notes: the past tense in spanish€¦ ·  · 2015-01-201 nombre_____ hora _____ notes: the past...

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1 Nombre______________________________ Hora ______ NOTES: THE PAST TENSE IN SPANISH DO NOT LOSE! Spanish has TWO past tenses: PRETERITE AND IMPERFECT Generally, the preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as COMPLETED. Implies: definite beginning and end Tells us: Specifically when the action took place Tells us: about a specific event in the past Generally, the imperfect is used for actions in the past that are NOT SEEN AS COMPLETED! Implies: There is not a definite beginning and end Tell us: descriptive details or general information about the past Tells us: In general when the action took place One more time…. 1) The preterite is used for a) the completion of past actions or states, b) the beginning of past actions or states. 2) The imperfect is used for a) actions and states in progress at some focused point in the past, b) habitual past actions, c) repetitious past actions, d) anticipated/planned past actions.

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Nombre______________________________

Hora ______

NOTES: THE PAST TENSE IN SPANISH

DO NOT LOSE!

Spanish has TWO past tenses:

PRETERITE AND IMPERFECT

Generally, the preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as COMPLETED.

Implies: definite beginning and end

Tells us: Specifically when the action took place

Tells us: about a specific event in the past

Generally, the imperfect is used for actions in the past that are NOT SEEN AS COMPLETED!

Implies: There is not a definite beginning and end

Tell us: descriptive details or general information about the past

Tells us: In general when the action took place

One more time…. 1) The preterite is used for a) the completion of past actions or states, b) the beginning of past actions or states. 2) The imperfect is used for a) actions and states in progress at some focused point in the past, b) habitual past actions, c) repetitious past actions, d) anticipated/planned past actions.

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EL PRETERITO

-AR verb endings. Drop the –ar ending and add:

-ER/IR endings. Drop the –er/-ir and add:

Ejemplos:

Hablar = to talk/speak

Comer = to eat

é amos

aste

ó aron

í imos

iste

ió ieron

Hablé Hablamos

Hablaste

Habló Hablaron

Comí Comimos

Comiste

Comió Comieron

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PRETERITE Rules for usage:

SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD

Vivimos allí por tres años=________________________________________________________________

COMPLETED ACTIONS

Yo comí la major hamburguesa del mundo=__________________________________________________

BEGINNINGS/ENDINGS

Ella empezó la tarea.= ___________________________________________________________________

Yo terminé la tarea a las once de la noche.=

_____________________________________________________________________________________

NEW ELEMENT IN A STORY

De repente, vi el monstruo. =_____________________________________________________________

CHAIN OF EVENTS/SEQUENCE

Ella se levantó, se vistió, y salió.=__________________________________________________________

ACTIONS THAT INTERRUPT

(Estaba leyendo), cuando mi papa entró =

_____________________________________________________________________________________

WRAPPING UP A STORY

Y ellos vivieron contentos por el resto de sus vidas.

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Preterite Indicator Words - indicate specific time frames

anoche – last night

anteayer – day before yesterday

ayer – yesterday

ayer por la mañana/la tarde – yesterday morning/afternoon

de repente - suddenly

desde el primer momento – from the first moment

el año/el mes/el día pasado – the past year, past month, past day

en ese momento - in that moment

entonces - then

esta mañana/tarde/noche – that morning, afternoon, night

hace dos días, años – two days/years ago

la semana pasada – last week

los días de la semana – the days of the week

los mes del año – the months of the year

por (time period) – for (ex: Por el resto de su vida.)

empezar (ZAR) - beginings

terminar – endings

*Sometimes time indicators can be used as part of setting the scene and don’t necessarily indicate for sure which tense to use, think descriptive/general or specific. Ex: Esta mañana el cielo estaba (this is imperfect) precioso = _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Common Irregular Preterite Verbs – Ir, Ser, Ver, Dar, Hacer

Ir – to go Ser – to be

Ver – to see Dar – to give

Hacer – to make/do

CAR, GAR, ZAR Irregular Preterite

Verbs which end in car, gar and zar acquire a spell-change (called an orthographic change) in the preterite yo

form in order to preserve the sound.

Verbs that end in –gar change g to gu

Verbs that end in –car change c to qu

Verbs that end in –zar change z to c

Ex: jugar : I played. Yo jugué.

buscar: I looked for. Yo busqué.

Almorzar: I lunched. Yo almorcé.

fui fuimos

fuiste

fue fueron

fui fuimos

fuiste

fue fueron

vi vimos

viste

vio vieron

di dimos

diste

dio dieron

hice hicimos

hiciste

hizo hicieron

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BORRACHO VERBS – ir stem changing verbs in the preterite.

- ir verbs that stem change in the present tense DO change in the preterite, but in a different way.

-IR stem-changing verbs change e -> i and o-> u in the third person singular & plural (él, ella, ud, ellos, ellas, uds.)

Silly Saying: Infinitive Stem change in the 3rd person singular & plural

Most Morir murió, murieron

Drunk Dormir durmió, durmieron

People Pedir pidió, pidieron

Very Vestirse se vistió, se vistieron

Rarely Repetir repitió, repitieron

See Seguir siguió, siguieron

Signs Servir sirvió, sirvieron

Please Preferir prefirió, prefirieron

Drive Divertirse se divirtió, se divirtieron

Safely Sentirse se sintió, se sintieron

NOTE: -ar and –er verbs that stem change in the present tense DO NOT change in the preterite. They are conjugated just like all other preterite verbs.

