nowwitharequirement profileaccordingto dddach … · nowwitharequirement profileaccordingto dddach...

Single-ply roofingmembranesmade ofECB and FPO/TPO- Proven over long periods

- Ecologically safe

- Insurable for up to 20 years

NOW WITH A REQUIREMENTPROFILE ACCORDING TOddDACH

Tested at the

Tech. University of Munich

YOURAID IN CHOOSING THECORRECT FLAT ROOF SEAL*

*Ask us for the requirementprofile according to ddDach2005

Tested at the

Tech. University of Munich

1

CONTENTS

Introduction -A safe and sealed flat roof

A. Foldability at low temperatures

B. Resistance to impact

C. Resistance to hail

D. Resistance to cigarette embers

E. Straightness and flatness

F. Weldability

G. Response to application of grease

H. Response to immersion in warmwater

I. Response to immersion in limewater

J. Response to immersion in acid solution

K. Resistance tomicroorganisms

L. Resistance to hydrolysis

M. Resistance to ozone

N. Thermal ageing

O. Exposure to UV radiation

P. Fish test

Q. Cold contraction

R. Verification of root resistance

S. Declaration of ecological features

T. Conclusion

U. Colours

V. Accessories

W. Insurance

X. Technical literature

Requirement profile for allpolymer seals according toddDach (2005)

REQUIREMENT PROFILE ACCORDING TO ddDACH

2

Roof seals are exposed to a variety of differentmechanical, chemical and biological loads andJust how safe are such seals? A comparativeassessment of various seals (material groupscomprising ECB/OCB, EPDM/IIR, EVA-PVC, PIB,PEC, TPO/FPO/OCC, PVC, POLYAMIDE and liquidplastics) was only made possible by practical,standardized tests conducted by W. ERNST (1992,1999). These tests can assist you in making theright decision.

The independent roofing materials expert andTechnical author, W. ERNST, makes the followingstatement on this:

»A fulfilment of all specified, minimum require-ments permits the assumption that the sheetsare processable in a practical manner, capableof withstanding the loads arising at construc-tion sites, ecologically safe, processable in asuitablemanner by fitters, and durable asroof sealing.«.ERNST (1999, 2003)

INTRODUCTION

A safe and sealed flat roof


Roof sheets must be processable at construc-tion sites regardless of the prevailing weather.

Due to climate changes, temperatures of below30 degrees Celsius and belowmay occur duringthe winter in Central Europe. These values shouldbe the basis for evaluating standard require-ments of roof sealing in order to correctly assessresulting strains (ERNST, 2005).

The verified values for fold edges at low tempera-ture also indicate improved low-temperatureflexibility which directly influences processabilityduring adverse, cold seasons. The sheets can beunrolledmore easily and thewelding tempera-ture is lower (energy saving).The risk of processingunder unfavourableweatherconditions isminimized, particularly in the caseofdetailedworkmanship..

Illustrations: [1], [2] low-temperature fracture of a sample;[3] unrolled lengths of various sheets at low temperature

[1] [2]

[3]

A. Foldability at low temperatures3


Requirement according toddDach

• Test according to EN495-5-No fractures or fissures at

- 30°C

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled

FPO-/TPOplastic sheet

Fulfilled

Results obtainedby theTech.Univ. ofMunich

FOLDABILITY AT LOWTEMPERATURES A.

Roof sheets need to be highly resistant topunctures

High mechanical resistance to loads commonlyarising at construction sites during processinguntil acceptance or until application of protectivelayers means a high degree of security againstdamage resulting from operations at the con-struction site.

Accordingly, roof sheets need to be resistantto all loadswhich normally occur atconstruction sites.

The sheet thickness of 2mmand the central glassfibrematminimize the danger of damageduring theconstruction period. Roof surfaces fully exposed toweatheringmust also beprotected against increa-singly frequent occurrences of badweather.

4

B. Resistance to impact

Illustrations: [1] metalwork; [2] roofing felt nail; [3] flat roofused for storage

[1] [2]

[3]


Requirement according toddDach

• Test 15 according toEN 12 691Method A: Solidmetal base500g falling body• falling height > 700mm

Resistant

ECBplastic sheet(tested to800mm)

Yes

FPO/TPOplastic sheet(tested to 800mm)

Yes

Results obtainedby theTech.Univ. ofMunich

RESISTANT TO IMPACT B.

