nparr 4(1) (full issue)
DESCRIPTION
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ANNONA MURICATA: A REVIEWTRANSCRIPT
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From the Director’s Desk
India is one of the richest and most diversified countries as far as biodiversity, natural
products and resources are concerned. Dissemination of information on various topics related to
these subjects has acquired unprecedented prominence in the last two decades as every field, be
it science, technology or engineering, look to natural resources as a safe source, both
environmentally as well as technologically.
The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR),
is a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi
which houses globally renowned publications such as, The Wealth of India–An Encyclopaedia of
Indian Raw Materials, 17 scholarly research journals and 2 abstracting journals, viz. Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA) and Indian Science Abstracts (ISA). Since, MAPA and ISA
have vast coverage on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and all science subjects, respectively, we
have now decided to extend our services on all plant and animals based natural products in
faster mode i.e. electronically. With immense pleasure we announce launching of Natural
Products and Resources Repository (NPARR) with open access to adequately fulfill the
information needs of teachers, scientists, scholars and entrepreneurs for research and
commercial products development from natural resources. Another feature of this repository is
that authors can be users and contributors to this repository at the same time by sending soft
copies of abstracts of their published papers with full citation and address of corresponding
authors and information on technologies/know-how developed at their institute/university for
placing under respective group of products/technologies. I trust that this collection will also help
researchers in searching core and non-core journals on specified products.
I welcome all experienced authors, editors and publishers of national and international
journals for their creative cooperation and enthusiastic involvement in this new endeavor. The
NPARR allows free access to its contents and hence will enhance citation/visibility of papers/
technological know-how included in this repository. We look forward to provide you a
comprehensive collection of quality information on natural products in coming years.
Gangan Prathap
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NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY
(NPARR)
(A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and
Resources)
This repository is produced by systematic survey of research and review papers
published in primary journals and providing abstracts/summaries and bibliographic details of
applied research. It is covering information on all aspects of natural products and resources of
plants and animals. The abstracts are presented in various categories viz. Beverages, Cosmetics,
Dyes, Essential oils, Fats/Oils, Feed/Fodder, Fibre, Flavour/Fragrance, Food, Fruits, Fuel,
Gum/Rubber, Insecticides /Fungicides/Nematicides, Oils/Fats, Poultry, Pulp/Paper, Spices/
Condiments, Therapeutics, Vegetables, Wood, etc. Title, journal, author(s), address of
corresponding author (Asterisk marked) of the original paper are provided for scientific
reference and citation. NPARR inserts new products and technologies developed forthcoming
conferences or educational event, book reviews, projects completed and theses awarded.
Compilation/Editor: Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg
Director
Dr Gangan Prathap
(ex-officio)
National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR
Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, INDIA
Phone: 91-011-25846301 ext 258, 25846001; Fax: 91-011 2584 7062
Website; http://nopr.niscair.res.in
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
The information on this site is intended for educational purposes and societal benefit and is
available free of cost. It is a compilation from research journals and it is not a substitute for the advice
of a qualified professional. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India does not endorse
nor does it verify the content or claims made. Editor does not accept responsibility for the
consequences of the use of the information. Every effort is made to present the information accurately;
however, we assume no liability for any errors and omissions.
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Information for Readers
We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this repository.
Use the Register link and register yourself. It will result in the readers receiving the E-mail alert
for each new issue. This list also allows the NPARR to claim a certain level of support or readership.
The Privacy Statement assures readers that their name and E-mail address will not be used for other
purposes.
