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Notes to the Vowels A, I and U jwr47

Basic IdeaThe roots for cuneiform scripts probably have been introduced by the Sumerians. The Sumeriansstarted by developing sets of hieroglyphs, in which some graphical symbols shared correlatingfundamentals. This paper concentrates on the highest ranking sky-god and the ego-pronoun “I”.

Initially the mother-symbol shared the same graphical representation with the “I”-symbol and the“house”-symbol, although the verbal representations used different roots.

The main letter symbol for the “mother”-word “ama”! and the sky-god"s name “an”, “anu”! startedwith an “#”.

In the course of time the core vowels however e$panded to three elements% #, I and &.

In this paper I documented the evolution of the primary vowels #, I and &, which may have beenthe root elements of the reduced instruction set of letters.

The vowels #, I and & also belong to the border elements of vocal activity. The # is the low vowel,defined as an [a], for which the tongue is positioned low in the widely opened mouth. In high or raised vowels, such as [i] and [u], the tongue is positioned high in the mouth. These e$tremes have

 been used to symboli'e the most important definitions in philosophy and religion, on which thestate"s power had been built.

The vocal boundary conditions are valid for human beings and it would be a natural case to use thevowel triad [i][a][u] for symbolism, which may e$plain the names (yaus, IaU-piter and IAΩ)eue! for religious core elements. Some of these names e$tend the threefold vowel core withconsonants such as a leading “(” and trailing “s”.

I invested some time to compare the various records of vowel designs and vowel symbolism,concentrating on the coding area of [i][a][u] and their linguistic e*uivalents, which all had beenmarking the center [a] and the e$tremities [i] and [u] of the vocal range.

In the course of time the divine name evolved to  Ia'u or Ya'u and the ego-pronoun to  Ia-a-ti 1 or Ya-ti , which seem to concentrate on the vowels #, I and &.

The concentration on a reduced set of vowels simplifies study, because vowels usually have been

defined as individual elements, whereas consonants often have been integrated into syllableelements.

The words for “water” sometimes interpreted as seminal fluid! preferably seemed to have beendesigned with the central “#”-core.

The “I” and “&”-border elements had been used in philosophies which had to be based on antipodalelements. This may have been the case in designing divine names such as (iaus or I+&-piter.

The word is highly vowel-concentrated and must be considered as a religious symbol related to od

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Overview

/rom Sumerian hieroglyphs we may identify the correlation between the words for “mother”,“house”, “I” and the divine symbol for Sumerian “#n” or #kkadian “Ilu”. The divine symbol(ingir both symboli'ed the words Ia"u or 0a"u respectively the ego-pronouns Ia-a-ti or 0a-ti.

• /rom Ia"u the words 0121 and I303 respectively the 4I3-root 5deiuo lead us to (aeva,(ewan and (ieu as well as to the ego-pronouns Ieu 4rovencal!, )e /rench! and “I”3nglish!.

• #nother branch leads from “#naku” to “#n"s child”, symboli'ing “#na” #ramaic “I”!, #ni1ebrew “I”!, ana &garitic “I”!, “uk” 1ittite!, “ik” othic!.

• The principal vowel “#” leads to the “#” hieroglyph for water 6 semen!, and the initialrunic letter “ansu'” #!, the word “anses” othic!, “7sir” gods!.

The steps of these three derivation branches may be detailed in subse*uent steps, documented in aseries of chapters. #part from the basic vowel “#” both the vowels “I” and “&” seem to symboli'e

a pair of symbols for bipolarity, which may have been developed in later evolutionary stages.

1: Evolution of the divine names, „I“ and „gods“

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Sound reproduction

The I and & are high vowels, for which the tongue must be positioned high in the mouth, whereasthe # is a low vowel for which the tongue must be positioned low in the mouth.

8owel height is named for the vertical position of the tongue relative to either the roof 

of the mouth or the aperture of the 9aw. In high or raised vowels, such as [i] and [u], thetongue is positioned high in the mouth, whereas in low vowels, such as [a], the tongueis positioned low in the mouth. The I4# prefers the terms close vowel and open vowel,which respectively describe the 9aw as open or closed.: 

In front vowels, such as ;i<, the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth, whereas in back vowels, such as ;u<, the tongue is positioned towards the back of the mouth.

created by Badseed   under GNU ree !ocumentation "icense , #ersion 1$% or any later

The basic tokens #=, (I=, & had been designed as control tokens for the mouth for producing the

re*uired vocal sounds. The horn-like shape of the &-token may represent the “kissing mouth”.

• The &-token represents a “kissing mouth”, rounded open with circular lips like a horn,which is preferred to produce a low long “uuu”-sound.