RESISTANCE TO HAIL

Illustrations: [1] Hailstones; [2] & [3] Damaged sealingmem-branes

C. Resistance to hail5

C.

[1] [2]

[3]

• Testing according toEN 13 583

> 25m/s

ECB-plastic sheet

waterproof


waterproof


Requirement according toddDach Results obtainedby theTech.Univ. ofMunich

Some of the European regions most affected bystrong hailstorms are Southern Germany, Austria,Northern Italy, Savoy, Jura, Alsace and Switzer-land.

SSttaattiissttiiccaallllyy,, eevveerryy 1100 ttoo 1155 yyeeaarrss oonnee hhaass ttooeexxppeecctt aa ddiissaassttrroouuss hhaaiillssttoorrmm..

Based on data gathered in the 70ies, a minimumhail resistance of ≥ 17 m/s for new material wasdefined in Switzerland. Research results by EMPAshowed that aging behavior is an important para-meter, which lead to an update of the minimumhail resistance to ≥ 25 m/s to be considered in theRequirement Profile. This value complies with thehail resistance class 3 of the new Swiss “Elemen-tarschutzregister Hagel” (Elementary Safety Register Hailstorm).

RESISTANT TO CIGARETTE EMBERS

Illustrations: [1] holes caused by cigarette burns in front of awindow facade; [2] drops of brazing solder; [3] cigarette butt

D. Resistance to cigarette embers6

D.

[1] [2]

[3]


Roof sheets must be resistant to fireworks andcigarette embers

To meet deadlines, it is often necessary for sever-al complementary trades to operate concurrentlyon flat roofs. Welding, soldering, metal sawingand metal grinding frequently need to be perfor-med while sealing is in progress. Concentratedthermal loads exerted by hot metal are a com-mon feature in such situations.

Roof surfaces fully exposed to weathering (inresidential areas) need to be resistant to fireworks and cigarettes negligently thrown outof windows and off balconies.

Roof sheets resistant to cigarette embers offerthe best possible protection against loads com-monly arising at construction sites.

Requirement according to ddDach

• Test according to EN 1399

Resistant

ECB plastic sheet

Yes


Yes

Results obtained by the Tech.Univ. of Munich

E. Straightness and flatness

STRAIGHTNESS AND FLATNESS

Illustrations: [1] Straightness and flatness; [2] drift duringhot-air welding; [3] creases in the seam

7

E.

Roof sheets must be installable without theformation of creases using simple and reliablejoining techniques.

Straightness(g) and flatness(p) are examined inaccordance with EN 1848-2, Section 5.2.. Every sheet is unrolled to a stress-free length of atleast 10 m on a flat base at a room temperatureranging between 18°C and 28°C. According to the principle represented here, thedeviation in sheet straightness is the largest mea-sured interval (g) in mm between the edge of theunrolled sheet and path AB.Straightness (g) and flatness (p) can be examinedthrough visual checks and quality control duringsheet production. These parameters are also indi-cators of processing reliability.

Roof sheets with large deviations tend toexhibit „drift“ during hot-air welding; thisresults in deficient welding seams (creases).

[2][1]

[3]

REQUIREMENT PROFILE ACCORDING TO ddDACH REQUIREMENT PROFILE ACCORDING TO ddDACH

Requirement according to ERNST

• Test according to EN 1848-2

Deviation (g) < 30 mmSpacing (p) < 10 mm

ECB plastic sheet

FulfilledFulfilled


FulfilledFulfilled


8

F. Weldability

WELDABILITY

Illustration: Welding range Source: ERNST, roof sealing and vegetation, part II, page 90

F.

Roof sheets must permit easy welding andoptimal joining at the construction site.

The standard defining the weldability of roofsheets is represented in a welding range. Thewider this range, the easier it is to weld the corre-sponding sheet, the more reliable the joining ope-ration, and the more consistent the sealing andevenness of the welded joints.Essential parameters influencing weldability bymeans of hot air include:Sheet material qualityMaterial typeSubstrateAmbient temperatureMoisture contentSheet ageing rateType and design of the welding equipmentPower fluctuations

Hot-air welded joints consisting of homoge-neous material are more reliable, and only aroof with tight joints provides its building withdurable protection.



