Noun Clauses

Subject

Object

Predicative

Appositive

Clause

1.You know that I am a teacher of English.

2. That I am a teacher of English is known to you all .

3. It is known to you all that I am a teacher of English.

4. The fact that I am a teacher of English is known to

you all.

5. I am worried about whether you can do well in the exam.

6. What I am worried about is whether you can do well in

the exam.

that I am a teacher of English

That I am a teacher of English

that I am a teacher of English

whether you can do well in

the exam.

Object Clause

Subject Clause

Subject Clause

Predicative Clause

Appositive Clause

that I am a teacher of English

whether you can do well in the exam.Object Clause

Find the clauses and tell the function of them:

Subject ClauseWhat I am worried about

The Subject Clause:1.Whether it is true remains a problem.

2.That she was chosen made us very happy.3.What I can do is to tell you the truth.4.How the book will sell depends on its author.5.Whoever told you that was lying.6.It was obvious that the driver couldn’t control his car.

Questions:1.Can we use “if” instead of “whether”?2. What’s the difference between “that” and “what”?3.When the Subject Clause is too long, what should we do?4.Can the conjunction “that” be left out in the Subject Clause?

The Object Clause:1.They thought that the question was too difficult.2.I’m certain that he will get there in time.3.She has made it clear that she does an important job.4. I’ll do whatever you ask me to.5.Do you know whether he’ll come or not?6. Do you know if/whether any decision has been arrived at?

Questions:1. Can the conjunction “that” be left out in the Object Clause? 2.Can we use “if” instead of “whether” in the fifth sentence?

The Predicative Clause:1.It looks as if it were going to rain. 2.That is why he failed the exam.3. Lishui is not what it used to be. 4. The reason for his absence was that he was ill. 5. What she wants to know is which book she should buy.6. The question is whether we should accept his invitation.

1. Can we use “because” in place of “that” in the fourth sentence 2. Can we use “if” instead of “whether” in the sixth sentence

The Appositive Clause:

1.I have no idea when he will arrive. 2.Word has come from the capital that President Hu Jingtao will come to visit our school . 3.The suggestion that we should follow his advice was accepted at last.

Besides “idea, word,suggestion”, can you list more words?

The news which they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.

The news that our football team won excited us.

The news that we got excited us.

that our football team won excited us.

that we got

Appositive Clause

Attributive Clause

“that” 在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用 , 一般不可省略。在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

Identify the type of clause in the following sentences

Conjunctions of Noun Clauses:

连接词

连接代词

连接副词

what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which

that, whether, if, as if(as though)

when, where, how, why （状语）

( 主语、宾语）

Tell whether the following clauses are right:1.That she wants to know is which dress she should buy.

2.He will give up his job surprises all of us.

3. No matter who breaks the law will be punished.

4.If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.

5.He is said that he has accepted the invitation.

What …

That …

Whoever…

Whether…

It…

Tell whether the following clauses are right:6.The reason why he was late was because his bike broke down halfway.

7.I don’t doubt whether/if he will come soon.

8. He told me the news which was very exciting.

9.After that seemed a long time, he came back to life.

10.He told me the news if our team won the match.

that…

that …

√

what…

that…

Choose the best answers:1. [1989] These photographs will show you . A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like2. [1992]Word has come some American guests will come for a visit to our school next week.A. what B. that C. whether D. when3. [2004 全国卷 I] I like ____ in the autumn when the

weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one

4. [1995] is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language• A.There B. This C. That D. It5. [1996] we can’t get seems better than we have.

6. [1999]— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where7. [04 湖南卷 ]I think Father would like to know_____I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note. A. which B. why C. what D. how

A. What , what B. What, that C. That ,that D. That , what

8.[2001] A computer can only do _____ you have instructed it to do.

• A. how B. after C. what D. when9.[2004 全国卷 I]You are saying that everyone should be

equal, and this is ______ I disagree.

10. [2005 浙 江 卷 ]Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon.

A. who B. that C. as D. which11. [04 天津卷 ]A modern city has been set up in_____ was a wasteland ten years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. where12. [04 上海卷 ] After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the

earth,_____our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. A. where B. what C. that D. how

A. why B. where C. what D. how

Complete the following sentences:

1._____________________( 毫无疑问 )the prices of cars will go down.

2.The idea______________________________________

( 电脑能识别人的声音 ) surprises many people.

