A. Spicer, ‘Epilogue’, Society and Culture in the HuguenotWorld, 1559–1685, (eds) Mentzer and Spicer, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2002, p. 229.

16 Reproduced in Belle, La Réforme à Dijon, pp. 170–1.17 Ibid., pp. 207–8.18 See Chapter 1.19 R. A. Mentzer, ‘Marking the Taboo: Excommunication in French Reformed

Churches’, in Sin and the Calvinists: Morals Control and the Consistory inReformed Tradition, (ed.) Mentzer, Kirksville, MO, Truman State UniversityPress, 1994, p. 115.

Notes 165

20 N. Z. Davis, ‘City Women and Religious Change’, in Society and Culture in EarlyModern France, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 1975, p. 75. Althoughthere is a wide body of literature about confraternities at this period in France,only a small number address questions of gender representation.

21 Galpern, The Religions of the People, p. 60.22 AD Seine-Maritime, Liasse 5 E 506. C. Ouin-Lacroix, Histoire des anciennes cor-

porations d’Arts et métiers et des confréries religieuses de la capitale de laNormandie, Rouen, Lacointe Freres, 1850, p. 507, although he identifies thechurch as St Denis.

23 AD Seine-Maritime, Liasse 5 E 506.24 Ibid.25 Ibid.26 The confraternity itself may have been a mixed one, however, since the

records refer to ‘tous freres et soeurs de ladite confrerie’. AD de la Seine-Maritime, Liasse 5 E 506. Benedict notes four in sixteenth-century Rouen,Rouen during the Wars of Religion, p. 24.

27 Recueil des monuments inédits de l’histoire du tiers état: première série, chartes,coutumes, actes municipaux, statuts des corporations d’arts et metiers des villes etcommunes de France, region du nord, (ed.) A. Thierry, vol. 2, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1853, p. 849.

28 Ibid., p. 850.29 Galpern, The Religions of the People, p. 190.30 Ibid., p. 60.31 Ibid., p. 190.32 Lançon estimates approximately 55–65 per cent of the total congregation

was female, although this seems to refer largely to the seventeenth century asthe earliest membership list stems from 1590. Pierre Lançon, ‘Les Confrériesdu Rosaire en Rouergue aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles’, Annales du Midi, 96, 166,1984, 131.

33 Ibid., 123.34 M. Venard, ‘Catholicism and Resistance to the Reformation in France,

1555–1585’, in Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands1555–1585, (eds) P. Benedict, G. Marnef, H. van Nierop and M. Venard,Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of the Arts and Sciences, 1999,p. 147.

35 Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion, p. 83.36 Ibid., p. 86.37 K. Norberg, ‘Women, the Family, and the Counter-Reformation: Women’s

Confraternities in the Seventeenth Century’, Proceedings of the Annual Meetingof the Western Society for French History, 6, 1978, 55–63.

38 Venard, L’Eglise d’Avignon au XVIe siècle, Université de Lille III, Service dereproduction des theses, 1980, vol. 2, 1220, p. 1255.

39 Ibid., pp. 1254–6.40 For the example of nursing orders, C. Jones, The Charitable Imperative:

Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Régime and Revolutionary France, London,Routledge, 1989.

41 See Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) C. de Grandmaison(Mémoires de la Société Archéologique de Touraine, vol. 26), Tours, Rouillé-Ladevèze, 1877, p. 254. This was later overturned by the Pope on appeal from


Beaumont, on the basis that the superiors had no power to issue anexcommunication.

42 X. Barbier de Montault, ‘Le Trésor de l’Abbaye de Sainte-Croix de Poitiersavant la Révolution’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 4, 1881,219.

43 AD d’Indre-et-Loire, H 796, Journal historique de Beaumont-lès-Tours, 72.44 Ibid., 74.45 Not all Huguenots gave up such festivities, however. See R. A. Mentzer Jr,

‘The Persistence of “Superstition and Idolatry” among Rural FrenchCalvinists’, Church History, 65, 2, 1996, 220–33.

46 J.-J. Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, Bulletinphilologique et historique du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques,1956–60, 387.

47 Nicolas Pithou de Chamgobert, Chronique de Troyes et de la Champagne durantles guerres de Religion (1524–1594), (ed.) P.-E. Leroy, Presses universitaires deReims, (livre d’accompagnement) 1998, vol. 1, 1998, p. 143.

48 Ibid., p. 142.49 Belle, La Réforme à Dijon, p. 28, n. 2.50 P. Roberts, ‘Contesting Sacred Space: Burial Disputes in Sixteenth-century

France’, in The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in late medieval andearly modern Europe, (eds) B. Gordon and P. Marshall, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2000, p. 134.

51 1583 testament in Mémoires et correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay, vol. 2,Paris, Treuttel et Wurtz, 1824, pp. 257–69.

52 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, vol. 1, p. 131.53 Ibid., pp. 196–7.54 Jean Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs persecutez et mis à mort pour la verité de

lévangile, Depuis le temps des apostres jusques à present (1619), Toulouse, Sociétéde Livres Religieux, vol. 1, 1885, p. 566.

55 Ibid., p. 566.56 Hemardinquer, ‘Les femmes dans la Réforme en Dauphiné’, 387, n. 1.57 Histoire ecclésiastique des Eglises réformées au royaume de France, Paris,

Fischbacher, vol. 1, 1883, p. 865, cited in Roberts, ‘Contesting Sacred Space:Burial Disputes in Sixteenth-century France’, p. 132.

58 Recueil d’actes notariés relatifs à l’histoire de Paris et de ses environs au XVIe siècle,vol. 1, (ed.) E. Coyecque, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1905, p. 70.

59 C. Dolan, Entre Tours et Clochers: les gens d’Eglise a Aix-en-Provence au XVIesiecle, Sherbrooke, Editions de l’Universite de Sherbrooke/Aix-en-Provence,Edisud, 1981, p. 111.

60 See ibid., p. 123.61 AD d’Indre-et-Loire, H 796, 149.62 Ibid., 193–4.63 My discussion here uses William H. Forsyth’s survey of Entombment sculp-

ture in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century France as a basis, The Entombment ofChrist: French Sculpture of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, Cambridge, MA,Harvard University Press, 1970.

64 Ibid., p. 135.65 Ibid., p. 135, n. 20.66 Ibid., pp. 52–3.

Notes 167

67 Ibid., p. 101.68 Ibid., p. 146.69 Ibid., p. 194.70 Recueil d’actes notariés relatifs à l’histoire de Paris et de ses environs au

XVIe siècle, vol. 2, (ed.) E. Coyecque, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1923,p. 158.

71 A. N. Galpern, ‘The Legacy of Late Medieval Religion in Sixteenth-centuryChampagne’, in The Pursuit of Holiness in Late Medieval and RenaissanceReligion, (eds) C. Trinkhaus with H. A. Oberman, Leiden, E. J. Brill, 1974,p. 174.