For including in respective categories, we would like to ask you to contribute soft copies of:
(i) Abstract of your excellent papers published during the last one year or current year in any journal;
(ii) New technologies/ Know-how Developed at your Institute or University; (iii) Books for review or
book reviews for publication; (iv) Forthcoming events and Theses awarded in recent past. We certainly
hope that more ground will be covered in future issues. The librarians are requested to list NPARR
among their library's electronic journal holdings. You may send your above contributions to Dr (Mrs)
Sunita Garg, on E-mail Id: [email protected]; [email protected]
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NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES
REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources)
C O N T E N T S Volume 4, No. 1 January 2013
Products Beverages 5
Cosmetics/Cosmeceuticals 8
Dyes 10
Essential oils 13
Feed/Fodder 16
Fibre 19
Food 20
Fruits 22
Fuel 25
Insecticides 28
Mannure/Fertilizer 31
Oils/Fats 33
Phytochemicals 36
Pulp/Paper 38
Rubber Gum 42
Spices/Condiments 45
Sugar 47
Therapeutics 50
Vegetables 54
Wood 57
Others Cultivation 58
Postharvest Technology 61
Forthcoming events 63
Announcements 64
NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR)
BEVERAGES (incl. Juices, Tea /Coffee,
Yoghurt and other natural soft drinks)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-01 Development of an
innovative nutraceutical fermented beverage
from herbal mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-
Hil.) extract
Herbal mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-
Hil.) leaves are traditionally used for their
stimulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and diuretic
activity, presenting as principal components
polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this work
was to develop an innovative, non-dairy,
functional, probiotic, fermented beverage using
herbal mate extract as a natural ingredient
which would also be hypocholesterolemic and
hepatoprotective. Among different strains used,
Lactobacillus acidophilus was selected as the
best for fermentation. The addition of honey
positively affected the development of L.
acidophilus and the formulated beverage
maintained microbial stability during shelf
life. Key ingredients in the extract included
xanthines, polyphenols and other antioxidants
with potential health benefits for the consumer.
Caffeine levels and antioxidant activity were also
studied. Acceptable levels of caffeine and large
antioxidant capacity were observed for the
formulation when compared to other antioxidant
beverages. An advantage of this product is the
compliance to organic claims, while providing
caffeine, other phyto-stimulants and antioxidant
compounds without the addition of synthetic
components or preservatives in the formulation.
Sensorial analysis demonstrated that the beverage
had good consumer acceptance in comparison
to two other similar commercial beverages.
Therefore, this beverage could be used as a new,
non-dairy vehicle for probiotic consumption,
especially by vegetarians and lactose intolerant
consumers [Lima, I.F.P.*, de Dead Lindner,
J. Soccol, V. T., Parada, J.L and,
Soccol, C.R.
(Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology
Division, Chemical Engineering Department,
Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR
81531-991, Brazil ), International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 2012, 13(1), 788-800].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-02 Formulation
optimisation of a whey lemon beverage using a
blend of the sweeteners aspartame and
saccharin
Product formulations based on
combinations of two sweeteners were optimised in
a sweetened paneer whey lemon beverage (WLB)
by organoleptic panels. The binary sweetener
blend aspartame/saccharin (70:30, 0.0425 %)
scored the highest based upon comparison with
the best-optimised single sweetener aspartame
(0.07%) in WLB and had non-significant
differences with the control WLB sweetened with
sucrose in all sensory attributes. This best binary
blend showed maximum synergy in sweetness
intensity (14.4%) and overall acceptability (7.5%)
in respect of a single sweetener aspartame. The
multiple-sweetener approach involving use of
binary blend (0.0425%) resulted in 39% reduction
of usage level when compared with single
sweetener aspartame (0.07%). [Meena, M.K,
Arora, S., Shendurse, A.M., Sharma, V., Wadhwa,
B.K. and Singh, A.K* (Dudh Mansagar Dairy,
IMT-Manesar, Gurgaon Haryana, India,
Dairy
Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research
Institute, Karnal-132001 Haryana, India,
Department of Dairy Chemistry, College of Dairy
Technology, COVAS, Udgir Latur-413517
Maharastra, India), International Journal of Dairy
Technology, 2012, 65(1), 146-151].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-03 Sensory evaluation
of different drinks formulated from dahi
(Indian Yogurt) powder using fuzzy logic
