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N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4

STRICTLY COMES TO WESTMINSTER SCHOOL OF PERFORMING ARTS!!!Resident Strictly choreographer Richard Marcel is also sharing hislove and expertise of Latin Dance with pupils at WestminsterSchool of Performing Arts. Richard has been teaching at the

school for the last4 years ( Strictlyschedule permitting!) andhas trained students up toworld champi-onship level.However there areclasses for complete beginners too, sorelease your Latinrhythms and joinus in classeswhich are held onSaturday afternoons from4.30 pm. This yearat the InternationalDance WorldChampionships inCroatia Antonio

and Eva gained Gold in Cuban Salsa and Silver in Portorican,Andre and Tania Silver in Merenge and Andre with Jade JorgeGold in Cuban. Amazing results!!

Westminster School of Performing Arts is based at St AndrewsClub in Old Pye St SW1.

GRANS OF PIMLICO (GOP) A new group for Grandparents to get together get information,share experiences, have a moan and have a laugh over tea or coffee etc.10.00 am to 12.00 pmPhone Carmelita: 07960696680 or E.Mail: [email protected] & Longmore Gardens Resident AssociationCommunity Hall, Under Morgan House, 57 Vauxhall Bridge Rd, London SW1V 2LF

Pimlico & Belgravia Eye November 2014 2

SAVE THE CHILDREN is the UK’s leading international children’s charity. They work in thiscountry, as well as overseas, helping children who live with poverty,disease, violence and injustice.

In 2014 the money raised by the Chelsea & Wesminster branc hasgone to help children in Syria and South Sudan, whilst here in the UKthey are supporting an inspiring project called ‘Families and SchoolsTogether’ which transforms the lives of some of the poorestchildren in the UK. Save the Children are also involved in a huge programme across the UK, ‘Born to Read’, which targets schools indeprived areas where volunteers help children improve theirreading skills. And in the London Borough of Westminster theyare working with young people in a programme called ‘In myBackyard’.

Overseas, Save the Children has identified 21 countries with thegreatest needs, and are focussing their our efforts to achievemaximum impact.

The Chelsea and Westminster Branch has been working forover 60 years on fund-raising projects. If you would like more detailsof the fund-raising events organised by the Chelsea and Westminsterbranch, please visit their website at www.christmascocktail.co.ukPlease telephone the Secretary on 0207 736 3817 or email them [email protected] if you would like more information, be included on their mailing list, or are interested in sponsoring anyof their events.

Monday 8th December 2014 12.30 pm - 9.00 pm Admission £10Chelsea Old Town Hall, King’s Road, London SW3 5EE

THE 2014 WINTER BALLin collaboration with the Household Cavalry. Champagne receptionand music by jazz pianist Oksana Bukxari. Three-course dinner andshow featuring top West End performers. Followed by the fabulousRat Pack who have played in the successful West End run “The RatPack Live From Las Vegas”. They will thrill you with the finest andmost memorable of The Rat Pack’s songs, such as Fly Me To TheMoon, My Way, That’s Amore, New York New York and Bojangles.Music and dancing will continue with Paul Metcalf’s Rob StewartTribute Band - all highly experienced and talented musicians whohave an impressive string of credits between them including Chris DeBurgh, George Michael, The Spice Girls, Shirley Bassey, Level 42,Go West & The Manic Street Preachers. They have performed world-wide in theatres and music venues and this tribute to Rod involvesthe same swaggering showmanship, audience participation & sheersense of fun that has made Rod Stewart one of the most popularperformers of all time.

Individual Tickets and Table Bookings£200 per person or £1,800 for table of 10 guests. For tickets & moreinformation please contact Sue Liberman. Tel : 07957 420911 orEmail : [email protected]

A P R I L 2 0 1 4A P R I L 2 0 1 4

Pimlico & Belgravia Eye is now the only free monthly publication covering key areas of Pimlico, Belgravia andWestminster, including Victoria, Millbank and Petty France. Each issue is also available to see on-line.If you have a planned promotion requiring your material, leaflets or brochures to be delivered locally, we are your firstchoice. We have been printing and delivering Pimlico & Belgravia Eye to local residential and business addresses since July1989. We have detailed knowledge on how to cover the area and we provide maps showing where your material isdistributed. See: Pimlico and Belgravia Eye http://www.eye group publications.co.uk

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TRANSYLVANIA, A PICTORIAL JOURNEYIllustrator and explorer George Butler’s love letter to Transylvania,the exhibition “Capturing Carpathia”, made in collaboration with theGlobal Heritage Fund, opens at the RCI as part of our perennialcommitment to reveal the sights, sounds and tastes of Romaniathrough the eyes of British travellers and artists. George has spenttwo seasons living with locals seeking to capture a fast-vanishingway of life and architecture through painting and in the most per-sonal manner. The result is strikingly immediate and utterly intimate.