72 Forsyth, The Entombment of Christ, p. 158.73 Ibid., p. 197.74 Ibid., p. 145.75 For studies of contemporary religious patronage in Francophone convents to

the north of France, see A. G. Pearson, ‘Personal Worship, Gender, and theDevotional Portrait Diptych’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 31, 1, 2000, 99–122;A. G. Pearson, ‘Nuns, Images, and the Ideals of Women’s Monasticism: TwoPaintings from the Cistercian Convent of Flines’, Renaissance Quarterly, 54,4.2, 2001, 1356–402.

76 S. Poignant, L’Abbaye de Fontevrault et les filles de Louis XIV, Paris, Nouvelleseditions latines, 1966, p. 69.

77 See P. C. Finney (ed.), Seeing beyond the Word: Visual Arts and the CalvinistTradition, Grand Rapids MI, William B. Eerdmans, 1999; D. Gaimster andR. Gilchrist (eds), The Archaeology of Reformation 1480–1580, Leeds, Maney,2003.

78 H. Gelin, ‘Inscriptions huguenotes: Poitou, Aunis, Saintonge, etc.’, Bulletin dela Société de l’histoire du protestantisme, français, 11, 1893, 565–88; Gelin,‘Inscriptions concernant l’histoire du protestantisme français: Charente-Inférieure’, Bulletin de la Société de l’histoire du protestantisme français, 79,1930, 482–85.

79 Poignant, L’Abbaye de Fontevrault et les filles de Louis XIV, p. 69.80 Ibid., p. 70.81 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 27.82 Ibid., p. 49.83 J. Evans, Monastic Iconography in France, from the Renaissance to the Revolution,

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970, p. 11.84 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 248.85 Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques, Farnborough,

Gregg International, 1968, vol. 6, p. 357.86 V. Leroquais, Les Psautiers manuscrits latins des bilbiothèques publique de France,

vol. 1, Macon, Protat, 1940–1, pp. 246–7.87 Catalogue général des manuscrits, vol. 6, pp. 84–5.88 On books generally in gift exchange and culture, see N. Z. Davis, The Gift in

Sixteenth-Century France, Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2000, p. 45. 89 Catalogue général des manuscrits, vol. 6, pp. 85–6.90 The Lisle Letters (trans. and ed.) M. St Clare Byrne, vol. 5, Chicago, University

of Chicago Press, 1981, p. 119.91 Leroquais, Les Livres d’heures manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale, vol. 2,

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, 1927, p. 162.


92 Leroquais, Les Psautiers manuscrits latins, vol. 2, pp. 26–7.93 See discussion of female book ownership in Broomhall, Women and the Book

Trade in Sixteenth-Century France, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2002, pp. 36–43.94 Taylor, Soldiers of Christ, p. 173.95 S. Penketh, ‘Women and Books of Hours’, in Women and the Book: Assessing

the Visual Evidence, (eds) J. H. M. Taylor and L. Smith, London, The BritishLibrary and University of Toronto Press, 1996, p. 280.

96 Recueil d’actes notariés, vol. 1, p. 55.97 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 27.98 See Davis, The Gift; V. Reinburg, ‘Books of Hours’, in The Sixteenth-Century

French Religious Book, (eds) A. Pettegree, P. Nelles and P. Conner, Aldershot,Ashgate, 2001, pp. 68–82; K. Ashley, ‘Creating Family Identity in Books ofHours’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 32, 1, 2002, 145–65.

99 Reinburg, ‘Books of Hours’, p. 71.100 Catalogue général des manuscrits, vol. 7, p. 61.101 Ibid., vol. 6, p. 86.102 Ashley, ‘Creating Family Identity in Books of Hours’, p. 159.103 See Chapter 1.104 Georges Bosquet, Histoire de M.G. Bosquet sur les troubles advenus en la ville de

Tolose l’an 1562, Toulouse, R. Colomiez, 1595, p. 50.105 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, vol. 2, p. 997.106 Histoire de la vie, moeurs, actes, doctrines, constance et mort de Jean Calvin jadis

ministere de Geneve (1577), cited in M. G. Winkler, ‘Calvin’s Portrait:Representation, Image, or Icon?’, in Seeing beyond the Word, (ed.) Finney,p. 243.

107 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, vol. 1, p. 189, n. 2.108 Daniel W. Hardy, ‘Calvinism and the Visual Arts: A Theological

Introduction’, in Seeing beyond the Word, (ed.) Finney, pp. 1–16.109 On the interaction between Protestant costume and class, see the

confrontation with Arbaleste, discussed in Chapter 1.110 Mémoires de Gaspard de S. Tavannes, p. 190 cited in Belle, La Réforme à

Dijon, p. 28.111 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, vol. 1, p. 143.112 Davis, ‘City Women and Religious Change’, p. 80.113 No study that I am aware of has focused specifically on women’s pious

bequests in sixteenth-century France. For medieval and seventeenth-century evidence on this subject, see M. C. Howell, ‘Fixing Movables:Gifts by Testament in Late Medieval Douai’, Past & Present, 150, 1996, 3–45;D. Alexandre-Bidon, ‘Des femmes de bonne foi: la religion des mères auMoyen-Age’, La Religion de ma Mère: Les femmes et la transmission de la foi,(ed.) J. Delumeau, Paris, Les Editions du Cerf, 1992, pp. 91–122; J. S. W. Helt,‘Women, Memory and Will-making in Elizabethan England’, The Place of theDead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, (eds)B. Gordon and P. Marshall, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000,pp. 188–205; P. T. Hoffman, ‘Wills and Statistics: Tobit Analysis and theCounter-Reformation in Lyon’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 14, 4,1984, 813–34.

114 Recueil d’actes notariés, vol. 2, pp. 158–9.115 Ibid., p. 487.

Notes 169

116 M. Dinges, ‘Huguenot Poor Relief and Health care in the Sixteenth andSeventeenth Centuries’, in Society and Culture in the Huguenot World,1559–1685, (eds) R. A. Mentzer Jr and A. Spicer, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2002, p. 163.

117 Mentzer, ‘Organizational Endeavour and Charitable Impulse in Sixteenth-century Nîmes: The Care of Protestant Nîmes’, French History, 5, 1, 1991, 17.

118 AM Tours, GG 4, carton 1, pièce 163.119 AM Tours, GG 3, carton 1, pièce 155.120 AM Tours, GG 5, carton 1, pièce 231.121 See further discussion on women’s work in hospital nursing in S. Broomhall,

Women’s Medical Work in Early Modern France, Manchester, ManchesterUniversity Press, 2004, chapter 3.