Ex: Cerrar – to close (e – ie, in the PRESENT tense, NOT in the preterite)

Cerré Cerramos

Cerraste

cerró cerraron

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BORRACHO VERBS conjugated (stem change in the 3rd person sing & plural)

*Remember borracho means drunk! Morir - to die Dormir - to sleep

Pedir - to ask for/order Vestirse - to dress

Repetir - to repeat Seguir - to follow

Servir - to serve Preferir - to prefer

Divertirse - to have fun Sentirse - to feel

Morí Morimos

Moriste

murió murieron

Dormí Dormimos

Dormiste

Durmió durmieron

Pedí Pedimos

Pediste

Pidió Pidieron

Me vestí Nos vestimos

Te vestiste

Se vistió Se vistieron

Repetí Repetimos

Repetiste

Repitió Repitieron

Seguí Seguimos

Seguiste

Siguió Siguieron

Prefer Preferimos

Preferiste

Prefirió Prefirieron

Serví Servimos

Serviste

Sirvió Sirvieron

Me divertí Nos divertimos

Te divertiste

Se divirtió Se divirtieron

Me sentí Nos sentimos

Te sentiste

Se sintió Se sintieron

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HQV Verbs - Irregular stems in the preterite and all take the same irregular preterite verb

endings…we call these verbs Happy Queen Victoria verbs.

INFINITIVE NEW STEM in the PRETERITE

Tener tuv- Estar estuv- Andar anduv- Hacer hic- Querer quis- Venir vin- Poder pud- Poner pus- Saber sup- Decir dij-* Traer traj-* Conducir conduj-* *verbs that end in j, drop the “i” and just add –eron to the ending

Saying to help you remember: TEA! Happy Queen Victoria, Please Pass the Sugar. Don’t Touch the Crumpets

HQV Examples:

TENER QUERER

PODER DECIR

tuve tuvimos

tuviste

tuvo tuvieron

quise quisimos

quisiste

quiso quisieron

Pude Pudimos

Pudiste

Pudo pudieron

dije dijimos

dijiste

dijo Dijeron **

-e -iste -o -imos -ieron (-eron*)

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EL IMPERFECTO

-AR verb endings. Drop the –ar ending and add:

-ER/IR endings. Drop the –er/-ir and add:

Ejemplos:

Andar

Comer

aba ábamos

abas

aba aban

ía íamos

ías

ía ían

Andaba Andábamos

Andabas

Andaba Andaban

Comía Comíamos

Comías

Comía Comían “was –ing” or “used

to” can be added in

English to help clarify

the imperfect.

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IMPERFECTO Rules for usage:

SET THE SCENE/BEGINNING A STORY

Había una chica bonita.= _________________________________________________________________

DESCRIPTIVE DETAIL (physical/emotional state/age)

Yo era alta y muy fuerte. ________________________________________________________________

Nosotros estábamos muy contentos _______________________________________________________

La niña tenía cinco años. =________________________________________________________________

PRE-EXISTING ELEMENT IN A STORY

Cuando Sara llegó a la casa, vio que la puerta estaba abierta.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

HABITUAL ACTIONS/REPEATED EVENTS

Comíamos en la cafeteria todos los días. ____________________________________________________

SIMULTANEOUS EVENTS

Bebía mientras caminaba. _______________________________________________________________

Yo estaba estudiando y escuchando la radio._________________________________________________

ACTIONS DEPICTED AS ON-GOING

Estaba disfrutando la película._____________________________________________________________

ACTIONS THAT GET INTERRUPTED (present progressive)

Yo estaba leyendo (cuando mi papa entró).

_____________________________________________________________________________________

TELLING TIME

Era las siete de la noche.=________________________________________________________________

** “used to” is IMPLIED in the Imperfect **

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Imperfect Indicator Words – indicate DESCRIPTION, REPETITION, & VAGUE/non-specific time

había [haber] - there was/were

estaba +ando/iendo (present

progressive)

A menudo - often

A veces - sometimes

Cada . . . - each/every

Con frecuencia - frequently

De vez en cuando - once in awhile

Frecuentemente - frequently

Generalmente - generally

Muchas veces – many times

Mucho – a lot

Por un rato – for while

Siempre - always

Tantas veces – so many times

Todas las semanas – every week

Todo el tiempo – all the time

Todos los días – every day

Varias veces – various times

**Nunca – never

NOTE ON NUNCA! it doesn’t belong to either the

preterite or imperfect. Ask yourself, what tense

would be used if nunca were NOT there. Use that

tense.

Preterite

EX: A partir de ese día nunca volvimos a la casa

mala.

Imperfect

EX: el chico nunca comía verduras porque no le

gustaban.

ONLY 3 IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE IMPERFECT (IR, VER, SER) YAY!!!

Ir – to go Ser – to be

Ver – to see

** NO STEM CHANGING VERBS

IN THE IMPERFECT **

Iba íbamos

Ibas

iba iban

Era Éramos

Eras

era eran

Veía Veíamos

Veías

veía veían

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