• Welding range accordingto ERNST (1999).

Existent

ECB plastic sheet

Yes


Yes


9

G. Response to application of grease

RESPONSE TOAPPLICATION OF GREASE

Illustrations: [1] Sheet sample following an application ofgrease; [2] flat roof with exterior plant

Roof sheets need to be resistant to grease and oil.

Grease and oil (low-molecular, liquid grease) are of practical significance for the following reasons:Grease and oil arise during maintenance of roofplants (elevator, ventilation and air-conditio-ning equipment, for instance).Grease and oil aerosols are present in high concentrations in the exhaust air of industrialplants such as engineering works and chocolateand milk processing factories.Kerosene mist arises during operations at airports.Ventilation units emitting exhaust air contai-ning grease and oil from kitchens are installedon many roofs.Grease and oil also arise as part of operations atconstruction sites, traffic and gardening activities(for instance, incomplete combustion of exhaustgases from 2-stroke engines).

Material tests do not account for such operatio-nal loads. Roof sheets fulfilling the requirementprofile ddDach can withstand these loads.

G.

[1] [2]



• Test according to DIN 16 726of elongation at break com-pared with new material:

< 25% relative

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


10

H. Response to immersionin warm water

RESPONSED TOIMMERSION IN WARM WATER

Illustrations: [1], [2] temporary accumulation of water; [3] mixture of gravel and accumulated water

Roof sheets must be resistant to heat andwater.

Surface temperatures in excess of 50°C can occuron roofs on hot, sunny days.This process is simulated by the test according toEN 1847, which examines changes in elongationat break compared with new material.

Because water can be expected to accumulatetemporarily on most roof surfaces, this standardtest at a relatively high temperature of 50°Cover a long duration of 16 weeks simulatesactual conditions more realistically than thematerial test.

H.

[1] [2]

[3]



• Test according to EN 1847,50°C for 16 weeks.• Elongation at break withrespect to new material EN12311-2

< 25% relative

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


11

I. Response to immersion inlimewater

RESPONSED TOIMMERSION IN LIMEWATER

Illustrations: [1] material failure below gravel; [2] low-qualitymortar; [3] sintering inside roof drains

I.

Roof sheets must be resistant to limewater.

Limewater immersion test to examine resistanceto lime deposits, for instance.

This test was prompted by visible signs of embrittlement on soft PVC roof sheeting covered with gravel.

The roof sheeting was covered by a closed layer ofdust and abraded gravel comprising chalky rock.The same sheeting on the adjoining roof coveredwith vegetation did not exhibit this damage.

Procedure:Sheets immersed in limewater for 16 weeks at a room temperature between 50°C.

[1] [2]

[3]



• Test according to EN 1847 • Elongation at break respectto new material accordingto EN 12311-2

< 25% relative

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


J. Response to immersionin acid solution

RESPONSE TOIMMERSION IN ACID SOLUTION

Illustrations: [1] BASF building; [2] flat roof close to the sea(Sylt); [3] signs of decomposition following exposure to acid

12

J.

[1] [2]

[3]

Roof sheets need to be resistant to corrosivechemical elements in the environment.

This test was prompted by signs of partial embrittlement caused by acid rain on roofsheeting in the vicinity of a chimney.

Acidic substances also arise from deposits such as bird droppings, foliage, pollen and their natu-ral decomposition products.

This test is intended to simulate changes in chemical properties under realistic operatingconditions in order to assess the quality, stabilityand resistance of materials and represent the processes taking place in sheet structure underthe influence of acids (for instance, emissionsfrom dead roots, humic acid, acid rain, exhaustgases from the chimneys of heating oil combusti-on units).


• Test according to EN 1847• Elongation at break withrespect to new material EN12311-2

< 15% relative

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled



Roof sheets must be resistant to biologicalinfluences.

Flat roofs are subjected to diverse stresses suchas those originating from alkaline substances,algae, microbes etc.

All these factors can affect the material pro-perties of roof sheeting and accelerate itsageing process. The guidelines for flat roofsdated 2003 explicitly state that deposits can serveas breeding grounds for bacteria and microbes.The related material norm only specifies a short-term test. Conditions during this test only partial-ly reflect those actually pertaining to installedroof sheets, especially in the long term.The realistic, long-term test (32 weekswith age-pre treatment, warm water, 14 days) employedhere is intended especially for simulations of thelong-term response of roof sheeting to actual influential factors under laboratory conditions.