122 AD du Loiret, E 3, administration of the Hôtel-Dieu of Orléans.123 P. Rambaud, ‘Le rôle des femmes au point de vue de l’assistance publique à

Poitiers’, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaires de l’Ouest, 3 (1909), xxvii.124 Ibid., xl.125 A. Dupoux, Sur les pas de Monsieur Vincent. Trois cents ans d’histoire parisienne de

l’enfance abandonnée, Paris, Revue de l’Assistance publique à Paris, 1958, p. 27.126 See, for example, the records for 1591, cited in Rambaud, ‘Le rôle des

femmes au point de vue de l’assistance publique à Poitiers’, p. xxxii.127 C. de Robillard de Beaurepaire, ‘Notes extraites des premières registres de

l’Hôtel-Dieu de Rouen’, Extrait du Précis des travaux de l’Académie des Sciences,Belles-Lettres et Arts de Rouen, Rouen, H. Boissel, [1870], pp. 9–10.

128 Jean Burel, Mémoires de Jean Burel: Journal d’un bourgeois du Puy à l’époque desguerres de religion publiés et annotés par Augustin Chassaing, (eds) B. and P. Rivet,vol. 2, Saint-Vidal, Centre d’Etude de la Vallée de la Borne, 1983, pp. 469–70.

5 Religious Politics and Violence

1 S. Kettering, ‘The Patronage Power of Early Modern French Noblewomen’,The Historical Journal, 32, 1989, 817–41; ‘The Household Service of EarlyModern French Noblewomen’, French Historical Studies, 20, 1997, 55–85.

2 R. J. Kalas, ‘The Noble Widow’s Place in the Patriarchal Household: TheLife and Career of Jeanne de Gontault’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, 24,1993, 538.

3 K. B. Neuschel, ‘Noblewomen and War in Sixteenth-century France’, inChanging Identities in Early Modern France, (ed.) M. Wolfe, Durham, NC, DukeUniversity Press, 1997, p. 125.

4 S. Hanley, ‘The Politics of Identity and Monarchic Governance in France:The Debate over Female Exclusion’, in Women Writers and the Early ModernBritish Political Tradition, (ed.) H. L. Smith, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1998, pp. 289–304.

5 The Paris of Henry of Navarre as seen by Pierre de l’Estoile: Selections from hisMémoires-Journaux, (trans. and ed.) N. L. Roelker, Cambridge, MA, HarvardUniversity Press, 1958, p. 43.

6 Catherine des Roches, Les Œuvres, (ed.) A. R. Larsen, Geneva, Droz, 1993,p. 299.

7 Ibid., p. 299.


8 Ibid., p. 301.9 Jeanne d’Albret, Mémoires et poésies, (ed.) Ruble, Geneva, Slatkine, 1970, p. 22.

10 Ibid., p. 92.11 Ibid., pp. 91–3. Jane Couchman also refers to this passage in her article ‘What

is “Personal” about Sixteenth-century French Women’s Personal Writings?’Atlantis, 19, 1, 1993, 18–19.

12 Lettres de treshaute, tresvertueuse, & treschrestienne Princess, IANE Royne deNavarre, 1568, fol. Aii r. On Jeanne’s work as a Huguenot propagandist, see N. L. Roelker, Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d’Albret, 1528–1572, Cambridge, MA,Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 301–11.

13 Lettres de treshaute, tresvertueuse, & treschrestienne Princess, IANE Royne deNavarre, 1568, fol. A ii v.

14 Ibid., fol. B ii r.15 Ibid., fol. B iii r.16 N. Kuperty-Tsur, Se dire à la Renaissance: Les Mémoires au XVIe siècle, Paris,

J. Vrin, 1997, p. 121.17 Ibid., 149.18 See introduction to Marguerite de Valois, Mémoires et Discours, (ed.)

E. Viennot, Saint Etienne, Publications de l’Université Saint-Etienne, 2004, p. 34.

19 Catherine de Parthenay, Dame de Rohan, Ballets allégoriques en vers,1592–1593, (ed.) R. Ritter, Paris, Champion, 1928.

20 Anne d’Este, Les Regrets de Madame de Nemours, Paris, Hubert Velu, 1589, p. 14.21 The Paris of Henry of Navarre, (ed. and trans.) Roelker, p. 183.22 S. F. Will, ‘Camille de Morel: A Prodigy of the Renaissance’, PMLA, 1936, 117.23 E. Berriot-Salvadore, ‘ “Une nonnain latinisante”: Anne de Marquets’, Poésie

et bible de la Renaissance à l’âge classique: 1550–1680: Actes du Colloque deBesançon des 25 et 26 mars 1997, (eds) P. Blum and A. Mantero, Paris, HonoréChampion, 1999, p. 185.

24 Charlotte de Minut, ‘Epistre à Royne’, in De la beauté, avec la Paule-graphie parGabriel de Minut, Lyon, Barthélemy Honorat, 1587. See comparative discus-sion of these texts in Broomhall, ‘ “In my opinion”: Charlotte de Minut andFemale Political Discussion in Print in Sixteenth-century France’, SixteenthCentury Journal, 31, 1, Spring 2000, 25–45.

25 Morbi Gallos. Infestantis salubris curatio et sancta medicina: Hoc Est, Malorum,quae intestinum crudeleque Gallorum bellum inflammant, remedium, Lyon,Barthélemy Honorat, 1587.

26 Ibid., pp. 7–8.27 Ibid., p. 15.28 De la beauté, pp. 8–9.29 Morbi Gallos, pp. 16–17.30 Ibid., pp. 13–14.31 Ibid., p. 9.32 De la beauté, p. 17.33 Morbi Gallos, pp. 4–5.34 De la beauté, p. 11.35 Ibid., p. 14.36 De la beauté, p. 18.37 Morbi Gallos, pp. 6–7.

Notes 171

38 Morbi Gallos, p. 13.39 Ibid., p. 7.40 Roelker, ‘The Role of Noblewomen in the French Reformation’, Archiv für

Reformationsgeschichte, 63, 1972, 168–95.41 S. A. Finley-Croswhite has surveyed a vast range of noblewomen’s political

activities in Dijon in her ‘Engendering the Wars of Religion: Female Agencyduring the Catholic League in Dijon’, French Historical Studies, 20, 1997,127–54.

42 Reproduced in A. Challe, Histoire des guerres du Calvinisme et de la Ligue, vol. 2,Geneva, Mégariotis, 1978, pp. 341–7.

43 Reproduced in ibid., p. 348.44 Jean Burel, Mémoires de Jean Burel: Journal d’un bourgeois du Puy à l’époque des

Guerres de religion publiés et annotés par Augustin Chassaing, (eds) B. and P. Rivet, vol. 2, Saint-Vidal, Centre d’Etude de la Vallée de la Borne, 1983, p. 834.

45 Indeed, Finley-Croswhite claims that ‘female agency in wartime was rootedin more generalized female services in the domestic sphere’. ‘Engenderingthe Wars of Religion’, p. 147.

46 Burel, Mémoires de Jean Burel, vol. 2, pp. 223–4.47 Ibid., p. 224.48 Cited in P. and M-L. Biver, Abbayes, monastères, couvents de femmes a paris des

origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1975,pp. 474–5.