One standard brand of dahi (Indian
yogurt) drink available in the market was used for
the sensory evaluation of the three samples of
dahi drinks prepared, using freeze-dried dahi
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
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powder (20g), guar gum (0.11g), locust bean gum
(0.11g), vanilla essence (three drops) and water
(200mL), where sample 1 (S1) was made from
dahi powder and water; sample 2 (S2) was made
from dahi powder, guar gum, locust bean gum
and water; and sample 3 (S3) was prepared from
dahi powder, guar gum, locust bean gum, vanilla
essence and water. The main objective of the
study was to analyze the sensory scores of the
various samples of the dahi drinks and rank the
different samples according to their sensory
qualities, using fuzzy analysis. The general
sensory attributes color, flavor, homogeneity
and taste were also ranked according to their
importance in the overall acceptability of the dahi
drinks. Dahi was prepared in laboratory using a
standard procedure, which was freeze dried, and
used for further analysis. A panel of 11 judges
was formed for the sensory evaluation of the
drink samples and it was found that the market
drink (S4) is the most acceptable and was ranked
very good, whereas the S2 and S3 were also
designated good followed by the S1 designated
as satisfactory. So the ranking of the drinks
was S4>S3>S2>S1, showing the increasing
acceptability of the dahi powder-based drinks
with the addition of stabilizers and flavor
compounds. The quality attributes were ranked as
Taste>Flavor>Homogeneity>Color, showing the
highest importance of taste and least importance
of the color as a quality attribute in case of
dahi drinks [Routray, W.* and Mishra H.N.
(Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill
University-MacDonald Campus, Quebec, QC
H9X 3V9, Canada), Journal of Food Processing
and Preservation, 2012, 36(1), 1-10].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-04 Development of vitamin
C rich value added beverage
Amla, a richest source of vitamin 'C'
ranges upto 950 mg/100 g. Due to its astringent
taste, it is not palatable for direct consumption,
hence processing is essential. Present study was
an effort to develop a suitable formulation for
preparation of mixed ami a-grape juice. The fruits
juices were analyzed for its chemical composition
and different formulations of mixed juices were
prepared by different proportions of amla and
grape juice. The prepared mixed juices were
packed in glass bottle with cork cap and stored
at room temperature for a period of 2 months. The
products were analyzed for its keeping quality and
acceptability at intervals of 10 days. The prepared,
mixed juices were evaluated by a taste-testing
panel for sensory attributes. Fruit mixed beverage
having composition 50:50 juice, 0.4% acidity,
10% sugar (of amla juice), 15.24° Brix was found
to be optimum among the other formulation
[Mishra, V., Puranik, Y., Singh, V., Verma,
M.,Yadav, N. and Rai, G.K.*(Centre of Food
Technology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad,
Uttar Pradesh, India), American Journal of Food
Technology, 2012, 7(4), 222-229].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-05 Development and storage
stability of non-fermented whey-Litchi health
drinks
Whey-litchi health drinks were developed
by using whey and litchi juice and their physico-
chemical analysis and storage stability were
evaluated. Four formulations (sugar: 5% and
7.5%; mango pulp: 6% and 8%; pectin: 0.7%)
based on preliminary trials were made
and evaluated for their storability at 7±1°C
for physico-chemical, microbial properties and
organoleptic qualities every seven days till 35
days. There were increases in total soluble solids,
total acidity, reducing sugar and total sugar and
decreases in pH and total solids while fat and
protein content did not change during storage.
Water activities were found to be below 0.80 and
bacteriological deterioration i.e. standard plate
count was less than 30, 000 cfu/mL which is in
the acceptable range of food safety. All the
products were accepted sensorily even after
35 days storage period, but the treatment with
combination of sugar and pulp levels of 5%
and 8% respectively gave the best organoleptic
score [Kumar, V., Sharma, P.D., Kumar, C., and
Deo, M.M.* (Department of Processing and Food
BEVERAGES
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Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering,
Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, 848125,
India), International Agricultural Engineering
Journal, 2012, 21(1), 31-39].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-06 Preparation of non-
alcoholic naturally carbonated beverage using
yeast isolate from whey beverage
Four pure yeast isolates from feta cheese
whey beverage were phenotypically characterised
and D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA and Internal
Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region were sequenced.