• The # represents an wide-open mount in which the tongue is to be retracted as low as possible to produce a long “aaa”-sound.

• The I-token represents a highly elevated, stretched tongue to produce an “iii”-sound.

The vocal boundary conditions are valid for human beings and it would be a natural case to use thevowel triad [i][a][u] for symbolism, which may e$plain the names (yaus, IaU-piter and IAΩ)eue! for religious core elements. Some of these names e$tend the threefold vowel core withconsonants such as a leading “(” and trailing “s”.

:  8owel - #rticulation - . 1eight

 %: &ardinal vo'el tongue (osition)front$(ng $

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Chronological evolutionary steps for the Vowels' Symbolism

Equivalent Sumerian Hieroglyphics

In Sumerian the “house”-symbol and the “I”-symbol had been identical and seemed to match the

“mother”-symbol%

• >a ;1+&S3< wr. >a:? ma @house@ #kk. ABtu :CDD AE3!

• >ae ;I< FDG$% 3( IIIb, &r III, +ld Aabylonian! wr. >a:-e? >e:F @I@ :CDD AE3!

#lthough the “mother”-symbol is the most complicated of these three, the “mother”-symbol is theoldest of these hieroglyphs%

• ama ;H+T13< JFK$% 3( IIIb, +ld #kkadian, Lagash II, &r III, 3arly +ld Aabylonian,

+ld Aabylonian, unknown! wr. ama @mother@ #kk. &mmu KDDD AE3!.The only additional element in the “mother”-symbol seemed to be the  Dingir -symbol, which had

 been defined as “the sky” - a symbol for the sky-god “an” or in #kkadian language the sky-god Ilu. +bviously the mother had been seen as the link between the ego-pronoun “>ae” “I”! or thehouse “>a”! and the sky “an”, respectively “ilu”.

The cuneiform Dingir -symbol probably had been developed from a predecessor symbol such as one

of the following more primitive inscription drawings% .

F% “an”, “ilu”“sky”-god!

K% “>ae”

“I”!:CDD AE3

M% “>a”

“house”!:CDD AE3

 C% “ama”

“mother”!KDDD AE3

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Pre-cuneiform Sumerian tablets3 3,000 BCE 

“In the oldest known line-written pre-cuneiform Sumerian tablets, od is written with atriad of starsM. This was later simplified to a single star C.

“The ancient logogram for t*+ri also uses three “cross”-types of stars . Is it adivine trigramN

Turkic runic alphabet middle of the 1 st  millennium BC 6

• Location% in Southern Siberia and )eti-Su

!"ri, #i"ir, !"ir $%&y, 'od(

“#mong these characters show up sometimes ancient graphic logograms t*+ri  Sumer .di+ir  ! @Sky? od, deity@, compare Oa'akh. t*+ir , t*+iri  @od@ or  -e+gir  @great, high, highest@,Oarakalpak. di+ as(anda @very high, up in the sky@ phonetic transition t.d.- in the beginning of a

word!”J.

K  Potes to the Turkic unic #lphabet M see /igure , in “Tengri, Ohuday, (eos and od” - The word @od@ in different languagesC Source% “Tengri, Ohuday, (eos and od” - The word @od@ in different languagesand The entile Pames of od by ordon 1olmes /raser  F 1istory of #ncient TQrkic Script    A.S.Amanjolov (2003)

R The *uotation refers to “Tengri, Ohuday, (eos and od” - The word @od@ in different languages and /0 ym(osium on &reation/ #ols$ 1)2 3 htt(:44'''$creationism$org4sym(osium $J enesis +f The TQrkic unic #lphabet, 4osted by skit % K-+ct-:DDG at DG%::, also posted in Scribd at enesis +f 

The TQrkic unic #lphabet

 5: 6he /!/) and /6/)runes in the 6ur7ic al(habet 

 : 6he #o'els in the 6ur7ic al(habet 

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/ollowing the link to Sumer .  !i+ir 8, which of course is rather close to the  9IE -name !yaus! Ifound some more details to the name of od. The link between Turkish vowel * in t*+ri and 1; in

 !yus, !y and  “I”! might be e$plained from the global religious symbolism in vowels:.

'od in relation to the Assyrian )irst personal pronoun

#s a remarkable observation the #ssyrian first personal pronoun seems to be related to the divinename od!, which also has been observed in modern languages such as /rench4rovencal ieu  related to (ieu!, Italian io related to (io! and in a great number of Hediterranean dialects K.

#s tribal languages and dialects emerged, new phonetic values were e$pressed by the samesymbol, and this trend continued as long as the cuneiform script was used in Sumerian,1ittic, &garitic, Ehaldean and Aabylonian, and +ld 4ersian.