49 Mémoires de Jean Burel, vol. 2, p. 215.50 AD d’Indre-et-Loire, H 796, Journal historique de Beaumont-lès-Tours,

pp. 175–90.51 Ibid., p. 173.52 See extensive discussion of Catholic league political manouevres, ibid.,

pp. 172–5 and 219–28.53 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) C. de Grandmaison

(Mémoires de la Société Archéologique de Touraine, vol. 26), Tours, Rouillé-Ladevèze, 1877, pp. 41–2.

54 Ibid., pp. 41–2.55 Mémoires de Jean Burel, vol. 2, pp. 229, 238 n. 1, 242 n. 1, 267 n. 1, 269 n. 1, 272.56 Ibid., p. 289.57 Ibid., pp. 228 n. 1, 281.58 Mark Greengrass, ‘Informal Networks in Sixteenth-century France

Protestantism’, Society and Culture in the Huguenot World, 1559–1685, (eds)R. A. Mentzer Jr and A. Spicer, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002,pp. 78–97.

59 Many examples can be found in Mémoires et correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay, 12 vols, Paris, Treuttel et Wurtz, 1824.

60 AN, Chartrier de Thouars, 1 AP 333, November [1596].61 See, for example, Catherine de Parthenay to Charlotte Arbaleste, 27 February

1597, Mémoires et correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay, vol. 7, pp. 166–9;Duplessis-Mornay to the Duchess of Beaufort, 14 November 1597, vol. 7,p. 428; Duplessis-Mornay to Arbaleste, 25 January 1597, vol. 7, p. 126;Duplessis-Mornay to Arbaleste, 8 December 1597, vol. 7, pp. 434–6.


62 Reproduced in E. Belle, La Réforme à Dijon: des origines à la fin de la LieutenantGénérale de Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes (1530–1570), Dijon, Damidot, 1911, p. 119.

63 Ibid., p. 29.64 Ibid., p. 29 n. 4.65 Lettres missives originales du seizième siècle, tirées des archives du duc de

La Trémoille, (eds) P. Marchegay and H. Imbert, Niort, L. Clouzot, 1881, pp. 297–8.

66 Mémoires et correspondance de Duplessis-Mornay, vol. 7, pp. 166–9.67 AN 1 AP 333, 18 October 1598.68 AM Tours, GG 5, Carton 1, pièce 40, 17 May 1591.69 AM Tours, GG 2, unpaginated loose sheets, 1573–4.70 Jacques Gaches, Mémoires sur les Guerres de Religion à Castres et dans le

Languedoc (1555–1610), (ed.) C. Pradel, (1879–94) Geneva, Slatkine, 1970, p. 337.

71 Nicolas Pithou de Chamgobert, Chronique de Troyes et de la Champagne durantles guerres de Religion (1524–1594), (ed.) P.-E. Leroy, Presses universitaires deReims, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 210–11.

72 Georges Bosquet, Histoire de M.G. Bosquet sur les troubles advenus en la ville deTolose l’an 1562, Toulouse, R. Colomiez, 1595, p. 150.

73 Bosquet, Histoire de M.G. Bosquet, pp. 150–1.74 Account of Joseph Panier, cited in Challe, Histoire des guerres du Calvinisme et

de la Ligue, vol. 2, pp. 311–12.75 Jean Crespin, Histoire des Martyrs persecutez et mis à mort pour la verité de

lévangile, Depuis le temps des apostres jusques à present (1619), vol. 3, Toulouse,Société de Livres Religieux, 1889, 384–7.

76 See, on this aspect, discussion in Chapter 3.77 Penny Roberts, ‘Huguenot Petitioning during the Wars of Religion’, in Society

and Culture in the Huguenot World, 1559–1685, (eds) Mentzer and Spicer, pp. 74–5.

78 See, for example, AM Toulouse, GG 830–7 on municipal sales of Huguenotpossessions, and compensation provided, 1562–74.

79 AM Toulouse, GG 830.80 December 1570, Lettres de Coras, celles de sa femme, de son fils et de ses amis,

(ed.) C. Pradel, Albi, G.-M. Nougiès, 1880, p. 27.81 Ibid., p. 28.82 Ibid., p. 28.83 Ibid., pp. 29–31.84 L’assemblée de la noblesse et commun estat du pais de Dauphiné, teneue à

Valence, 27 January 1563, in Documents protestants inédits du XVIe siècle, (ed.)E. Arnaud, Paris, Grassart, 1872, p. 51.

85 H. Feiss, ‘ “Consecrated to Christ, Nuns of this Church Community”: TheBenedictines of Nôtre-Dame de Saintes 1047–1972’, American BenedictineReview, 45, 3, 1994, p. 294.

86 L. Coudanne, ‘Le Temps des réformes’, Histoire de l’Abbaye Sainte-Croix dePoitiers: Quatorze siècles de vie monastique, Poitiers, Société des Antiquaires del’Ouest, 1986, p. 252.

87 Correspondance des réformateurs dans les pays de langue française, (ed.) A.-L. Herminjard, vol. 3, Nieuwkoop, B. De Graaf, 1965, p. 222.

Notes 173

88 Jeanne de Jussie, Le Levain du calvinisme, ou commencement de l’hérésie deGenève, Chambery, Frères Du Four, 1611.

89 Correspondance des réformateurs, (ed.) Herminjard, vol. 7, 1966, p. 3.90 Ibid., p. 4.91 Chronique de l’Abbaye de Beaumont-Lez-Tours, (ed.) Grandmaison, p. 188.92 Ibid., p. 188.93 Ibid., p. 189.94 AD des Bouches du Rhone, G 401 cited in C. Dolan, Entre Tours et Clochers:

les gens d’Eglise à Aix-en-Provence au XVIe siècle, Sherbrooke, Editions del’Université de Sherbrooke/Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1981, p. 42.

95 AC de la ville d’Aix, CC 155 cited ibid., p. 43.96 AC de la ville d’Aix, FF 10, fol. 145 and BB 93, fol. 14 cited ibid., 43.97 AM Toulouse, GG 823.98 Ibid.99 Ibid.

100 Ibid.101 Minut, De la beauté, 11–12. On religious violence in Toulouse, see J. Davies,

‘Persecution and Protestantism: Toulouse, 1562–1575’, The Historical Journal,22, 1, 1979, 31–51; M. Greengrass, ‘The Anatomy of a Religious Riot inToulouse in May 1562’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 34, 3, 1983, 367–91.

102 Morbi Gallos, p. 11.103 Ibid., pp. 11–12.104 Dolan provides an example of the Clarisse convent in Aix-en-Provence

needing continual aid from religious, municipal and royal sources in orderto sustain itself through the sixteenth century, because spontaneous publicdonations were not sufficient. See her Entre Tours et Clochers, pp. 42–4.

105 De la beauté, pp. 11–12.106 Ibid., p. 12.107 Morbi Gallos, pp. 9–10.108 Ibid., p. 9.109 AD du Rhone, 27 H 56.110 Ibid.111 E. Cabié (ed.), Guerres de Religion dans le Sud-Ouest de la France et principale-

ment dans le Quercy. D’après les papiers des seigneurs de Saint-Sulpice de 1561 à1590, Geneva: Slatkine, 1975, p. 151.

