november 29, 2018process by the earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface weathering water,...

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Chapter 3 Rocks.notebook 1 November 29, 2018 Nov 2310:42 AM Chapter 3 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures Section 3.1: The Rock Cycle Objectives 1. What is a rock? 2. What are the three major types of rock? 3. What is the rock cycle? 4. How do igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks differ? 5. What processes transform rocks from one type to another? PreLab 1. Look carefully at your rock samples. 2. Observe and record at least 3 ways the rocks are similar. 3. Observe and record at least 3 ways the rocks are different. 4. Classify the rocks into three groups based on your observations. 5. Give reasons for these groupings. After you have your groupings, 1. How does your classification scheme compare (same/different) with at least two other groups. 2. Each of these rocks used today, belongs to one of the three major groups of rocks. Hypothesize what makes one group of rocks different from the others. Many of us work hard to recycle the items we use in our daily lives to reduce the impact we have on the environment. In a way, the Earth also recycles through the rock cycle. Can you imagine what a rock might look like through each stage of the rock cycle? How do rocks differ from minerals? minerals combine to form rocks What are rocks? Minerals make rocks, but not all rocks are made of minerals! a naturally occurring, solid mixture of one or more minerals some rocks are only made of 1 mineral Limestone some rocks are made of no minerals Coal What are rocks used for? tools, buildings, roads Rocks are made through aROCK CYCLE. The rock types included in the rock cycle areigneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic . Rock Cycle a series of processes in which rocks continuouslychange from one type of rock to another

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Page 1: November 29, 2018process by the Earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface Weathering water, wind, ice and heat break down rocks into sediments chemical weathering the minerals

Chapter 3 Rocks.notebook

1

November 29, 2018

Nov 23­10:42 AM

Chapter 3­ Rocks: Mineral Mixtures 

Section 3.1: The Rock Cycle

Objectives1. What is a rock?2. What are the three major types of rock?3. What is the rock cycle?4. How do igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks 

differ?5. What processes transform rocks from one type to another?

Pre­Lab1. Look carefully at your rock samples.2. Observe and record at least 3 ways the rocks are similar.3. Observe and record at least 3 ways the rocks are different.4. Classify the rocks into three groups based on your observations.5. Give reasons for these groupings.

After you have your groupings, 1. How does your classification scheme compare (same/different)    with at least two other groups.2. Each of these rocks used today, belongs to one of the three    major groups of rocks. Hypothesize what makes one group of       rocks different from the others. 

Many of us work hard to recycle the items we use in our daily lives to reduce the impact we have on the environment. In a way, the Earth also recycles through the rock cycle. Can you imagine what a rock might look like through each stage of the rock cycle?

How do rocks differ from minerals?minerals combine to form rocks

What are rocks?Minerals make rocks, but not all rocks are made of minerals!a naturally occurring, solid mixture of one or more mineralssome rocks are only made of 1 mineral ­ Limestonesome rocks are made of no minerals ­ Coal

What are rocks used for?tools, buildings, roads

Rocks are made through a ROCK CYCLE. The rock types includedin the rock cycle are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. 

Rock Cyclea series of processes in which rocks continuously change from 

one type of rock to another

Page 2: November 29, 2018process by the Earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface Weathering water, wind, ice and heat break down rocks into sediments chemical weathering the minerals

Chapter 3 Rocks.notebook

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November 29, 2018

Nov 23­10:50 AM

Processes That Shape the Earth

Igneous RockHeat

soften rockMelting

rock melts into molten material (melted rock)Magma

melted rock underground

Coolingmagma begins to cool and mineral crystals begin to join 

togetherSolidification/Crystallization

cooled magma hardens and becomes a solid

Sedimentary RocksUplift

process by the Earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface

Weatheringwater, wind, ice and heat break down rocks into sediments

chemical weatheringthe minerals in rocks are dissolved into the rainwater or 

changed from one type of mineral into another

warm, moist environments have more chemical weathering because water is needed for the chemical changes and 

warmth facilitates the reactions. 

physical weatheringrocks are mechanically broken apart into smaller pieces

if water freezes into cracks in a rock it will expand as it freezes, opening the crack even more.

Sedimentssmall pieces of broken down rock, mineral fragments,

mineral grains

Erosiontransportation of sediments from one location to another

Depositionmaterial is placed down after erosion occurs

Lithificationprocess of sediment becoming a rock

sediment that has formed, been transported, and deposited, is not a sedimentary rock unless it is allbound together

Cementationsediments become cemented together

Compactionsediments becoming squeezed together

Metamorphic RockHeat/Pressure/Chemical Reaction (rxn)

soften and squeeze the rock

Page 3: November 29, 2018process by the Earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface Weathering water, wind, ice and heat break down rocks into sediments chemical weathering the minerals

Chapter 3 Rocks.notebook

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November 29, 2018

Nov 15­1:43 PM

Page 4: November 29, 2018process by the Earth that causes rocks to rise to the surface Weathering water, wind, ice and heat break down rocks into sediments chemical weathering the minerals

Chapter 3 Rocks.notebook

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November 29, 2018

Nov 11­11:11 AM

Section 3.2 Igneous Rocks

Key ObjectivesHow are intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks alike and different?How does the rate of cooling affect an igneous rocks texture?How are igneous rocks classified according to composition?