E. ). Aall writes that @the character /ig.U-(, an "high," "heaven," and, "The od of 1eaven,"which was read <in umerian ) 6ranslator=s Note> (ingir in the sense of a god also meant <inemitic ) 6ranslator=s Note> Ia"u or 0a"u and Ia-a-ti or 0a-ti. The latter  Ia-a-ti 14 or Ya-ti  is the

 Assyrian first !rson ronoun1"  . . . and may well be the prototype for the  S!mit! first 

 !rsonal ronoun.@:R 1e also suggests that Ia"u and 0a"u are the predecessors of the finalform of the 1ebrew )181.:J 

The 9IE -name !yaus and the previously mentioned Ia=u and ?a=u use all three vowel archephonems#, I and &. 

 I n t*+ri t wo of the vowels belong to the vowel archephonems are # a, V!, I W, i! and & o, u, X, Q!, but the third one &! is missing.

G The *uotation refers to “Tengri, Ohuday, (eos and od” - The word @od@ in different languages and /0 ym(osium on &reation/ #ols$ 1)2 3 htt(:44'''$creationism$org4sym(osium $D  Y for Yternity - # 2orld made of 2ords! 3tymology for (7y, Tiw and 7 “I”!

: +n the Symbolism of the 8owels #-3-I-+-& ZK The 1ermetic Eode$ II - Aipolar Honotheism and The Oeywords in od"s PameM The word is highly vowel-concentrated and must be considered as a religious symbol related to odC “Tengri, Ohuday, (eos and od” - The word @od@ in different languages

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Sumeria 3300 BCE to !00 CE"

The traditional basic vowels of archaic language I, #, & and maybe also 3! are found in Sumerianscripture. Initially the letters seem to have been derived from hieroglyphs.

This early scripture had been a syllabic encoding system, to be optimi'ed for simple syllables of the

form E8 or 8EF

.  The system also included M vowels, #, 3, I and &, but apart from the semi-vowel2 only #, I, & really reveal the simplicity of root symbols.

#s used for the Sumerian language, the cuneiform script was in principle capable of distinguishing[\ ^_[`\ `[\` \[`^\_[\_ [`j    ^ q ` \ [` _^^ [` x_^*ualities, a, e, i, u. The @ Iz-Symbol signifies the numeric sign “C”R.

Sumerian 8owels #, I, & from the e4S(-database

F 8 8owel, E Eonsonant.R List of cuneiform signs 

11: I  1;: U 

6able 8: yllabary listing of the stand)alone umerian vo'els 0, E, I, U 

 1%: /E/ 

 1A: 'u'a CUN!D 'r$ 'u)'a /a sound <onomato(oeic>/ 

 1: 0

 12: /F/ 

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*+ater, *-ouse and *I

#house$ - #%ater$ 

The words for “house” and “water” had been sharing the same symbol in Sumerian.

• a ;2#T3<  :K:G$% 3( IIIa, 3( IIIb, +ld #kkadian, Lagash II, &r III, 3arly +ldAabylonian, +ld Aabylonian, st millennium, unknown! wr. a @water? semen? progeny@#kk. m{? rih{tu. KDDD AE3!

• e ;1+&S3< K:M$% 3( IIIa, 3( IIIb, 3bla, +ld #kkadian, Lagash II, &r III, 3arly +ldAabylonian, +ld Aabylonian, uncertain, unknown! wr. e:? >a:? eM @house? temple? temple!

household? station of the moon!N? room? house-lot? estate@ #kk. ABtu

In (anish and in (utch the vowel “#” is associated with “water”, or “river”.

• | o.o river . In (anish an @|@ is a stream, small river or a creek J.

#house$ - #&$

The words for “house” and “I” had been sharing the same symbol in Sumerian.

• e ;1+&S3< K:M$% 3( IIIa, 3( IIIb, 3bla, +ld #kkadian, Lagash II, &r III, 3arly +ldAabylonian, +ld Aabylonian, uncertain, unknown! wr. e:? >a:? eM @house? temple? temple!

household? station of the moon!N? room? house-lot? estate@ #kk. bBtu

• >ae ;I< FDG$% 3( IIIb, &r III, +ld Aabylonian! wr. >a:-e? >e:F @I@

In (anish the ligature vowel “ /” is associated with the ego-pronoun “I”%

•

0  o.o I first-person singular personal pronoun! dialectal, mostly found in Tr}ndelag,northern Porway, and parts of western and southern Porway!.