3.I have no idea ______________________ ( 该选哪一个 ).

4.The problem_____________________________ ( 我们是否做这个实验 )has been solved.

5.The question___________________( 谁将出国 ) needs considering.

There is no doubt that

that computers can recognize human voices

which one I should choose

whether we will do the experiment

who will go abroad

Complete the following sentences(page 119):

S1:Professor, I want to know

（ 50 年后我们的日常生活会是什么样）

S2:Dr Smart, my question is

( 全球变暖对地球会有什么影响 ).

S3:Professor, can you predict

( 污染能否被制止住 )

S4:Dr Smart,I want to know

( 将来我们会不会有足够的食物供养不断增长的人口 )

what our daily life will be

like after 50 years.

what effects global warming

will have on us.

whether pollution will ever

be stopped?

whether we will have enough

food to feed the growing population.

Complete the following sentences(page 119):

S5:Professor Smart, my question is

（太空航行什么时候能变得既简便又便宜）

S6: Professor, who will win the debate on

( 是否应该允许克隆人类 )

S7: Dr Smart, I would like to know

( 会不会有更多无法治愈的疾病 )

S8: Professor, what is your prediction about

( 地球什么时候死亡 )

when space travel will

become easy and inexpensive.

whether human

cloning should be allowed?

whether there will be

more incurable diseases.

when the

earth will die?

Practice2:Join two sentences into an Appositive Clause.1.The fact that two thirds of all girls in Britain are on

a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.

2.We heard the news last night that the British Prime

Minister was on a three-day visit in China.

3. The view that teenagers shouldn’t spend too much time

online is shared by many British parents.

4. There is no scientific proof for the idea that mobile

phones stop teenagers from spending money on dresses

on cigarettes.5. The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time to themselves is welcomed by many people,

especially kids in school.

Language Revision

consist of make the most of

have an influence on

be of great value

on the basis of

be made up of

make full use of

have an effect on

be valuable

be based on

Making sentences according to the situation:

Your class has 9 girls and 48 boys. (consist of)

The class only lasts 40 minutes (make the most of)

You talked with him and was inspired.( have an influence on)

The advice she gave you on learning was important.(be of+n)

The TV play is about wars. (on the basis of)

Sentences analysisThe idea that England stands for Fish &Chips,

Speakers’ Corner and the Tower of London is past.

Appositive Clause

The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many.

The result of so much French influence was that the English language ended up with many French words such as table…

PredicativeClause

That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.

SubjectClause

They realise that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation.

Object Clause

Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy land.

Practice 1:

The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.

The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.

that the plane would take off on time

that is spreading around the airportthat a heavy storm is coming.

Appositive Clause

Attributive Clause

PredicativeClause

The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.

The suggestion that they are considering is

that students should learn something practical.

that students should learn something practical

that they are considering

that students should learn something practical.

Appositive Clause

Attributive Clause

PredicativeClause

1.John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.

2. It is very important that we learn English well .

3. The problem is that he often tells lies.

4. I will tell her as soon as she comes.

5. The birthday present that he gave me was a car.

6. That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to all.

that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.

that we learn English well

that he often tells lies.

That the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing

Object Clause

Subject Clause

Predicative Clause

Subject Clause

Adverbial Clauseas soon as she comes.

that he gave meAttributive Clause

Can you tell the function of the following clauses:

定语从句

一、引导定语从句的关系词

指代人 who ， whom ， that

指代事物 which ， that

所属关系 whose ， of which

指地点 where

指时间 when

指原因 why

二、关系代词 that 和 which 在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用 that 。

All ______ can be done has been done.

Do you have anything ________ you don’t understand ?

There is little _______ can be believed about it .

The book doesn’t say much ________ amuses children.

that

that

that

that

先行词是all ,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none 等不定代词，引导定语从句用that 。 (something 有时可用 which)

Hamburg is the most beautiful city _______I’ve ever seen.

This is the best TV _______ is made in China.

The first museum _______ he visited in China was the History Museum.

that

that

that

先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用 that 。

I’ve read all the books ________ you lent me.

No sample ________ we nave received is satisfactory.

Please send us any information ________ you have about the subject.

He is the only person _________ was present at the time.

that

that

that

that

先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last 修饰时，引导定语从句用 that 。

The famous writer and his works _________ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.

