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TRANSCRIPT
hydrosphere notes nwebsite.notebook
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November 30, 2015
Earth's outer layer of water found as liquid gas or solid. Stats:
71% of earth is water
97.5% of this water is in the oceans
2.5% left is rivers, lakes, icecaps and glaciers
79% of the 2.5% is frozen
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We can “separate” the hydrosphere into 3 general categories:
1. Inland waterdef: bodies of freshwater found on the continents. It unites rivers, lakes and groundwater.
To study inland water we divide the continent up into catchment areas
Catchment Area or watershedWhen it rains, water accumulates in streams and filters through the soil. The natural slope of the land causes water to flow into a larger body of water such as a lake.
How pollutants affect catchment areas and watershedsThe more catchment areas a river has the more polluted the water river may become. The lower the catchment area is the more polluted it will be.
Remember all rivers will lead to an ocean!!
Aspects which affect watersheds
• topography: Natural and artificial features of the area
• geology: rocks
• climate
• vegetation: plant life
• agriculture: farming
Whats's a Watershed.mp4
USDA Watershed Learning Animation For ASI Communications by VFX Direct.mp4
Why must land be slanted?
Def: All the area from which water empties into the same large body of water.
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2. The cryosphere
def: Frozen water on earth's surface.
The cryosphere encompasses:
ice floes, glaciers, permafrost, frozen lakes and rivers and snow
Ice floes vs glaciers
iceberg
Glacier Surfing Alaska (HD).mp4Iceberg tsunami.mp4
Pack Ice in the Weddell Sea.mp4 The Collapse of a Glacier.mp4
Glaciers Ice Floes (pack ice)
Formation
Formed as a slow sliding mass of ice formed on land.
As snow accumulates on top of the glacier, the layers below are compacted and form ice.
When chunks break off they fall into the sea and create icebergs.
Are composed of slabs of ice floating on the surface of the water.
Created due to the cold temperatures which freeze the top layer of the earth.
As the ocean water freezes, the salt is pushed into the ocean water below the ice.
Content and location
Freshwater on land Freshwater in ocean polar regions
Pictures
*Ice floes do not affect sea level, but icebergs do.
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3. The oceans• Large masses of salt water
• There are two types of currents
• Surface currents
• Subsurface currents (Deep currents) also called thermohaline circulation.
Surface Currents
• Only go 400 m deep
• Are controlled by wind
• Also affected by the rotation of the earth
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November 30, 2015Subsurface currents thermohaline circulation
• Are caused by the density of water.• The thermohaline circulation acts like a huge 'conveyer belt' connecting the surface and subsurface circulations.
• Responsible for distribution of heat around the world since the water will travel to all the oceans.
Surfing Scientist live experiment Thermohaline circulation.mp4
The great ocean conveyor.mp4
Causes seasons because allows cold area to get warm and warm areas to get cold.
How it works• In the polar regions, cold dense surface water sinks to the boom of the ocean floor and travels along the ocean floor.
• When it gets to warmer regions (such as the equator) the warmer less dense water is heated and rises back up to the surface. Then the warm water travels along the surface.
• When it gets to the Polar Regions, the warm water gets cooled once more, sinks and the process repeats itself.
Salt differences?• Water which is more salty will sink
because it is more dense. • Water which is less salty will rise
because it is less dense.
Salts come from the erosion of rock.
The Gulf Stream & Climate Change.mp4
Density of water is affected by 2 factors:
1 the salt content in water
2 the temperature of water
Polar Equator
Most dense water = salty cold water
Least dense water = less salty warm water
What affect will pack ice and glaciers melng have on thermahiline circulaon?
As the glaciers and pack ice melt, they decrease the salinity of the water. Decreased salinity means water is less dense. If the water is less dense it will not sink and go to the bottom of the ocean = less thermahaline circ.
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Past Exam Questions1.Which of the following statements describes the impact of thermohaline circulation on climate?A) It regulates the world’s climateB) It decreases the world’s average temperatureC) It increases the world’s average temperatureD) It has no notable impact on the world’s climate.
2.The diagram below shows four different locations (1,2,3 and 4) and the site of a toxic spill identified by the letter X.
Which statement about the impact of the toxic spill is TRUE?
A) Location 1 will be the most affected, since the flow of water will carry the toxic substance into the lake.
B) Location 2 will be only slightly affected, since the current will prevent the toxic substance from accumulating.
C) Because of the terrain, only location 3 will be affected.
D) Location 4 will be affected the most, since it is downstream from the spill.
Attachments
Whats's_a_Watershed.mp4
USDA_Watershed_Learning_Animation__For_ASI_Communications_by_VFX_Direct.mp4
The_Collapse_of_a_Glacier.mp4
Glacier_Surfing_Alaska_﴾HD﴿.mp4
Pack_Ice_in_the_Weddell_Sea.mp4
Iceberg_tsunami.mp4
The_great_ocean_conveyor.mp4
Surfing_Scientist_live_experiment_Thermohaline_circulation.mp4
USDA Watershed Learning Animation For ASI Communications by VFX Direct.mp4
Whats's a Watershed.mp4
Pack Ice in the Weddell Sea.mp4
Iceberg tsunami.mp4
The Collapse of a Glacier.mp4
Glacier Surfing Alaska ﴾HD﴿.mp4
Surfing Scientist live experiment Thermohaline circulation.mp4
The great ocean conveyor.mp4
The Gulf Stream & Climate Change.mp4