J  Y ~ | 

15: aF06ED

 1: eHCUED

 1: Ja HCUED  18: Jae ID

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#ingir $#I1I2(

 !ingir  also meant sky or heaven in contrast with 7i which meant earth. Its emesal pronunciationwas dimer .

The #kkadians inherited 0n as the god of heavens from the Sumerian as 0nu), and in #kkadiancuneiform, the (IPI  character may refer either to #num or to the #kkadian word for god, ilu),

and conse*uently had two phonetic values an  and il .  1ittite cuneiform as adapted from the +ld#ssyrian kept the an value but abandoned il .

The #ssyrian sign (I•I could mean the #kkadian nominal stem il) meaning @god@ or @goddess@,derived acrophonically from the Semitic Kil) 

 'nu 'n"

The Sumerian sign (I•I originated as a star-shaped ideogram indicating a god in general, or theSumerian god #n, the supreme father of the gods.

In Sumerian mythology, Anu also An? from Sumerian N #n, @sky, heaven@! was a sky-god.

#nu had several consorts, the foremost being Oi earth!, Pammu, and &ras. Ay Oi he wasthe father of, among others, the  #nunnaki gods. Ay &ras he was the father of Pin"insinna.#ccording to legends, heaven and earth were once inseparable until #n and Oi bore 3nlil,god of the air, who cleaved heaven and earth in two.

#n and Oi were, in some te$ts, identified as brother and sister being the children of #nshar and  Oishar . Oi later developed into the #kkadian goddess #ntu  also known as @Oeffen#nu@, @Oef@, and @Oeffenk #num@!.

#nu e$isted in Sumerian cosmogony as a dome that covered the flat earth? +utside of thisdome was the primordial body of water known as Tiamat  not to be confused with the

subterranean #b'u!.;<In Sumerian, the designation @ 0n@ was used interchangeably with @the heavens@ so that in somecases it is doubtful whether, under the term, the god #n or the heavens is being denoted.

%1: !ingir <077adian>%;: !ingir <umerian>

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 '((a)ian *o%els +00 BCE to !00 CE"

The #kkadian and 1ittite vowels may be considered as copies from the Sumerian vowel symbols.

Babylonian ego-pronouns

The independent Aabylonian ego-pronoun is “an€ku”G, in the suffi$-version “-€ku” or “-€k”, whichcorrelates to the Sumerian god #n, the supreme father of the gods.

garitic ego-pronouns !300 BCE to .00 BCE"

Independent personal pronouns in &garitic are:D as follows% an€, an€ku @I”!, which%

• "ana" #ramaic! - I first person singular - usually used for emphasis!

• #ni   א! is the Hebre' first person singular nominative I! pronoun:.

“#n€ku”::, in the suffi$-version “-€ku” or “-€k”, also may have inherited its “k”-sound to theothic and ultimately to the (utch “ik”-variants.

 

G Introduction to the Aabylonian Language - 4ronouns pdf!:D Independent personal pronouns in &garitic grammar  : (oes 3heyeh mean you are or #PI in 1ebrew:: Introduction to the Aabylonian Language - 4ronouns pdf!

%%: 077adian and Hittite #o'els 0, E, I, U from  0ncient cri(ts

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Hittite *o%els !/00 BCE to !!00 BCE" a )ivine name Sius

The 1ittite inherited the #kkadian 8owels #, 3, I, &.

-ittite . %ius $'od(

In the 1ittite document “4roclamation of #nittas” the word (Siu-summin is translated as “our%ius35 The word sius, which is otherwise the generic word meaning @god,@ is derived from Indo-

3uropean 5#y!us, the father god of the sky.The 1ittite ego-pronoun is 6&, a:M.

8uwian Vowels $94:: ;<= to 7:: ;<=(

Aasically the Luwian 8owels had been restricted to #, I and &. These signs may be of hieroglyphicorigin.

The Luwian ego-pronoun is $a(mu:C.

:K 1ittite +nline:M spreadsheet of Swadesh words :C spreadsheet of Swadesh words 

%A: "u'ian vo'els 0)I)U <1A;; B&E to ;; B&E>

 %: 077adian and Hittite #o'els 0, E, I, U from  0ncient cri(ts

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Proto-Sinaitic !100 BCE to !!00 BCE"

The 4roto-Sinaitic alphabet has been evolving from 3gyptian hieroglyphic origin. This set reallymanaged the transition from syllabic writing to individual alphabetical symbols.

In this alphabet the sacred name 0121 may be transliterated from phonetics to reek! as I303,

in which the characters #leph reek #! and #yin reek +! are missing. The only relevant signsfor 0121 now are I-3-0 which in oman script would have been I-3-&.