A victim is a person,animal or thing ________ suffers pain,death,harm,etc.

that

that

先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用 that .

Who _______ you have ever seen can do it better ?

Who _______ you are talking to is the young fellow ?

that

that

Who 做先行词时，引导定语从句用that 。

Well done !

三、不用 that ，而用 which ， who ， whom 的情况He made the same mistakes again ,_____ made his parents very angry.

Yesterday I bought a dictionary,_______ cost me more than 100 yuan .

Mr Smith,_______ gave a talk several months ago,will come again.

My uncle has come back from abroad,________ I haven’t met for along time.

which

which

who

whom

在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用 which ，指人用 who 或 whom 。

Her bag ,in ________ she put all her money,has been stolen.

This is the ring on ________ she spent 1000 dollars.

Xiao Wang, with ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.

which

which

whom

在介词后面，指事物用 which ，指人用whom 。

注意：如何判断介词

The girl _____ which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.

He is the man _____ whom I think you can depend .

1 、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配

for

on

2 、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配

He referred me to some reference books ______ which I am not very familiar.

Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding or even catching fish, ______ all of which activities dolphins are expert.

with

in

3 、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配

The rate ______ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.

This is our classroom, _______________ which there is a teacher’s desk.

at

in the front of

The committee consists of 20 members,5 of _______ are women.

The book contains 50 poems, most of ________ were written in 1930s.

There are two left, one of _______ is almost finished, and the other of _______ is not quite.

I have a sentence, the meaning of _______ I don’t understand.

whom

which

which

which

which

名词 / 代词 / 数词 + of +which/whom

where 引导的定语从句。

先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用 where 引导定语从句 , 在从句做状语。

This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.

The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one.

Can you think of a situation where you may use this expression?

注意 1 若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which 或 that 引导定语从句。

The library ________ students often study was on fire last night.

The library, _______ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.

The library ________ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.

where

which

which

注意 2 区分 where 引导的定语从句和状语从句

where 前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。

When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.

When you read books , you had better make a mark where you have any questions.

when 引导的定语从句。先行词是表示时间的名词，用 when 引导定语从句 , 在从句作状语。

I’ll never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you.

This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .

We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be busy.

注意 : 若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用 which或 that 引导定语从句。

I’ll never forget the day _________ we first met in the park.

I’ll never forget the time _________ I sent on campus.

I’ll never forget the time __________ was spent with you.

when

which\that

which\that

why 引导的定语从句。先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句 , 在从句中作状语。

This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didn’t come here.

The reason __________ she gave was not true.which\that

whose 引导的定语从句。

表示所属关系。

The river _________ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.

whose

There are in this class 20 students, ______ are different.

A.whose backgrounds

B.the backgrounds of whom

C.of whom the backgrounds

D.the backgrounds of whose

Adverbial Clause

时间状语从句• 1. I was reading when my mother came in.

• 2. Don’t go out before I come back .

• 3. I’ll give you a phone as soon as I come back.

• 4. The moment the button is pressed the machine starts.

• 5. I waited for him until he came back.

• when, as, while, after, before , after, until, till, as soon as , the moment,

___________________________________

___________________________

__________________________

______________________________________________

___________________________

表示“一…就… .” 的句型• 1 as soon as • 2. on doing/on one’s n • 3. no sooner …(had done) than …(did) hardly ….(had done) when…(did) scarcely …(had done) when …(did)• The thief was caught ____ ____ ____ he arrived in Dalian.• ____ _______ in Dalian, the thief was caught.• Hardly _____ the thief _____ in Dalian _____ he was

caught.• The thief _____ _____ _____ _______in Dalian than he was

caught.• The thief ______ ______ ______ in Dalian ______ he was

caught.

as soon as

On arrivinghad arrived when

had no sooner arrived

had scarcely arrivedwhen

when/while/as/during/before 1. He was laughing ______ he was having his meal.

2. _____he left school at fourteen, he began to make a living by himself.

3. _____ a young man, he went to France for French.

4. Beijing looks beautiful especially _______ autumn.

5. He was about to leave _______ the telephone rang.

6. It will be a long time ________ we see each other again.

7. He is very poor ________his brother is rich.

8. ____________ taking a walk in the street, he saw an accident.

asWhen

As

duringwhen

before

whileWhen/while

地点状语从句1. Put the box where it is .