“George has wonderfully captured the fragile beauty of the chang-ing world in Transylvania, as the calm and elegant traditional wayof life is gradually and unceremoniously barged into oblivion by themachinations of the modern world”.William Blacker, author of Along the Enchanted Way

George Butler is an artist and illustrator specialising in travel andcurrent affairs. His drawings, done in situ are in pen, ink and water-colour. In August 2012 George walked from Turkey across the bor-der into Syria, where as an unofficial guest of the rebel Free SyrianArmy he spent 4 days drawing the civil war damaged, small andempty town of Azaz. Six months later he made a similar trip backto Syria (Feb 2013) to record the stories amongst the refugees.These drawings were reproduced by the Times, the Guardian,Evening Standard, Der Spiegel, ARD television Germany, NPR(USA) and reported on the BBC World News, BBC World Service,CNN, Al Arabiya and Monocle Radio. He has won the Editorial andOverall award for illustration at the V&A Illustration Awards and anInternational Media Award in May 2013.

His work has been exhibited in the Times Watercolour Competitionin 2012 and again in 2014, the Royal Institute of Painters inWatercolours exhibition at the Mall Galleries, 2008, 2009 & 2011,2013 where he won the June Stokes Roberts Bursary and theWinsor and Newton Young Artist’s Award.

"George Butler combines the curiosity and wanderlust of DavidAttenborough with the delicacy of brush of Audubon, travelling afarto bring back a subtle evocation of fauna and flora and the peoplehe meets in far-flung places." Geordie Greig, Editor in Chief, The Mail on Sunday

27th October – 7th November 2014Romanian Cultural Institute 1 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PH


NOSTALGIC VIBES IN THE ENESCU CONCERTS SERIESRomanian-trained Albanian violinist Alda Dizdari, praised for hersuave interpretations, makes her debut in the Enescu ConcertsSeries with a recital full of melancholic fervour, which brings to life theenchanting harmonies of La Belle Epoque. Alda will be accompaniedby pianist Tom Blach.Programme: Ernest Chausson – PoèmeGeorge Enescu – Impressions d'enfanceJean Sibelius – Ballade Op.115 No. 2; Berceuse Op.79 No. 6; TheBells Op. 115 No. 4. Maurice Ravel – Sonata for Violin and Piano

Alda Dizdari is an outstanding musician of immense diversity. Her triumphant debut at the Wigmore Hall and Southbank’s PurcellRoom have already led to important appearances on BBC Radio 3,solo performances in Europe and the USA and the release of three

highlyacclaimedCDs, oneof whichrecordedlive fromtheWigmoreHall. Shelaunchedin July2011 aSolo ViolinTour in the

UK titled “In the Footsteps of BACH”, promoting her studio CD withthe same programme. Internationally she rose to fame in 2008 afterperforming Sibelius Violin Concerto with the Albanian Radio -Television Symphony Orchestra making their UK debut.. Now basedin the UK, Alda studied in Romania with distinguished soloists andreceived a Bachelor Degree from the University of Bucharest. Shecontinued her Master Studies at the University of Illinois in USA andher Advanced Instrumental Studies in London, at the Guildhall Schoolof Music and Drama. Alda Dizdari is playing a G.B.Ceruti Violin,Cremona 1791, bought specially for her by a private sponsor and aDominique Peccatte Bow on loan from the Stradivari Trust.

Admission is free. Please reserve your seats by calling: 020 77520134, Email: [email protected]

Thursday 7th November 2013, 7.00 pmRomanian Cultural Institute 1 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PH

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5 Pimlico & Belgravia Eye November 2014

ROBERT GROSVENOR, 1ST MARQUESS OFWESTMINSTERwas born on 22 March 1767 in the parish of St George HanoverSquare, London. He was the third son and the only surviving childof Richard Grosvenor, 1st Earl Grosvenor, and was initially knownas Viscount Belgrave. He was educated at Westminster School,Harrow School, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1786. In addition to his formal education, WilliamGifford acted as his private tutor. Gifford accompanied Grosvenorwhen the latter undertook his Grand Tour between 1786 and 1788.