K. Resistance to microorganisms

RESISTANCE TO MICROORGANISMS

Illustrations: [1] gravel-covered flat roof; [2] formation of redalgae; [3] growth of fungus on the bottom of bituminoussheeting; [4] discoloration on top of the sheeting

13

K.

[2]

[4]

[1]

[3]


Requirement according to ddDsach

• Test according to EN-ISO 846,age-pre treatment, duration32 weeks• Weight loss compared withnew material:

< 4% relative

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


RESISTANCE TO HYDROLYSIS

Illustrations: [1] air-conditioning unit on a flat roof: [2]embrittlement of roof sheets; [3] sealed pond on Munich'strade fair premises

L. Resistance to hydrolysis14

L.

[1] [2]

[3]

RESISTANCE TO MICROORGANISMS

Roof sheets must be resistant to hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis is the decomposition of substances bywater into their primary products.In certain circumstances, hydrolysis can pro-duce toxic, water-soluble ingredients whichpollute wastewater and the environment.Hydrolysis can occur through puddles on roofs ofan insufficient gradient and fully exposed to wea-thering, as well as water accumulations on roofsfurnished with vegetation.

Resistance to hydrolysis is specified by the guidelines on roof vegetation and needs to be verified if necessary. Material tests accordingto DIN are not defined for this purpose. Roofsheets complying with the requirement profileaccording to Ernst are resistant to hydrolysis asdefined by this profile.W. ERNST 1992, 1999



• Test involving a comparison ofelongation at break with res-pect to new material accor-ding to EN 12311-2:

< 25% relative< 3% change in weight

ECB plastic sheet

FulfilledFulfilled


FulfilledFulfilled


Roof sheets must be resistant to solar radiation and ozone.

A thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere(ranging from a height of 10 km to 40 km) lowersthe temperature of this region and increases itspermeability to reactive UV-B radiation.Current investigations performed in Europe'smountainous regions show that the intensity ofUV-B radiation here has increased notably overthe last 15 years.

Steadily increasing road traffic density is resultingin correspondingly greater emissions of nitrogenoxides and hydrocarbons from combustion engi-nes into the atmosphere.On hot, cloudless summer days, these exhaustgases produce ozone close to the ground. Ozoneis not only one of the most toxic gases known,but also has a strong oxidizing effect which cancause premature ageing.

M. Resistance to ozone

RESISTANCE TO OZONE

Illustrations: [1] roof covered with vegetation to protectagainst ultraviolet radiation; [2] solar radiation; [3] unprotec-ted flat roof exposed to ultraviolet radiation

15

M.

[1] [2]

[3]

RESISTANCE TO HYDROLYSIS


Requirement according to ERNST

• Test according to EN 1844:No fissures on 6-foldenlargement.

Stage 0

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


THERMAL AGEING

Illustration: Comparison of the durability of equivalent sealing in different configurationsSource: ERNST, roof sealing and vegetation, part II, page 19

Roof sheets must be resistant to ageing.

A knowledge of the properties of a materialmust include details concerning its ageing pat-tern. The ageing pattern of any roof sheet isdetermined primarily by its material quality, amajor role being played by the type and gradeof the basic materials as well as the manufactu-ring and finishing processes.

Taking into account all environmental factorsacting on a roof sheeting - whether it is fullyexposed to weathering, gravel-covered or vege-tation-covered - its ageing pattern and long-term durability are determined essentially by:

ExtractionMigrationResistance to hydrolysisResistance to microorganismsResistance to weatheringResistance to ozone

N. Thermal ageing16

N.



• Test according to elongationat break (EN 12311-2) with res-pect to new material • EN 1296

< 25% relative< 3% change in weight

ECB plastic sheet

FulfilledFulfilled


FulfilledFulfilled


17

EXPOSURE TO UV RADIATION

Illustration: Simplified schematic representation of a QUVfast weathering device, Source: Q-Panel company

Roof sheets must be resistant to weathering in the long term.

Weather factors such as solar radiation, temperature, precipitation and atmosphericoxygen lead to a decomposition (ageing) ofplastic and bitumen, causing embrittlementand discoloration.