2. I will follow you wherever you go.

• where, wherever

1.The light went out, because the oil was out.

2. As it is raining, I’ll not go out.

3. The days breaks ,for the birds are singing.

4. Since you insist, I’ll go.

5. Now that you have finished your work, you may go now.

________

_____________

原因状语

______________

__________

_______________

__________________________

since, because, as, for ,

now that

since/as/for/because1. – Why didn’t he come yesterday ? --_____ he had something important to do .2. It must have rained last night ,_____ the

ground is wet.3. ______ everybody is here, let’s begin the

meeting.4. _____ the weather is fine, we’d better go

swimming.5.It is ________ he was ill that he did not come

today.

Becausefor

Since

As

because

目的状语从句1. I’ll speak slowly so that you can follow me.

2. They set out early in order that they might arrive on time.

3. He took the umbrella in case it rained.

4. He worked day and night in order to succeed.

5. He raised his voice so as to be heard.

• so that , in order that, so as to , in order to ,

• in case,

______________________

____________________

______________

_________

________________

___________

_______

结果状语从句1. He worked so hard that he passed the exam.

2. He is such a good boy that all love him.• such… that, so that .so … that• such..as /such…that /so..as

/so ..that1. Tonny is _____ clever a boy _____everyone

likes.2. Tonny is _____a clever boy _____everyone

likes him.3. There are _____ many good things _____ our

students expect.4. They are ______ little boys _____ everyone

likes them.5. The West Lake has _____ attractive scenery

_____everyone is eager to go to.

_____________

____________________

so as

such that

so as

such that

suchas

让步状语从句1. Although the TV set was very expensive, I

still bought it.2. No matter what happened, he shouldn’t

give up.3. Even if the weather is bad, we’ll make a

trip.4. Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.• although, though, whoever, no

matter who, even if (though), as

_______________________________

_____________________

____________________

___________

• as

• 1. Child as he is, the boy knows everything.

• 2 Proud as he is, he is afraid to see me.

• 3. Try as I might, I couldn’t finish the work.

• 4. Hard as he works, he couldn’t succeed.

• adj/adv

• v + as + clause

• n

although/though/as/even if /in spite of /despite• 1. _____________ she is young, she knows

quite a lot.

• 2 Clever _____ he is , he doesn’t study well.

• 3. Nobody believed him _____________ his explanation.

• 4. She returned to her old habit of smoking, __________ I had persuaded her to give up.

• 5. He said he would come ; he didn’t ， ____.

• 6. Try to be honest to others , or you won’t be happy __________ you are rich.

Although/though

as

despite /in spite of

though

though

even if

条件状语从句1. Tell me about it if you have time.

2. Don’t speak unless you are asked to.

3. Suppose (supposing) he is ill, what shall we do ？

4. You’ll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.

• if, unless, as long as , suppose, supposing,

• provided that

________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________

状语从句中的省略 状语从句的省略原则主要是：如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以经过一定的变动把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略，从而使语言更加简洁、明了。现就把各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下： 一、时间状语从句中的省略 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano. 她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。 While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。 When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.) 到达之后，来个电报。 Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。

Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。

You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。 注： as 在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.

二、地点状语从句中的省略 地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构： where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary, Lay these books where possible you can find them easily. 把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。   Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages. 在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。

三、条件状语从句中的省略 常用的句型是： if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone 等。如： Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了，请送过来。 He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来，他就来。

If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。 Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧 . 。 If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。 There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。 You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。

四、让步状语从句中的省略   He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。

Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。

五、比较状语从句中的省略 She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。 She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成

六、方式状语从句中的省略 as if/as though 后还可加 n./a./ad./ 介词短语／现在分词／过去分词／不定式。 He acts as if (he were) a fool. 他的行为举止好象是个傻子。 She talked to the stranger as if (she were) absent-minded. 她和陌生人谈话似乎很不在意。 He opened the desk, as if (he was) in search of something important. 他打抽屉仿佛要找一件什么重要的东西。

The boy is running impatiently here and there as if (he is) searching for something lost on the sports ground. 这男孩很不耐心地在操场上到处跑着仿佛在找什么东西。  

The football player is rolling on the ground as if (he is) hurt badly in the leg. 足球运动员在操场上打着滚似乎他的腿伤得厉害。

He moved his lips as if (he wanted )to speak. 他的嘴动着仿佛要说什么。