On 28 April 1794 Grosvenor married Eleanor, the only child of SirThomas Egerton. They had four children; in 1795 Richard, LordBelgrave, who succeeded his father; in 1799 Thomas, whobecame the 2nd Earl of Wilton on the death of his grandfather; in1801 Robert, later the 1st Baron Ebury; and a daughter.

Grosvenor was elected as MP for East Looe in 1788 and servedthis constituency until 1790; during this time he was appointed aLord of the Admiralty. In 1790 he was elected as MP for Chester

and continued to serve in this seat until1802. Between 1793 and 1801 he was acommissioner of the Board of Control.He raised a regiment of volunteers fromthe city of Westminster to fight againstFrance and in 1798 was appointed itsmajor-commandant. In 1802 he becamethe 2nd Earl Grosvenor. Grosvenor wasMayor of Chester in 1807–08, and wasresponsible for the building of ThomasHarrison's Northgate in the city in 1810.

After William Pitt the Younger death in1806, he became a Whig. This led to hissupport for the victims of the Peterloo

Massacre, for Catholic Emancipation, for the abolition of the CornLaws, and his voting for the Reform Bill. He championed QueenCaroline and is reputed to have thrown either a Bible or a PrayerBook at the head of King George IV. And when the Duke ofWellington was presented with the freedom of the city of Chester, Grosvenorrefused to allow the town hall to be used for the event. In the coronation honours of 1831 he was created Marquess ofWestminster, and participated in the coronation of Queen Victoriain 1837. On 11 March 1841 he bacame a Knight of the Garter.

Soon after Robert Grosvenor inherited the Eaton estate, he rebuiltthe country house at Eaton Hall in Cheshire, and he also developed the London estate, creating the areas Belgravia andPimlico. He appointed William Porden as architect, who had previ-ously surveyed his London estate. The original plan was for thenew house to cost £10,000 and for it to take two years to build. Inthe event it took just under ten years and cost over £100,000.


To restore the gardens and grounds, Grosvenor employed JohnWebb. New terrace walls were created on the east side of the house.Belgrave Avenue, the approach to the house from the west, was levelled and drained, and 130,000 trees were planted along it. Thepaths along the approach, which was 3 km long, were made between5 - 6 m wide, so that they would be suitable for the use of carriages.On the east side of the house a serpentine lake was created on thenear side of the River Dee. By the 1820s formal garden beds werebecoming fashionable and William Andrews Nesfield was employedto design formal parterres around the house. He added more terrac-ing, balustraded walls, and flower beds surrounded by box edging.

For the London estate, Grosvenor created a "fashionable new residential quarter" near Buckingham House. He appointed ThomasCundy as architect and surveyor, and Thomas Cubitt as builder. The

family's London house had been in Millbank, but in 1806 Grosvenorbought a house in Upper Grosvenor Street and greatly extended it;this was to become Grosvenor House. He added an art gallery to thePark Lane side of the house in 1827, and in 1843 built a newentrance in Upper Grosvenor Street.

Grosvenor family's interests included art and horse racing. To develop the facilities for horse racing, he expanded the Eaton Stud. Grosvenor died at Eaton Hall on 17th February 1845 and was buriedin the family vault at St Mary's Church, Eccleston. He was succeededby his eldest son, Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster.

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Opening HoursTuesday - Friday 10.00 am - 8.00 pmSaturday 9.00 am - 5.00 pmSunday 11.00 am - 4.00 pm

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HISTORIC POWER NETWORK OPENS DOORS TO THEPUBLICHundreds of visitors caught a rare glimpse into the UK’s oldest lowcarbon energy network, Pimlico District Heating Undertaking(PDHU), for the annual Open House London event. Managed onbehalf of Westminster City Council by leading housing providerCityWest Homes, PDHU is situated on Churchill Gardens estate inPimlico.

The Grade II listed building provides heating and hot water services to 3,256 homes, 50 businesses and three schools inWestminster. and saves 11,000 tonnes of carbon emissions annually by displacing coal fired electricity generation

During the event, Londoners explored behind the closed doors ofsome of the capital’s most spectacular, exclusive and unusuallandmarks. PDHU has continued to be a popular venue, with historical roots dating back to the 1950s. It was the first initiative ofits kind to combat London’s notorious smog, ahead of the Clean AirAct of 1956. Today, the Grade II listed building provides heatingand hot water services to 3,256 homes, 50 businesses and threeschools via 5km of heating pipework.