Artificial weathering devices are intended tosimulate and intensify real, outdoor climaticfactors in order to reproduce ageing processesin time lapse. Global radiation, for instance, issimulated by filtered xenon-arc radiation.The samples are wetted periodically to simula-te the stress exerted by rainfall outdoors.

O. Exposure to UV radiation

O.



• Test 10 according to EN 1297(5.000/3.000h)• Change in weight comparedwith new material• No fissures on 6-fold enlargement

< 3% Stage 0

ECB plastic sheet

FulfilledFulfilled


FulfilledFulfilled


P. Fish test

FISH TEST

Illustrations: [1] artificial waterfall; [2] temporary accumula-tion of water; [3] goldfish

18

P.

[1] [2]

[3]

Roof sheets must be made of environmentallycompatible materials.

The aim of Agenda 21, 1992 is a standardizedand ecological approach to modern construction,accounting especially for the protection of soil,water and air as natural fundamentals of living,avoidance of stress on these elements, and aneconomical use of resources in general. Roofingmaterials are being subjected to increased scru-tiny as regards their ecological and biologicalconstruction properties. Measures here includeminimization of material consumption and energyconsumption during production and transport.Accordingly, ERNST developed the fish test forsealing sheets. This test is used to check whetherwater-soluble components of installed roof shee-ting influence the quality of wastewater, polluti-on of rainwater by water-soluble substancesbeing undesirable.



• Test according to ERNST(1999) and OECD/EEC, testedon: Poecilla reticulata (Guppy)

> 24 hours

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


19

Roof sheets must undergo contraction tests.

Many years of practical experience have shownthat damage to loosely installed roof sheetingoften occurs in the cold season.The reason for this is often tension inducedthrough material contraction resulting from tem-perature drops. Cold contraction forces act longi-tudinally and transversely on roof sheeting.Consequently, the generated forces can exertstress on fixing points and seams.The tensile forces produced in roof sheets atlow temperatures in winter, especially if thesheets were installed at high temperatures insummer, cannot be established with the help ofstandard values in specifications related to theroof sheets.

Accordingly, cold contraction forces acting onroof sheets need to be verified so that they canbe accounted for during processing. No stan-dard test of roof sealing has yet been specifiedfor this purpose. Roof sheets complying with therequirement profile according to Ernst fulfil coldcontraction criteria taking into considerationapplicable processing guidelines.

Q. Cold contraction

COLD CONTRACTION

Illustrations: [1], [2] damage by cold contraction

Q.

[1] [2]



• Test according to ERNST (1999)

< 200 kg/m

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


20

Roof sheets must be resistant to roots.

Resistance to roots in compliance with EN 14416(DIN 4062) still has advertising appeal, althoughthe inadequacy of this standard is well known.Explanations are provided in related technicalreports.

„To preclude future damage to buildings by roofvegetation, roof sheets are to be tested in accor-dance with FLL guidelines concerning vegetati-on. Seed dispersion by wind cannot be preven-ted, nor is it possible to prohibit blackbirds fromdropping cherry seeds on roofs, and the growthof quack grass cannot be controlled.“

Verification of resistance to roots and rhizomesby an FLL test certificate complies with state-of-the-art technology.W. ERNST (1999)

R. Verification of root resistance

VERIFICATION OF ROOT RESISTANCE

Illustrations: [1] birch upgrowth; [2];[3] quack grass upgrowth

R.

[1] [2]

[3]



•Verification of root resistancethrough (since 1999) FLL testcertificate

ECB plastic sheet

Fulfilled


Fulfilled


21

Roof sheets must be ecologically safe.

Discussions of the ecological features of construction products are gaining steadily inimportance.

The SIA (Association of Swiss Engineers andArchitects) developed the SIA 493 standard(1997) defining the ecological properties of buil-ding materials in order to improve communica-tion between manufacturers and users. An ecological approach to construction is gearedprimarily toward making the right decision at theright time during the building process. The greatestfreedom in making decisions on ecological aspectsis available during the early stage of planning,when environmental goals such as the followingones need to be defined:

Minimization of energy requirements for structuresMinimization of material consumptionMaximization of product durabilityUse of dismantlable and recyclable productsUse of low-pollution products.