112 AD de l’Hérault, 62 H 3.113 Ibid.114 AD de l’Hérault, 63 H 42.115 AD de l’Aude, H 316, Cistercians of Nôtre-Dame de Rieunette, abbess Cecile

de Noe, c. 1654.116 AD de l’Hérault, 62 H 3.117 Ibid. See also AD de l’Hérault, 63 H 57.118 AD de l’Hérault, 62 H 3.119 A. Farge, ‘Protesters Plain to See’, in A History of Women in the West:

Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes, vol. 3, (eds) N. Z. Davis andA. Farge, Cambridge, MA, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1993, p. 497.

120 Mémoires de Jean Burel, vol. 2, pp. 352–3.121 Ibid., p. 354.


122 AM Tours, GG 5, Carton 1, pièce 16, 19 April 1592.123 AM Tours, GG 5, Carton 5, pièce 16.124 AM Tours, GG 5, Carton 1, pièce 22, 27 December 1592.125 Pithou, Chronique de Troyes, vol. 2, 552.126 Roberts, ‘Huguenot Petitioning during the Wars of Religion’, pp. 62–77.127 Madeleine des Roches, Les Œuvres, (ed.) Larsen, p. 172.128 Louise Bourgeois, Observations diverses sur la sterilité, perte de fruits, foecondité,

accouchements, et maladies des femmes et enfants nouveaux naiz, Deuxièmelivre, Paris, Abraham Saugrain, 1617, pp. 104–8.

129 T. Moulinet, Vie de la Bienheureuse Jeanne de Valois, Paris, Louis Vivès, 1856,pp. 210–20.

130 See further discussion in Chapter 2.131 Marie de Brames, Les Regrets de Damoiselle M de B, Lyon, 1597, in Recueil de

poésies françoises des XVe et XVIe siècles: morales, facetieuses, historiques, (eds)A. de Montaiglon and K. Rothschild, Paris, Bibliothèque Elzevirienne, 1858,p. 149.

132 Marie de Prevost, Le Tombeau de feu Missire François du Parc, Pierre Salliere,1590, p. 7.

133 U. Strasser, ‘Cloistering Women’s Past: Conflicting Accounts of Enclosure ina Seventeenth-century Munich Nunnery’, Gender in Early Modern GermanHistory (ed.) U. Rublack, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 242.

134 B. B. Diefendorf, ‘An Age of Gold? Parisian Women, the Holy League and theRoots of Catholic Renewal’, Changing Identities in Early Modern France, (ed.)Wolfe, p. 176.

135 Diefendorf, ‘An Age of Gold?’ p. 185.

Notes 175

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Index

200

Abbatial elections 15–20Abbatial nomination, royal 15–19Abbatial resignation 16, 18, 28Abjuration 27, 48, 88, 92, 98–9Accounts, convents 9Agen 15Aigues-Mortes 41Aix-en-Provence 25, 27, 107, 130,

133–4Alain de Lille 76Albi 79Albon, Françoise de 63Albret, Catherine de 121–2Albret, Jeanne de 119–21, 126Alençon, René de 56Alexander VI 53Alexandre-Bidon, Danièle 89Allard, Jean 137Almsgiving, female 115–17Amboise, Catherine de 71–8Amboise, Françoise de, St 12–13,

47–8, 71, 73Amboise, Louis I and II de,

archbishops of Albi 14–15Amboise, Renée de 109–10Amiens 101Amoncourt, Louise de 112Anne of Brittany 11, 52Anne de France 52, 72, 88–9, 97, 119Annonciade community of Albi

14–15Annonciade community of Bourges

10, 24, 50, 56, 58, 140Annonciade Order 10–15, 13, 45,

49–50, 53–4, 71, 79, 81Arbaleste, Charlotte 41–3, 90–3,

105–6, 114, 128–9Architecture, religious 109–10Arcussia, Madeleine de 27Arenal, Electa 5Arles 21Armagnac, Antoinette de 63–4Armagnac, Georges de 120

Arnaude, Louise 105–7Arpajon, Anne de 18Art, devotional 108–15Ashley, Kathleen 113Attendance, religious gatherings,

gender of 97–100Aubigné, Agrippa de 91Audebert, Anne 67Augustine of Hippo, St 76Auxerre 130Aventigny, Louise de 15Averly, François de 31–3, 37–8Averly, Georges de 31–3, 37–8Avignon 25, 64, 102Ayme, Claire 88

Baernstein, P. Renée 5Baillet, Louse 113Baker, Joanne 18Balbani, Cesare 91Bassot, Thenette 129Baudricourt, Marguerite de 109Bayeux 104Beauclerc, Marie de 35–8Beaumont-lès-Tours, community of

17–18, 21–2, 26–7, 58–9, 103–4,107–8, 111, 127, 133

Beaune 107Beauvais 62Bectone, Claude 79Bédarrides 64Belheulhe, Vidalle 128Belle, Edmond 129Bellemère, François 21Bells, founding of 110–11Benedict, Philip 102Benoist, René 114Bérault, Michel 41–2Berland, Marie 16Berriot-Salvadore, Evelyne 72, 86,

123Beza, Theodore 85, 89Bilinkoff, Jodi 7

Index 201

Blaisdell, Charmarie 22, 84Blandine, Marguerite 10–11, 15Bodin, Jean 65Bodine, Marguerite 14–15Boissonnot, Claude 106Bolsec, Jérôme 114Bonard, Jean 60–1Bonnefoy, J.-F. 12Books as gifts 112–14Bordeaux 15, 132Borgea, Magdelaine 138–9Borne, Claude de 137–8Bosquet, Georges 83, 114, 130Bouchet, Jean 50–2, 72Bourbon, Antoinette de 109Bourbon, Catherine de, abbess of

Soissons 63Bourbon, Charles de 56Bourbon, Eleanor de 56, 110Bourbon, Gabrielle de 71–8Bourbon, Isabelle de 16Bourbon, Jeanne de 18Bourbon, Louis de, Prince of Condé

132Bourbon, Louise de, abbess of

Fontevrault 27, 29, 110Bourbon, Madeleine de 22, 132Bourbon, Renée de, abbess of Chelles

48–9Bourbon, Renée de, abbess of

Fontevrault 25Bourbon, Susanne de 72Bourbon-Montpensier, Charlotte de

28–39Bourbon-Montpensier, Jeanne de

103–4Bourbon-Montpensier, Louis de, duke

of Montpensier 29, 30, 1, 34,38–9

Bourbon-Montpensier, Louise de,abbess of Faremoutiers 29

Bourdeille, Françoise de 28Bourdeille, Jeanne de 28Bourg, Anne du 85Bourgeois, Louise 139–40Bourges 11, 15, 23, 49–50, 54, 71,