Visitors toured the historic facility and enjoyed spectacular viewsfrom the roof of the accumulator tower, which is the UK’s largestthermal store. The unique vantage point offers panoramic viewsacross London, taking in Canary Wharf, Big Ben and the Shard.

PDHU saves 11,000 tonnes of carbon emissions annually by displacing coal fired electricity generation – the equivalent of takingalmost 4,000 cars off the road each year. As the oldest districtheating facility in the country, PDHU is at the vanguard of BorisJohnson’s drive to produce 25% of the capital’s power from localsources by 2025.


MARY SHELLEY, born Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin in Somers Town, on 30th August1797. Mary Godwin's mother died when she was ten days old andwas raised by her father. Godwin married Mary Jane Clairmont in1801. Mary Godwin received little formal education, but receivedan unusual and advanced education for a girl of the time having agoverness, and daily tutor.

Percy Shelley had become estranged from his wife and regularlymeet Mary secretly. In 1814,

they left for France, andSwitzerland. The lack

of money forcedthem to turn back.Mary Godwinhad becomepregnant. Sheand Percy

found themselvespenniless.

Pregnant and oftenill, she gave birth to

premature baby girl whichdied.

In May 1816, Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley travelled to Geneva.It was here that the idea for Frankenstein was conceived, Onreturning to England, Mary and Percy moved to Bath. Pregnantagain, she married Percy Shelley. Mary Shelley gave birth to herthird child, Clara, on 2nd September.

Frankenstein was published anonymously in January 1818. Maryedited the journal of the group's 1814 Continental journey, theresult - the History of a Six Weeks' Tour. The threat of a debtor'sprison, combined with their ill health and fears of losing custody oftheir children, contributed to the couple's decision to leave Englandfor Italy in 1818.

The couple Italian adventure was blighted by the deaths of bothher children—Clara and William. The birth of her fourth child, PercyFlorence, on 12th November 1819, lifted her spirits. In 1822, Marymoved with Percy to the Bay of Lerici where she was unhappy andshe miscarried, and nearly died. All was not well between the couple. During a sailing trip near Viareggio, Percy Shelley’s died.

Mary Shelley financial situation was precarious. On visiting friendsin Paris in 1828 she fell ill with smallpox. During this period shewrote the novels Perkin Warbeck, Lodore, Falkner. In 1848, Marylived at Field Place, Sussex, the Shelleys' ancestral home, and atChester Square. From 1839, she suffered from headaches andbouts of paralysis preventing her from reading and writing. On 1stFebruary 1851, at Chester Square, aged 53, she died from a braintumour. She is buried at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth.





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PIMLICO & BELGRAVIA EYE DECEMBER 2014 ISSUE

Out on 20TH November 2014For details call 020 7351 4831

website www.eyepublications.co.uk

THE BELGRAVIA

152 Ebury Street, SW1(Behind Victoria Coach Station)Tel: 020 7730 6040

[email protected]

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112 EATON SQUARE AND THE TRAITOR JOHN AMERYwas born in Chelsea on 14th March 1912 the son of Leo Amery, ahalf Jewish Member of Parliament and Conservative governmentminister.

Amery was a problem child who ran through a succession of private tutors. He set up a number of companies, all of which failedleading to bankruptcy. At the age of 21, Amery married Una Wing,a former prostitute. A staunch anti-Communist, he came toembrace the fascist National Socialist doctrines of Nazi Germanyon the grounds that they were the only alternative to Bolshevism.He left Britain to live in France after being declared bankrupt in1936. In Paris, he met the French fascist leader Jacques Doriot,with whom he travelled to Austria, Italy, and Germany to witnessthe effects of fascism in those countries.

Amery claimed falsely to his family that he joined FranciscoFranco's Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and was

awarded a medalof honour whileserving as anintelligence officerwith Italian volun-teer forces. Ameryfirst visited Spainin 1939 after thecivil war hadended and stayedfor only a fewweeks beforereturning toFrance, where heremained evenafter the Germaninvasion.

The German armistice commissioner Count Ceschi offered Amerythe chance to go to Germany to work in the political arena, butCeschi was unable to get Amery out of France.

He became obsessed with the Nazi cause, believing Communismthe utter fault of the Jews. MI6, however, believed him no threat tonational security describing him as a drunk “dissipated, both physi-cally and morally.”

In 1942 he visited Germany via Vichy France and Amery suggested that the Germans consider forming a British anti-Bolshevik legion. Adolf Hitler was impressed by Amery andallowed him to remain in Germany as a guest of the Reich and onNovember 19, 1942 he broadcasted to Britain saying “Listeners willwonder what an Englishman is doing on the German radio tonight.I come forward without any bias, but just simply as an Englishman-to say to you: a crime is being committed against civilisation!”