  %2: 9roto)inaitic, 9hoenician and Gree7 letters

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2eduction the cunei)or alpha>et to a ?.eleent character set

#fter introduction by the Sumerians the archaic cuneiform script had been adopted by the#kkadians  from c. :CDD A.E.3., and by :DDD A.E.3. had evolved into +ld #ssyriancuneiform, with many modifications to Sumerian orthography.

The Semitic  e*uivalents for many signs became distorted or abbreviated to form new@phonetic@ values, because the syllabic nature of the script as refined by the Sumerians wasunintuitive to Semitic speakers. #t that stage, the former pictograms were reduced to a highlevel of abstraction, and were composed of only five basic wedge shapes% hori'ontal,vertical, two diagonals and the Fin7elha7en impressed vertically by the tip of the stylus. Thesigns e$emplary of these basic wedges are%

ge ;AL+2< wr. geM? geC? geK? ge::? ge:K @blow? wound? stroke of the stylus?

piece of! writing, copy, e$emplar, written@ #kk. mihi‚tu? mihi‚tu? ƒa„€ru:F

. & AFF, &…:KDA! geM% the Fin7elha7en , symboli'ing a @hole@:. #= ADD, &…:DKJ! geC% hori'ontal stroke?

K. (I= ARMJ, &…:DRG! geK% vertical stroke?

M. 3:: AFMR, &…:DK#! ge::% upward diagonal stroke?:R

C. 3:K, (I= tenL ACRC, &…:DKG! ge:K% downward diagonal stroke:J?

The idea now concentrated on the vowels and their symbolism. The e4S(-database had sorted these

C strokes as ge ;AL+2<. I investigated these symbols and found both the diagonal strokes assymbolically empty. There had not been any link to special characteri'ation. Their only usageseemed to have been correlated to @a unit of surface measurement@:G. These diagonal strokes never had been used for philosophical purposes. The only good reason to keep these in the records wastheir reservation for later purposes. I knew the symbols had been designed as placeholders for vowels and the number of oman vowels #, 3, I, +, & had been e$tended to C.

The abstracted and reduced set of basic cuneiform tokens #=, (I=, &, 3:K, 3::! more or less

could be considered as the digital encoding or analogdigital-conversion of hieroglyphicsymboli'ing. This digiti'ing nearly produced a binary code.

In fact only three elements #=, (I=, & represented the fundamentals of the previous symbolism.The diagonal symbols 3:K, 3::! performed minor tasks.

Aasically the abstracted tokens #=, (I=, & could be identified as the original vowel tokes in theSumerian cuneiform. The hori'ontal stroke #= had been copied from the “#”, the vertical stroke(I= from the “I”, the & from the original Sumerian &-symbol.

+nly the vowel “3” had been missing in the reduced set of C Aasic Euneiform Tokens. In fact theletter “3” never had been a basic symbol. The “3” looked like a strange newly composed mi$turefrom # and I, a somehow newly created element in a K-vowel structure.

:F 4ennsylvania Sumerian (ictionary 4ro9ect 4S(!:R 3:: -# *uarter i7L unit of area!.:J 3:K,(I= ten{ - +ne half i7L unit of area!.

:G upu ;&PIT< wr. upu$†#=‡'†! @a unit of surface measurement@ #kk. ub{

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he ;asic to&ens A, I, U

/ive basic tokens had been specified. +nly three #=, (I=, &!  could be assigned to the vowels #, I,

respectively &.

• The #=-token had been representing the #kkadian #ssur  god! and the 1ittite @solar disk@,

 phonetically correlating to the “#”-vowel and numerically to “”.• The (I=-token represented a determiner for male personal names and the letters “ I  “or m

and numerically “” in #kkadian! respectively “FD” in Sumerian culture!.

• The &-token in all languages represented the letter “&”, in Sumerian a “hole” andnumerically “D”.

 Pame Euneiform letter 2ikipedia entry in #kkadian cuneiform  e4S(-entry

#= A phonetic values

. Sumerian% #=, (ILI, (I(LI  #=.#=!:. #kkadian% M, M-, dil, del, ina, rO, rum 

K. 1ittite% M, <rO> • In #kkadian% #ssur  god!, sanctuary,

son

• In 1ittite% #=.H3 @solar disk@O& !&&#=.=& @#ssur@

• In Sumerian% Eardinal number “”

aƒ ;+P3< G$% 3( IIIb,+ld #kkadian, &r III, +ldAabylonian! wr. aƒ @one@#kk. iƒten

KDDD AE3!