Do you think rocks that cooled and solidified from lava on Earth’s surface would look different from those that cooled and solidified from magma inside the Earth?Why?

Igneous Rocksigneous = firerocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifiesformation of different igneous rocks depends on how long it takes 

for the magma or lava to cool and the composition of the magma or lava

Intrusive Igneous Rockrock formed from the cooling and solidification of magmabeneath the Earth's surfacemostly coarse­grained texture 

Extrusive Igneous Rocklava that cools and solidifies on or near the Earth's surface

Rocks are further classified by composition and texture.

Texturebased on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains

fine­grainedneed magnifying glass or microscope to see mineral grainsrapid cooling

coarse­grainedlarge crystals to formslow cooling

glassylava cools so fast that the grains do not have time to get 

together

porphyritic minerals do not crystallize at the same rate

Compositionchemical makeup of a rockdescribes the mineral or other materials

in the rock

Graniticlight coloredquartz/feldsparsFelsic

light­colored igneous rocks

Basalticdark­coloredMafic

dark­colored igneous rocks

Andesitic cross between basaltic and granitic compositions

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November 29, 2018

Nov 18­1:33 PM

3.3 Sedimentary RocksKey Concepts

What are the major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks?

What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?What features are unique to some sedimentary rocks?

How are layers in a sedimentary rock similar to the rings in a tree?

How are they different?

In Canada and the North United States, the growing season begins in the spring. At first, the cambium produces numerous large cells with thin walls that form the springwood (earlywood). If you look at a cross section of a tree, this is the light­colored ring.Then, towards the end of the summer, growth slows down. The cells manufactured at this time of year are small, with thick walls. They form the summerwood (latewood) which appears as a darker ring on the tree cross section.One year of growth is therefore represented by a ring consisting of a light part and a dark part. The darker wood is not formed in winter, as some people believe, because the cambium is completely inactive in the winter.The following year, a new two­part ring is added. The older rings are closest to the center of the tree. The tree grows in diameter because it manufactures new cells around its circumference, not because the old cells get larger.The old annual rings form the heartwood of inactive cells: this is the dead part of the tree ­ Xylem. The live portion ­ Phloem includes only the most recent rings. Depending on the tree's age and species, this portion is 1.5 to 7.5 cm wide. The dead wood is the largest part of the tree. Often, it takes on a darker colour.

Sedimentary Rocks75 % of Earth’s surface = sedimentary rocksform from sediments become pressed together

or cemented together =  lithificationsediments = loose material 

ex: rock fragments or mineral grains  weathering ­­ process that breaks rocks into pieceserosion ­­ moves sediments to a new locationdeposition­ laid down or dropped out of the liquidstrata ­ layers in the sedimentary rocksstratification ­ process in which sedimentary  rocks are 

arranged in layers

Two ways sedimentary rocks form ­ Lithification* Compaction

layer on layer ­­ pressure ­­sediments stick together

* CementationWater soaks through sedimentsquartz and calcite dissolves and  acts as a cement sediments stick together

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks1.  Clastic

     * made of broken fragments

breccia =  sharp angles conglomerate = rounded angles

2.  Chemical     * minerals dissolve in solution (HCL)

ex: rock salt     * limestone ­­ fossils, usually deposited on  the ocean 

floor

3.  Organic or Biochemical Sedimentary      * rocks form from remains of living items

ex:  fossil rich limestone     chalk is made from tiny marine creatures

Look at table 2 Page 79 Classification of Major Sedimentary Rocks

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November 29, 2018

Nov 18­1:31 PM

3.4 Metamorphic RocksKey Concepts

Where does most metamorphism take place?How is contact metamorphism different from regional 

metamorphism?What are three agents of metamorphism, and what kinds of

changes does each cause?What are foliated metamorphic rocks, and how do they form?How are metamorphic rocks classified?

Metamorphic Rocks* meta = change* morphos = shape* deformation = change in the shape of a rock caused by 

a force place on it* formed from heat, pressure, and chemical rxns * mineral grains can flatten

How they can form? page 107Contact Metamorphism

when rocks are heated by magma near by

Regional Metamorphismwhen pressure and temperature builds up and causes 

changes in rocks

Two Textures of Metamorphic Rocks1.  Foliated

    * mineral grains flatten and line up in parallel bandsexample:  gneiss from granite (igneous)

 

2.  Nonfoliated     * mineral grains change but do not  form bands

example:  marble from limestone (sedim)

Limestone Marble

Explain why marble rarely contains fossils even though limestone does.