81, 140Bourgnes, Jeanne 61Bourgnes, Pierre 59–61

Boursier, Isabeau 113Brames, Marie de 140Brederode, Yolande de, madame de

Falais 84Brette, Marie 33–4, 35–6, 38Brie 104Brochon, Kateline 112Brossier, Marthe 62, 66Bueil, Louise de 18Burel, Jean 127–8, 138Burial disputes 47, 106–9Burlamacchi, Chiara 91Burlamacchi, Michele 91Burlamacchi, Renée 91–3Bussi, Jacquette de 131–2

Cahource 109Calais 112Calandrini, Magdelaine 93Caling, Nicole 79Calvin, Jean 27, 43, 80–2, 84, 114Calvinist church politics 90–1Calvinist churches, institutions of 3,

8, 39–45, 66, 83, 99Calvinist consistory courts 8, 39–45,

99Canonisation 46, 49–50, 54, 57, 62Carbonnier-Burkard, Marianne 85Carcassonne 17, 23, 137Carmelite Order 13, 47–8Catherine de Medici 50, 52, 110,

119–20, 123–5, 134–6Catholic Church courts 8, 39–44Catholic Church, institution of 8,

9–40, 42, 44–5, 86–8Catholic institutional reforms 3–5,

20, 78Cazaude, Jehanne 57Ceremonial roles, female 97Ceremonies of childbirth 40; of

death 105–8Châlons 27, 104Châlons, Hugues de 55Châlons, Philippine de 56Chantilly 62Chapelle-Rainsoun 109Charbonneau, Jacquine 116Charitable practices, female 115–17,

145


Charles V 51–2Charles VI 52Charles VII 52, 55Charles VIII 119Charles IX 51–2Charlotte of Savoy 52Charphaude, Jeanne 47Chasteignier, Françoise de 81Chasteignier, Henri-Louis de 81Chasteignier, Louise de 28, 81Chasteignier, Philippe de 27–8, 80–1Châteauneuf 64Chaumont-en-Bassigny 109Chelles, female community of 48–9Chenevière, Jeanne 97Chevalier, Bernard 58Chevreau, Anne 62Chezal-Benoît abbey, reformers 22,

26Childbirth 57Chouchet, Claudine 129Clarisses see Sainte ClaireClement VII 21Clement VIII 17Clermont, Jeanne de 19, 110Clermont, Louis de 109Coignard, Gabrielle de 86–7Collombière, Françoise 82Colloquy of Poissy 26, 86, 123Compiègne 127Concordat of Bologna 15Confraternities 3, 96, 113, 127, 145Confraternities, female involvement

in 100–3Convent exposure to Protestantism

27–39, 80–1Convents 4–7, 9–11, 13, 14–24,

46–57, 62–3, 71, 73–4, 82, 102–5,107–10, 112, 116, 123–7, 132–8,140–1, 144–5

Convent, violence within 16, 23–5Conversion to Protestantism 80–4Coras, Jean de 131–2Correspondence 9, 27, 80–2, 84, 92,

128–9, 131–4Cossée, Jeanne de 19Cottin, Marguerite 108Couchman, Jane 39Couhé, Jeanne de 16

Council of Trent 5, 16, 20–1, 24, 32,62

Courts, secular 8Coutances 98, 112Coutras 40–1Crawford, Patricia 4Crespin, Jean 67–8, 85, 92, 106,

130Crue, Cécile de 35, 38Cullotte, Françoise 23Cusset 140

Davis, Natalie Zemon 3, 5, 82, 100,114

Delaruelle, Etienne 70Delumeau, Jean 4, 6Demonology 64–5Des Roches, Catherine 119Des Roches, Madeleine 119, 139Despaigne, Florentine 130Devotio moderna mariale 53, 71Dickerman, Edmund H. 62Diefendorf, Barbara B. 3, 98, 141Dijon 97–9, 114, 129Dinges, Martin 115Dolan Claire 107, 133Dominican Order 16Donald, Donna 90Dorée, Barbe 65Doué 129Doulcete, Françoise 88Drèze, Jean-François 53, 71Du Bec, Françoise 93Du Gain, Françoise 19Du Laurens, Jeanne 93–4Du Verger, Madame 89–90Du Verger, Philippe 89–90Duplessis-Mornay Philippe 41, 43,

90–2, 128Dynastic strategies 13, 17–18, 28,

34, 38, 56, 73, 80–1, 108–10, 144

Ebrard, Christophe de, abbot ofMarcilhac 18

Education, female 28, 74, 79–85,88–90, 94, 114–15

Elizabeth I 120Enchantment 64–5

Index 203

Enclosure, convents 23–7, 47, 103,132

England 4, 7, 42, 144Entombments 108–10Espence, Claude de 26, 86Essai, chateau of 56Estavayer, female community of 80Este, Anne de 122Evans, Joan 111Exorcism 62–3, 65

Family life, concepts of 3, 4, 14, 40,90–4

Farel, Guillaume 55Farge, Arlette 138Fathon, Jean 80Faucher, Denys 79Feast-days and festivals 105Ferguson, Gary 87Ferrara 91Filet de la Curée, Gilbert 122Flaminio, Marco Antonio 86Fleury, Antoine 120Fontenay 130Fontevrault, community of 16–17,

21, 25, 27, 36–7, 56, 79, 110Fontevrault Order 12, 36–7Fontevrault, reforms 36Foucault, Claude 85Foucault, Radegonde 85Fougières, Antoinette de 22Fournel, Jeanne 84, 105, 114François I 78, 119Frederick III, Elector 28Funeral monuments 108–10Funeral rituals 105–8

Gaches, Jacques 130Galpern, A.N. 6, 96, 100–1, 109Ganges 100Garelle, Marie 15Gauvinelle, Catherine 13, 15Geneva 81–2, 85, 91, 114, 129, 133Gentilcore, David 58Germany 4, 27, 32, 42, 104Gilbert Nicolas (Gabriel-Maria) 10Gilles, Nicole 50Gontault, Jeanne de 118Gosset, Claude 136

Greengrass, Mark 128Grenada, Louis de 88Grevin, Martin 23Grimaldi, Domenico, archbishop of

Avignon 25Groslée, Antoinette de 63–4Guichard de Pairé, Jeanne 18Guillotier, Renée 116Guyard, Françoise 10–15, 49–54, 57,

81, 140

Hagiography 9–15, 23, 46–57Harcourt, Agnès de 46Hardouin, Gabrielle de 81Hardy, Daniel W. 114Harfleur 59Harline, Craig 5Harvillier, Jeanne 65Haton, Claude 48–9, 83Heidelberg 28Henri III 19, 85, 119, 139Henri IV 17–18, 48, 93, 120–2,

126–7, 129Henry, Jehan 72, 79–80, 112Heroic female behaviour,

interpretations of 67Historical writing by women 7, 9–15,

21–2, 27–8, 41, 49–56, 58–9, 87,90–5, 103–4, 107–8, 111, 113,120–1, 127, 131–41, 145