“You are being lied to, your patriotism, your love for our England isbeing exploited by people who for the most part hardly have any rightto be English. Between you and peace lies only the Jew and his pup-pets.”

In late 1944, and after the Germans realised that he was nothingmore than a drunk, he travelled to Italy to support the Italian dictator Mussolini, although it wasn’t long before he was captured byItalian partisans. A young British officer called Captain Alan Whickerwas sent to find him and when they met, Amery apparently said“Thank God you’re here. I thought they were going to shoot me.” Hewas brought back to England – dressed in full fascist costume and he was charged with high treason, which as a crime, had only onepenalty: death.The trial took place shortly after on November 28th,1945, in Court One at the Old Bailey.

He argued that he had never attacked Britain and was an anti-Communist, not a Nazi. At the same time, his brother Julian Ameryattempted to show that John had become a Spanish citizen, andtherefore would have been technically incapable of committing treason against the United Kingdom. His counsel, Gerald OsborneSlade KC, meanwhile, tried to show that the accused was mentally ill.

These attempts at a defence were suddenly abandoned on the firstday of his trial, when to general astonishment, Amery pleaded guiltyto eight charges of treason. He was immediately sentenced to death.A witness in the court said: “He was like an insect that falls on a hotstove and is withered, and what he did felt like an act of cruelty to thewhole court. It was quite clear that he was morally satisfied and thathe was congratulating himself on having at last, at the end of hismuddled and frustrated existence, achieved an act crystalline in itsclarity.”

The judge summed up by saying: “John Amery, I am satisfied thatyou knew what you did and that you did it intentionally and deliberately after you had received warning from your fellow country-men that the course you were pursuing amounted to high treason.They called you a traitor and you heard them, but in spite of that youcontinued in that course. You now stand a self-confessed traitor toyour king and country, and you have forfeited your right to live.”

Amery was hanged by Albert Pierrepoint, assisted by Henry E.Critchell, in Wandsworth Prison at 9.00 am on Wednesday, 19thDecember 1945. A few hours later, Amery's body was buried in anunmarked grave in Wandsworth prison cemetery. This practice wasstandard procedure because bodies of executed prisoners wereregarded as property of the British government, and thereforeremained in the custody of the prison where they had been executed.Wandsworth prison cemetery is situated inside the walls of theprison, and therefore it cannot be visited by the general public. In1996 after his mother's death, the family had Amery's body exhumedand cremated, scattering his ashes in France.



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PA for the Day is an operatingdivision of KnightsbridgeSecretarial Services which hasbeen established inKnightsbridge since 1957.

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Many shelters were bombed during World War II and others fell victim to street widening schemes after the war, but it was theadvent of the motor car that put most of the shelters out of busi-ness. Now only 13 of these shelters remain.

There are 13 Grade II listed operational shelters in regular usetoday, still maintained by the Cabmen's Shelter Fund, although thisfund now has limited resources and is assisted by the Heritage ofLondon Trust and other benefactors.Three surviving cabmen’s shelters can be found at: GrosvenorGardens SW1; Pont Street SW1; St George’s Square, Pimlico SW1;

The unpretentious green huts that have sustained London cabbiesfor more than 130 years are to get a new lease of life, thanks to a£69,000 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF).

The Creative Intelligence Agency, a non-profit arts and designorganisation, will raise public awareness of their history, help set upa friends group and promote conservation and maintenance to pre-serve them for the future. It will work with the Cabmen’s ShelterFund and London Transport Museum.


CABBIES' SHELTERSwere introduced in around 1875. At that time, the cab-driver'svehicle of choice was the Hackney or Hansom horse-drawn carriage. The only place of sustenance and comfort was a PublicHouse. To utilise this facility meant paying someone to watch the

cab, as it was illegal to leave them unattended. Most cabbieswould have a lad who was employed for this purpose, as well asfor the carrying of cases and general menial jobs. It is also likelythat cabbies could be in these establishments some time, and possibly the worse for wear, through imbibing alcohol!

In an attempt to lower the cabdriver’s temptation to drink on thejob, the social reformer, the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and a groupof fellow philanthropists, took it upon themselves to set up theCabmen’s Shelter Fund. Between 1875 and 1914 around 60 ofthese shelters were built at a cost of £200 each. Because theshelters stood on a public highway, the police stipulated that theyhad to be no larger than a horse &cart.