(I= I phonetic values

. Sumerian% (I=, PII(#, I=:, 3=: 

:. #kkadian% ana, gP, Qi  K. 1ittite% di, ti, dR, tR  

• In Sumerian%(eterminer for male personal names,transliterated as superscript I  or  m.elated% I=: numeral @FD@ &…:MC!

diƒ ;+P3< C$% +ld#kkadian, &r III! wr. diƒ?de-eƒ-ƒu:? di-id? di-t- @one@

#kk. iƒtˆn

:CDD AE3!

&  U6itled: Fin7elha7en

• &uneiform sign for vo'el =u= in 077adian ,  Hittite , "u'ian andumerian 

 In umerian Numeral /1;/ and clusters BS<BU >, UT   

• A& K @hole@• &‰R @curse, bewitch@

u ;1+L3< wr. u @hole@

#kk. ƒBlu @depression,concavity@.

3:K,

(I=ten{

+ne half  i7L unit of area!.E&P3I/+H SIP #S1 ŠI(#

ge ;AL+2< wr. geM? geC?

geK? ge::? ge:K @blow?

wound? stroke of the stylus?piece of! writing, copy,e$emplar, written@#kk. mihi‚tu? mihi‚tu?ƒa„€ru

3:: # *uarter i7L unit of area!.E&P3I/+H SIP #S1 O#A#

6able 1: 0bstracted and educed et of Basic &uneiform 6o7ens <.%2;; B&E>

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2inear B !00 BCE to !+00 BCE"

In Linear A the vowels #-3-I-+-& had been preserved. These seemed to be hieroglyphic characters

Eomparing the Sumerian cuneiform a correlation may be assumed%

 %: "inear B #o'els 0)E)I)C)U from  0ncient cri(ts

 %: &orrelating "inear B to umerian #o'els

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garit Scripture !300 BCE to .00 BCE"

The &garitic script is basically the consonant alphabet rendered in cuneiform. The inventorscombined the idea of the alphabet with cuneiform writing.

In analogy to 1ebrew &garitic uses Hatres Lectionis to represent three vowels representing “a”, “i”,

and “u”.KD

 

&garit 8owels #, I, & from the &garitic rammar  

Independent personal pronouns in &garitic areK as follows%

• an€, an€ku @I”• atta @you@ m.!• atti @you@ f.!

There is one &garitic te$t which seems to indicate that among the inhabitants of &garit, 0ahwehwas viewed as another son of 3l. OT& . I8 M saysK:%

sm . bny . yw . ilt

“The name of the son of god, 0ahweh.”

 

KD Introduction to &garitic rammar  ‹uart' 1ill School of Theology! - Lesson Two K Independent personal pronouns in &garitic grammar  K: &garit and the Aible 

%5: Ugarit 0l(habet < Criginal file  (ublic domain>

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 %8: Ugarit 0l(habet by V$ 0di(utra &reative &ommons  0ttribution)hare 0li7e $; Un(orted  license$

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gham *o%els &rish, 4th to 5th centuries" 6 a )ivine name 78%an

+gham is also known as or ogham craobh tree ogham! beth luis fearn or beth luis nion, after thefirst few letters.

The +gham vowels are the five notches vowels!, which only may reveal some symbolism from

their names.• # ailm white fir! ;a<• + onn  - 5osen gorse! ;o< Wosno)!• & Xr <heather> ;u<• 3 eodhadh poplar! ;e<• I iodhadh  yew! ;i<

Hore important may have been the additional /orfeda-letters, in which the 3# and #3-combinations may have been used to define the symbolism of the Y-character in Porthern 3urope.

The $orf!#a  are the @additional@ letters of the +gham  alphabet, beyond the basic inventory of 

twenty signs. The most important of these are five forfeda which were arranged in their own aicmeor class, and were invented in the +ld Irish period, several centuries after the peak of +gham usage.

• 3# Œabhadh• +I Yr   gold!• &I uillaen <elbo'>• 4, later I+ if@n  (ine!• or Eh as in loch!, later #3 emancholl  

The letter labelled I0 IfŽn! earlier had the value of (. #n additional secondary! letter ( is shown as:Fth character  (eith!. This is the vertical writing of +gham? in the hori'ontal form, the right sidewould face downward.

 ;: Cgham #o'els

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#@wan $'od(

In archaic Irish in +gham scripture! the divine name had been written “dˆwan” KK. The vocal “w”however may also be considered as a half vowel “&&”, which implies the central core of the word “dˆwan” may also contain 3, & and #.

7aeva

In the 4ahlavi books (2 is understood as “demon” and (ˆwan as the plural demons. In theathas, the oldest te$ts of the Šoroastrian canon, the daevas are @wrong gods@ or @false gods@ or @gods that are to be! re9ected@. !aeva, the Iranian language term, should not be confused with thedeva s of Indian religions.