Techniques and details pertaining to such objec-tives are provided in the declaration of ecologicalfeatures of building products

S. Declaration of ecologicalfeatures

DECLARATION OF ECOLOGICAL FEATURES

Illustrations: [1] sealed artificial waterfall; [2] pond sealedwith plastic sheets

S.

[1] [2]



• Declaration according to SIA 493

Itemized verification available

ECB plastic sheet

Yes


Yes


T. Conclusion

Prerequisites for long-term operational relia-bility and maintenance of flat roofs are:Proper planning of technical and materialaspects.A call for tenders providing a clear and unequi-vocal description of the quality of the requiredroof sheeting.Installation by qualified, skilled and experienced personnel.Installation in accordance with manufacturers'specifications and technical regulations. Annual maintenance.

State-of-the-art criteria for selection of the correctpolymer sealing sheets are provided by the requi-rement profile according to ddDach (2005).

„The ageing of sheets fulfilling all minimumrequirements can be assumed to remain within limits which ensure long-term utilization of the sheets.“ ddDach (2005)

22

CONCLUSION T.

Illustration: W. ERNST,roof sealing and vegetation, part 5, page 201.


U. Colours23

Expedient design can also be appealing, especi-ally in the case of flat roofs whose aesthetics andlandscape integration have long been neglected.Whether white, blue, green, red, black or grey,coloured roof sheets are available in a diversitypermitting an emphasis of design aspects andaffording great conceptual freedom withoutdetracting from the high standards imposed onsafety and sealing properties.

COLOURS U.

Black

Grey Blue Red Green

Grey White Blue Red Green


V. Accessories24

ACCESSORIES V.

Illustrations: [1] exterior angles; [2] water spouts; [3] roof ventilators

[1]

[2]

[3]

A wide range of proven accessories such asmoulded articles comprising interior and exteriorangles, roof drains, waterstops and bonding plates are available for proper installation andsecure, homogeneous welding of roofing andsealing sheets.

You receive roof sealing, accessories and competent advice all from a single source.Maximum reliability and high installation comfort guarantee your success.

25

LUCOBIT plastic roof sheets made of ECBand/or FPO/TPO can be insured for up to 20 years.

The icing on the cake in terms of safety is provi-ded by flat roof insurance offered by sheet pro-ducers. Insurable objects include entire, newlyconstructed flat roofs and partial, renovated sur-faces. A prerequisite for this is the use of LUCOBITroof sheets made of ECB and/or FPO/TPO and theconclusion of a maintenance contract. Even theentire packet of layers (including substructureand insulation) is insurable on request. The con-tract has a freely selectable duration of up to 20years. The sheet manufacturers are to be contac-ted for the purpose of concluding an insurancecontract.

INSURANCE

Illustration: Sample certificate

W. Insurance for up to 20 years

W.

I.

X. Technical literature26

TECHNICAL LITERATURE X.

Supplementary and additional technical lite-rature: Roof sealing and vegetation, part III(2002), part IV (2003), part V (2005), and specialedition “sealing” published by Fraunhofer IRB.The still current technical books from 1991/1999and the supplement from 2003 co-authored by W.ERNST, FISCHER, JAUCH and LIESECKE describepresently feasible quality standards and thereforeserve to document state-of-the-art technology.

A practical requirement profile for all seals helpsimprove the safety and durability of roofs. Sealsmeeting these user-friendly, functional, ecologi-cal and sustainable standards are listed.

“The requirement profile for sealings developedby ERNST (1999) and adjusted by ddDach (2005)has been adopted to the European norms. Itswide use contributes to the transparency of thesealing market and is therefore principally recom-mendable.”(Prof. r.Oswald – Aachener Bausach-verständigentage 2005).

LUCOBIT AktiengesellschaftBrühler Str. / LyondellBasell GmbH • B100D-50389 WesselingTelephone +49 (0) 22 36 / 3 78 59 0 Telefax +49 (0) 22 36 / 3 78 59 99 [email protected] • www.lucobit.com

We thank ddDach e.V. for the texts, documents and illustrations provided.

No liability is assumed for the correctness of the supplied information or the properties which can be deduced from the requirement profile for the products described in the brochure.

nowwitharequirement profileaccordingto dddach … · nowwitharequirement profileaccordingto dddach...

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