Holt, Mack P. 2Holy women see also sanctity 12, 46,

49, 50, 56–7Hospital services 116–17Hôtel-Dieu de Paris 23–4Humanism 77–9

Isabelle de France 46–7Italy 144

Jeanne d’Arc 52–4, 119Jeanne de France 10–15, 23, 45,

49–58, 71–3, 79, 140Jehanne, widow of Thomas Bemict

130Johnson, Susan M. 4Joinvelle 109Jouarre 111Jussie, Jeanne de 56, 133


Kalas, Robert J. 118Karant-Nunn, Susan 4Kettering, Sharon 118Kuperty-Tsur, Nadine 94, 121

L’Estoile, Pierre de 85, 119, 122La Cour, Agnès de 113La Cour, Catherine de 116–17La Croix, Matthieu de 48La Fougereuze, Madame de 19La Haye, Françoise de 112La Madeleine, community of, Orleans

27La Motte, Pierre de 66La Moyne, Blanche 59–61La Rochefoucauld, Françoise I de 132La Trémoille Charlotte de 17, 22,

111, 133La Trémoille, Claude, Duke of Thouars

129La Trémoille, Jean de 25La Trinité, community of, Poitiers

18–19, 27Laignes, Jacquelyne de 109Lançon, Pierre 101–2Langlois, Marguerite 40Langlois, Thierrye 109, 115Lannoy, Raoul de 108Laon 65–6Le Gall, Jean-Marie 20Le Mans 111Le Mas-Sainte-Puelles 130Le Megnen, Guillemette 113Le Megnen, Jehan 113Le Megnen, Jehanne 113Le Picart, François 82–3Le Prevost, Marie 140Le Puy 117, 126, 128, 138Le Riche, Marguerite 85Le Roy, Nicole 62–3Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. 5Leo X 47Ligueux 28Liniers, Françoise de 108Lisle, Honor 112Lobgeois, Catherine 112Loiseux, Louise 115Longchamp, community of 46–8

Longwy, Jacqueline de, duchess ofMontpensier 30–4, 36, 38

Lorraine, Henry I de, 3rd duke of Guise92, 122, 127

Lorraine, Jeanne de 17Lorraine, Marguerite de 73Louis IX, St 46, 51Louis XI 11, 52–3Louis XII 10–11, 16, 52–3Louise de Savoie 12–13, 54–6, 73,

119Low Counties 5, 11, 42, 140Lowe, K. J. P. 7Loyola, Ignatius de 88Lucca, Italy 91Luns, Philippe de 67–8, 85, 106Luther, Martin 4Lyons 63–4, 83, 114, 127, 136

Macek, Ellen 3Mack, Phyllis 7Magistri, Yves 56, 112Mahiel, Jeanne 107Mailloc, Susanne de 112Malhète, Jeanne 82Mansecal, Catherine de 86–7Mansecal, Jane de 86–7Margaritis, Machane de 130Marguerite de Lorraine 12–13, 56–8Marguerite de Navarre 21, 28, 56–7,

77–9Marguerite de Valois 121Marital roles 2, 4, 13, 43, 67–8, 73,

77, 87, 90–1, 93, 101, 108–9Marot, Clément 114Marquets, Anne de 26, 86–7, 123Marrafin, Françoise de 17, 21–2Marshall Wyntjes, Sherrin 3Marshman, Michelle 63Martin, Marie 64–5Martyrdom 3, 46, 49, 66–8, 85, 92,

123, 130Massacre, St Bartholomew’s 91–2Maternal roles 3–4, 40, 68, 71–2,

87–8, 91, 93–4, 119–20Matthews Grieco, Sara F. 89Mazan, Sybille 102Meaux intellectual circle 77

Index 205

Meditative literature 70–9, 86–8, 95,145

Melun, Artuse de 109Mentzer, Raymond A. 3, 39–41, 44,

99, 115Méry, Marie de 37–8Messier, Robert 47Michelot, Bénigne 105Michelot, Laurent 105Military conflict 8, 16, 48, 53, 118,

125–31Millau 136Milly, Adrien de 23Minut, Charlotte de 20, 26, 123–5,

134–6Minut, Gabriel de 123Miracles 14, 23, 46–50, 54–7, 59–61,

63, 66–7, 80, 104Missionaries 5Monctsoreau, Helene de 112Montalembert, Adrien de 63–4Montargis 91Montauban 41–3Montay, Jean de 48Montcausson, Guyonne de 137Montcausson, Lionne de 137–8Montélimar 82Montenay, Georgette de 89–90Montmorency, Jeanne de, duchess of

Thouars 19, 129Montmorency, Magdeleine 17Montpellier 19, 98, 137Montsaujon, Marie de 106Morancé 136Morel, Blanche 59–60Morel, Camille 122Morel, Louise 64Morelle, Jehanne 59–60Mortain 89Mouhet, Françoise de 13–14Moureau, Mathurin 116Moureau, Thienette 116Mousson, Jehanne 33Moustier, Nicolas de 109Munich 5Mystic visions 54Mysticism 47, 54, 71–2, 78–9,

144

Nantes 47–8Nassau, Charlotte-Brabantine de,

duchess of Thouars 128–9Nassau, Elisabeth de, duchess of

Bouillon 128–9Navarre 119, 122Necrologies 9Nemours, Charles Emmanuel of

Savoy, 3rd duke of 126, 138Neufville le Roy 64Neuschel, Kristen 118Neuville, Dauphine de 19Nicolas, Gilbert (Gabriel-Maria)

10–14, 53Nîmes 40–1, 115Nivette, Marguerite 82Norberg, Kathryn 3Nôtre-Dame d’Audecye, community

of 27Nôtre-Dame de Couëts, community of

47–8Nôtre-Dame de Gargues, community

of 79Nôtre-Dame de Jouarre, community of

28–39, 111Nôtre-Dame de la Couture,

community of 111Nôtre-Dame de Nantes, canons of

47–8Nôtre-Dame de Nazareth d’Aix-en-

Provence, community of 25, 27Nôtre-Dame de Prouille community of

17, 23Nôtre-Dame de Rieunette community

of 137Nôtre-Dame de Saintes, community of

132Nôtre-Dame de Soissons, community

de 63Nôtre-Dame, Parisian chapter of 23Nozeroy 55Nursing 116–17, 128

Obri, Nicole 65–6Obry, Marguerite 62Oliva, Marilyn 3Orbe 133Orleans 27, 67, 116


Paraclet, community of 28, 32Paradin, Guillaume 79Pardieu, Marie de 112Paris 22, 67, 85, 89, 91–2, 104,

106–7, 109, 113, 115–16, 119,122, 139–40

Parlement, Grenoble 82Parlement, Paris 24, 48Parlement, Toulouse 23Parthenay, Catherine de 121–2,

128–9Patine, Catherine 23Patronage of female monastic

institutions 18, 25, 30–1, 37, 39,47, 52, 56, 58, 107–8, 134

Patronage, women’s religious 5, 21,49–52, 56–7, 109–10, 118, 126–8,134

Paule, François de, St 57–8Pellant, Marguerite 129Penketh, Sandra 112Perthuis, Catherine de 31–3,