#aeva  daZuua, da[ua, daZva! is an  #vestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural

entity with disagreeable characteristicsKM.+ld #vestan daZuua or daZva derives from +ld Iranian Wdaiva, which in turn derives from Indo-Iranian WdaivR)  @god,@ reflecting 4roto-Indo-3uropean  \]^_`     with the same meaning. /or derivatives in a 3uropean conte$t, see Tyr . The 8edic Sanskrit cognate of #vestan daZuua is devR),continuing in later Indo-#ryan languages as dev.

In the ig8eda D.:M.K!, the deva s are the @younger gods@, in conflict with the asura s, the @older gods@.

KK Translation of “Tˆgoddit in w€ss€kan do atareregiyB esyan kenutan writ dˆwan” - They went into the wilderness to

atone for their sins before od.The stone of Lugnaedon son of Limenueh  rom: Inchagoill Island, &ounty Gal'ay, Ireland  - #n +ld Irish )oke in

4rimitive Irish translation by (avid Stifter!KM (aeva

 1: dZ'an

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9othic *o%els 4th century" a )ivine name :ei%s

The othic alphabet, created in the Mth century by &lfilas or 2ulfila! for the purpose of translatingthe Aible, is a form of the reek alphabet,  with a few additional letters to account for othic

 phonology% Latin /, two unic letters to distinguish the 9 and w glides from vocalic i and u,and the letter air  to e$press the othic labiovelar . 

It is completely different from the "othic script" of the Hiddle #ges, a script used to write the Latinalphabet.

Two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current 3nglish and may draw our attention,which already had been concentrated on the symbolic highlights% the vowels #, 3, I, +, & and 2.

• the unic  representing ‘!, thyth ’ iu @good@ or aurnus @thorn@

•   representing h!. 1wair also air , huuair , hvair ! is the name of , the othic letter e$pressing the ;h< or ;< sound reflected in 3nglish by the inverted 'h-spelling!. 1wair isalso the name of the Latin ligature – !. othic  is the refle$ of Eommon ermanic W ,which in turn continues the Indo-3uropean labiovelar  W7  after it underwent rimm"s law.The same phoneme in +ld 3nglish and +ld 1igh erman is spelled h'.

Aa $ahwa(

• # a, f. GR!, river, stream, water Hdl. 3. ea, —, water!. omani'ation% ah'a? The +ld3nglish word was ea @river,@ cognate with Latin a*ua see a*ua-!.

%even Vowels

The othic vowels are #. 3, I, +, &, 2, . 3specially the e$otic may have been an importantsymbol.

'od?

The word god  itself is derived from the othic word guth for a pagan idol presumably a woodenstatue of the kind paraded by 2inguric on a chariot when he challenged the othic Ehristians to

worship the tribal gods, e$ecuting them after they refused!.

KC othic paganism

 5: 4u4 <urus> : 4e4 aihvus

 : 4o4Cthal 

A1: 4i4 Eis  84'4 Fina A;: <H'air>

 2: : 4a4 <asha>

 : : 4a4 <asha>

 %: <H'air>

 A: : 4a4 <asha>

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'othic *eiws oBo *iwaC $D(

egarding the individual gods worshipped among the oths, very little can be said with certainty.They did have a cult of a god of war , identified with oman Hars, presumably a manifestation of ermanic  Tiwa', perhaps on the basis on the  letter names! called W6ei's in othic, among theTervingi perhaps also known as @The Terwing@KF.

•  4 a, a 4 o)o a-a ans /  god / or as7s / ash/ < j Wansu- >•  4 d  4  d  , k D o)o daa- dags /day/ <j Wdaga-  >

•  4  s 4 o)o sugil saul or sil /sun/ <j W s'il  >

•  4 t  4 o)o ty- ’ 5tius @the god T˜r @ 6 5tBwa'!

•  4   4 o)o engu- ’ 5iggus or 5iggvs @the god 0ngvi@ 6 5ingwa'!

'othic Ansis $hal).god(

 psir  is the plural of Rss, Yss @god@ gen. [sir ! which is attested in other ermanic languages, e.g.,

+ld 3nglish s gen. pl. Zsa! and othic as reported by )ordanes! anses @half-gods@. These all stemfrom 4roto-ermanic 5ansis . ansu- 

KF othic paganism

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;unes 400-!.00"

1istorically, the runic alphabet is a derivation of the +ld Italic alphabets of anti*uity, with theaddition of some innovations. Po distinction is made in surviving runic inscriptions between longand short vowels, although such a distinction was certainly present phonologically in the spokenlanguages of the time.