These shelters managed to cater for about a dozen men at atime. Offering drivers a place to rest and eat. Each had a workingkitchen, seats and tables. Windows are situated on the upperpart of the walls in the middle bay of the short sides, and in thesecond, fourth and sixth bay on the long sides, with the middlewindow replaced by a door on the north side. The roof was origi-nally felt-clad, but is now more often tiled, and sloped. It ismounted with a square slatted ventilation structure on the roofnot dissimilar to a dovecote, and the whole shelter is painted adistinctive deep green.

Some shelters are decorated outside with hanging baskets offlowers. Many had books and newspapers, and were popular asa means of catching up with news. Gambling, drinking andswearing occurred when the shelters were first created and used,although this went against house rules.

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DEVIL'S ACREwas a notorious slum on and behind Old Pye Street, Great StAnne's Lane (now St Ann Street) and Duck Lane (now StMatthew Street) in the parish of Westminste. In 1850 CharlesDickens called it The Devil's Acre in Household Words. The termslum was popularised by Cardinal Wiseman at WestminsterCathedral.

In medieval times, Westminster Abbey monks would offer safehaven to suspected criminals and debtors, leading to the areanext to the western gate of theAbbey being called "theSanctuary". This acquired a repu-tation for narrow streets and run-down dwellings, as did certainother parts ofnWestminster in the18th century. Prior to the 18th centurythe area was a desirable place tolive, but in the middle of the 18thcentury gardens and courtyardswere built over and the streetsbecame ill-paved and ill-main-tained. Dwellings were built withthe cheapest material, lacked ventilation, had poor lighting, andno drainage or sanitation facilities.This created a stench.

The area is low-lying and prone towaterlogging, and dwellings started to subside. By the 19thcentury the area was one of theworst in London and thought of asthe centre of poverty, vice andcrime.

Population density in the Devil's Acre was not measured in termsof persons per acre, but persons per room. The area had a highrate of mortality from diseases such as typhoid and in 1848 GreatPeter Street, Perkin's Rent, Duck Lane and Old Pye Street werethe most densely populated streets in the district. The streetswere mostly made up of old, irregular and run-down houses.Great Peter Street was mainly occupied by tradesmen, smallshopkeepers, labourers, mechanics, and those with irregular oruncertain earnings. In Perkin's Rent, Duck Lane and Old PyeStreet 10 to 12 people frequently lived in one room and the houses were mostly occupied by what a contemporary describedas "mendicants, hawkers, costermongers, lodging house keepers,thieves and abandoned females of irregular and intemperatehabits".

Old Pye Street was lined with lodging houses and parts of Old

Pye Street became known as "Irish rookery". An 1851 census ofthe common lodging houses on Old Pye Street, which was thecentre of the Devil's Acre, describes the occupation of 20 lodgersin one house as: five "beggars", two "beggar bricklayers", one"labourer beggar", one "needlewoman beggar", one "hawker",one "labourer bricklayer" and one "errand boy".

Charles Booth's poverty map showing Westminster in 1889coloured streets to represent the economic class of the residents.Victoria Street had upper-middle and upper classes. The model

dwellings built by the PeabodyTrust off Victoria Street were forfairly comfortable good ordinaryearnings. The building of VictoriaStreet was aimed at removing theslums in the area, and particularlythe Devil's Acre. The projects displaced rather than removed theslum. Along Victoria Street a mixof office blocks,shops and upper-class apartment buildings.

The street had been planned asan experiment in sanitary andmoral engineering. It was severalfeet above the low-lying, badlydrained marshland betweenWestminster and the western part:what became Belgravia. Inmedieval times it was known asThorney Island. In 1850 considerable parts of Westminsterwere under the high-water mark ofthe Thames, and Victoria Streetwas designed to drain the areaand clear the slums.

From the 1850s a new movement of social housing, largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust began. Slumclearance began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner ofOld Pye St and Perkin's Rent. In 1869 the Peabody Trust builtone of its first housing estates at Brewer's Green, betweenVictoria Street and St. James's Park. What remained of theDevil's Acre on the other side of Victoria Street was cleared. In1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on thecorner of Old Pye Street and Abbey Orchard Street, designed byHenry Darbishire.

The Abbey Orchard Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard,creating a semi-private space within the estate functioning asrecreation area. The blocks of flats were built using high-qualitybrickwork and included architectural features such as lettering,glazing, fixtures and fittings. The estates built included sharedlaundry and sanitary facilities.


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