36, 38Petot, Pierre 107Philiberte de Luxembourg 56Pierre II, Duke of Brittany 47Pierrepoint, Anne de 22Pilgrimage 48, 57–8, 62, 104, 113Pithou Nicolas 83, 89, 114Pizan, Christine de 76Poissy 26, 86, 123Poitiers 16, 18–19, 22, 25, 27–8, 81,

103–4, 109, 116–17, 132, 139Poix, Jeanne de 108Polignanc, Anne de 109Politics, female involvement in

118–25Poor Clares see Sainte-ClairePoor relief 44, 115–16, 130, 138–9Possession 7–8, 62–3, 65–6Pot, Marie 57Pot, Thomas 110Pourcelle, Macée 13Prayers 57–9, 65, 83, 102, 105–9,

124, 127, 134Preachers, male 97, 112–14Preaching, female 3, 81–5Processions 26, 40, 59, 62, 82,

103–5

Propaganda and proselytising 81–6,89, 94, 119–23

Purgatory 63

Raemond, Florimond de 84–5Rasca, Gausida 23Rationality 73, 76Raymond, Vidal 40Reading, female 66, 70–2, 75, 77,

78–9, 82–5, 89, 97, 112–15Réalmont 131Reform, convent 10, 16, 20–7, 31,

63–4, 79, 144Regulation, moral 2, 39–44, 79, 99Regulation, sumptuary 113–14Reinburg, Virginia 113Relics 47–9, 63, 103–4, 111Renée de France 91Restitution of goods 131Rheims 104Richemont, Catherine de 29–32, 36,

38Roberts, Penny 107, 131, 139Rochefort Pluvot, Edmé de 126Rochefoucault, François de 109Rodez 15Roelker, Nancy L. 3, 126Romans 82, 105–7Ronceray d’Angers, community of

19Roper, Lyndal 4, 7Rouen 60, 100–2, 117Rouergue 102Roye, Eleanor de 92–3Ruzé, Jean 29, 32, 35–6

Saint-Belin, Geuffroy de 109Saint-Belin, Renée de 27Saint-Césaire d’Arles, community of

21Sainte-Catherine de Gilles de

Montpellier, community of19

Sainte-Catherine de Montpellier,community of 137–8

Sainte-Claire d’Aix-en-Provence,community of 133–4

Sainte-Claire d’Argentan, communityof 56–7

Index 207

Sainte-Claire d’Orbe, community of54–6, 133

Sainte-Claire de Chambery,community of 56

Sainte-Claire de Genève, communityof 56, 133

Sainte-Claire de Montpellier,community of 137

Sainte-Claire de Saint-Cyprien deToulouse, community of 134

Sainte-Claire de Saint-Salin deToulouse, community of 20, 26,123, 134

Sainte-Claire de Vevey, community of56

Sainte-Claire du Puy, community of127

Sainte-Croix de Poitiers, communityof 16, 18, 22, 25, 28, 103–4, 132

Sainte-Marie de l’Arpajonnie,community of 18, 136

Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon,community of 79

Sainte-Perrine de La Villette,community of 127

Saint-François de Laval, community of56

Saint-Guilhen de Montpellier,community of 137–8

Saint-Honorat de Tarascon,community of 79

Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval-lès-Thouars,community of 19, 27, 80–1

Saint-Laurent d’Avignon, communityof 25

Saint-Laurent de Bourges, communityof 23, 63

Saint-Louis de Poissy, community of26, 86, 123

Saint-Martin de Tours, community of17, 22, 103

Saint-Maurice, Catherine de 55Saint-Michel, Catherine de 21Saint-Pierre des Nonnains,

community of 63–4, 136Saint-Pont, Claire de 126Saint-Simon-Sandricourt, Agnès de

19

Saint-Sulpice, Jacques de 18, 136Saint-Sulpice, Louise Ebrard de 18,

136Saints 3, 7, 10–12, 46, 49, 66, 96,

111Sampson Vera Tudela, Elisa 5Sanctity 10–15, 47–54, 55–69, 87,

140Sarret, Claire de 19Sarrot, Radegonde de 34–8Saulvageau, Jacqueline 108Saulx, Catherine de 54–5Saumur 91Saunders, Alison M. 89Sauzet 83Saveuses, Anthoinette de 112Schlau, Stacey 5Sedan 28, 42Senlis 65Séverac, Jeanne de 23Sexuality, female 83–4Singing 114Sixtus V 50, 123–5, 134–6Sluhovsky, Moshe 63Social status, impact of 11–15,

25, 30–1, 34, 38–9, 44–5, 48–9,58, 62–3, 71, 81, 83, 98–100,108–10, 113–14, 115–17, 118–19, 126,

Soissons 62Sorbonne 77–8Spain 5, 122, 144Spicer, Andrew 99Spirits, diabolical 64–5Strasser, Ulrike 5, 140–1Superiors, convent interaction with

9, 11, 17, 22, 39, 103–4, 132Supernatural beliefs 8, 46–69Supernatural healing 48, 57, 65Supply runners, female 130

Tarascon 79Tavannes, Jean de 114Taylor, Larissa J. 97, 112Testamentary practices 43, 85,

105–9, 115Theizé, Alis de 63–4Thouars 80–1Tongrelou, Jehanne de 116


Toulouse 20, 23, 27, 83, 86, 114,128–32, 134–6

Tours 13, 17, 21–2, 26–7, 57, 103–4,107–8, 111, 116, 121–2, 127, 130,133, 138–40

Troyes 40, 83–4, 89, 101, 105–6, 114,130, 139

Umble, Jenifer 3Ursuline Order 102

Valence 84Vassetz, Jehanne 33Vellèches, dependent priory of Sainte-

Croix 22Venard, Marc 25, 64, 102Vendôme 48–9Verbery 65Vertueil 109Vézélay 126Viennot, Eliane 121Vierzon 133Villarzel, Catherine de 80Villemur 43Villiers 62Violence, religious 5–6, 48–50, 81,

91–2, 109–11, 118–42, 145

Virgin Mary 11–12, 54, 63, 71–2, 74,87, 96, 104, 108, 110

Vivonne, André de 16Vivonne, Marguerite de 16Vocation 12–14, 28–39, 55, 116–17,

123Voisins d’Ambres, Antoinette de

17

Walker, Anita M. 62Walker, Claire 5Wanegffelen, Thierry 2Watson, Timothy 83Waudricourt, Ysabeau de 112Weber, Alison 7Widowhood 13, 56, 73, 77, 94, 99,

101, 109–10, 116–17, 126Wiesner, Merry E. 3, 5–7William of Orange 28Winn, Colette H. 87Witchcraft 7–8, 62, 64–5Woodford, Charlotte 7Work, women’s 97, 100–1, 140Wrevin 65

Zarri, Gabriella 5Zwickau 4