=lder Euthar& 

The earliest known se*uential listing of the alphabet dates to MDD and is found on the Oylver Stonein otlandKR%

ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲᚷᚹᚺᚾᛁᛃᛇᛈᛉᛊᛏᛒᛖᛗᛚᛜᛞᛟ

[)] u F a r & g [w] h n i 9 p G H C s t > e l d o 

Initially /uthark used F vowels #, I, Y, 3, +, &.

KR 3lder /uthark  KJ W is also transliterated as 7, and may have been either a diphthong, or a vowel near ;™< or ;7<.

MM% uš!N5›ru' 

MR% aš!5ansu' 

M:%iš!5Bsa' 

MK% W 7!5Bh!wa'

5eih!wa'

 A: 4e<>4 Weh'a- 

A2: 4o<>4 Wila)4 Wala) 

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:he r(hon *o%els .th to !0th century"31

The Jld ur&ic script  also known as variously XktQrk script, +rkhon script, +rkhon-0eniseyscript! is the alphabet used by the XktQrk  and other early Turkic Ohanates during the Jth to Dthcenturies to record the +ld Turkic language. 

The relevant vowels #, 3, I, +, &, 0 had been defined as follows%

engri

2orship of Tengri is Tengrism. The core beings in Tengrism are Sky-/ather  TengriTenger 3tseg!and 3arth Hother  39ea'ar 3e9!.

# reading e$ample right to left!% transliterated tœrœi, this spells the name of the Turkicsky god, Tengri težri!.

The 4roto-Turkic form of the word has been reconstructed as W6eqri or W6aqr.

KG +ld Turkic alphabet

 2;: a, *

 A5: y, i <e>  A8: o, u  21: ,

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Appendix !low Charts

*o%el evolution from Sumerian to garit 

In this overview the vowels #-3-I-+-& and the semi-vowel “2”

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Evolution of the 7ingir-;une to the %sir an# t&! go-ronoun I 

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Evolution of the )ivine names, <&# an) <go)s# 

 2%: Evolution of the divine names, „I“ and „gods“

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Contents

Aasic Idea.............................................................................................................................................+verview..............................................................................................................................................:Sound reproduction..............................................................................................................................KEhronological evolutionary steps for the 8owels" Symbolism.............................................................M

3*uivalent Sumerian 1ieroglyphics................................................................................................M4re-cuneiform Sumerian tablets K,DDD AE3....................................................................................CTurkic runic alphabet middle of the st millennium AE.................................................................C

TVŸri, (iŸir, TVŸir Sky, od!....................................................................................................Cod in relation to the #ssyrian first personal pronoun...............................................................F

Sumeria KKDD AE3 to DD E3!......................................................................................................R“2ater”, “1ouse” and “I”...........................................................................................................J

“house” - “water”...................................................................................................................J“house” - “I” ..........................................................................................................................J

(ingir (I•I!...........................................................................................................................G

#nu #n!.................................................................................................................................G#kkadian 8owels :CDD AE3 to DD E3!......................................................................................DAabylonian ego-pronouns .............................................................................................................D&garitic ego-pronouns KDD AE3 to JDD AE3!...........................................................................D1ittite 8owels RDD AE3 to DD AE3! 6 a divine name Sius..................................................

1ittite - Sius od!....................................................................................................................Luwian 8owels MDD AE3 to RDD AE3!..................................................................................

4roto-Sinaitic GDD AE3 to DD AE3!.......................................................................................:eduction the cuneiform alphabet to a C-element character set...............................................KThe Aasic tokens #, I, &...........................................................................................................M

Linear A CDD AE3 to :DD AE3!...............................................................................................C

&garit Scripture KDD AE3 to JDD AE3!.....................................................................................F+gham 8owels Irish, Mth to Fth centuries! a divine name (ˆwan............................................J

(ˆwan od!............................................................................................................................G(aeva....................................................................................................................................G

othic 8owels Mth century! 6 a divine name Teiws...................................................................:D#a ahwa!...............................................................................................................................:DSeven 8owels............................................................................................................................:Dod............................................................................................................................................:Dothic “Teiws” oo “Tiwa'” N!...............................................................................................:othic #nsis half-god!.............................................................................................................:

unes MDD-JDD!..........................................................................................................................::

3lder /uthark.............................................................................................................................::The +rkhon 8owels Jth to Dth century!.....................................................................................:K

Tengri........................................................................................................................................:K#ppendi$ /low Eharts.....................................................................................................................:M

8owel evolution from Sumerian to &garit.....................................................................................:M3volution of the (ingir-une to the Ysir and the 3go-pronoun “I”.............................................:C3volution of the divine names, I“ and gods“.............................................................................:F