These isolates were identified as Clavispora
lusitaniae (84), Candida sp. YS12A (86),
Clavispora lusitaniae (B82), and Candida
hyderabadensis (S82). The fermentation
potentials of all yeast isolates were determined
in plum, amla, lemon, guava, kinnow, and
pineapple, and Clavispora lusitaniae (84) was
reported as the best yeast for carrying out
fermentation with CO 2 levels of 1.5 bar. Using
Clavispora lusitaniae, a reliable, controllable,
simple, and reproducible technology from
astringent fruits has been developed for the
production of non-alcoholic naturally carbonated
beverage with improved tangy taste, appearance,
aroma, extended shelf life, and retention of
all the nutrients. This yeast on inoculation
@ 0.5% in astringent in amla juice (13%), TSS
adjusted to 16.0°B and fermentetion at 20 ± 5°C
for 36 h produces a new non-alcoholic naturally
carbonated beverage. The physicochemical
parameters of freshly prepared beverage juice
13%, pH 3.0, TSS 16.0°B, acidity 0.38%, Brix
acid ratio 42.10, ascorbic acid 120.0 mg/100 ml.
The physicochemical parameters did not
change significantly during storage. The volatile
components like propanol, butanol, acetaldehyde,
methanol, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol
were found to be absent while the percentage
of ethanol was 1.16% after three months of
storage. Shelf life of the beverage is three months
under refrigerated conditions (4°C) [Jairath, S.,
Sahota, P. and Pandove, G. * (Department of
Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana-141004, India), Czech Journal of Food
Sciences, 2012, 30(2), Pages 135-143]
NPARR 4(1), 2013-07 Effect of pomegranate
juice on the pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine
in rabbits
Pomegranate juice (PJ) is known to be a
potent inhibitor of human cytochrome enzymes.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the
effect of acute and chronic PJ on the
pharmacokinetics of oral nitrendipine (10 mg/kg)
in rabbits. Male New Zealand rabbits were
pretreated with PJ for 1 week and on the last day,
a single dose of nitrendipine was given orally.
In another group, both PJ and nitrendipine were
co-Administered to evaluate the acute effect of PJ
on nitrendipine pharmacokinetics. The control
group received oral distilled water for 1 week
and administered with nitrendipine on the last
day. Blood samples were collected at different
time points and nitrendipine concentration
was estimated by high-performance liquid
chromatography. Relative to control, the area
under the concentration-Time curve and peak
plasma concentration of nitrendipine were 2.03-
and 2-fold, respectively, greater in the PJ-
pretreated group. However, co-Administration of
PJ had no significant effect on these parameters.
Further, there was no significant change in the
elimination rate constant and elimination half-life
of nitrendipine in both PJ co-Administered and
pretreated groups in comparison with control.
These results suggest that PJ inhibits the
intestinal metabolism of nitrendipine without
affecting hepatic metabolism in rabbits. Although
this potential interaction needs to be explored
further, the concomitant use of PJ and
nitrendipine should be avoided [Voruganti, S.*,
Rapolu, K., Tota, S., Yamsani, S.K. and Yamsani
M.R (National Facilities in Engineering and
Technology, Industrial Collaboration (NAFETIC)
Centre, University College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Warangal 506 009, Andhra Pradesh,
India), European Journal of Drug Metabolism and
Pharmacokinetics, 2012, 37(2), 77-81].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
8
COSMETICS/COSMECEUTICALS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-08 Preparation and
evaluation of polyherbal cosmetic cream
The present study was to prepare and
evaluate the polyherbal cosmetic cream
comprising extracts of natural products such as
Aloe vera, Cucumis sativus and Daucus carota.
Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W)
herbal creams namely F1 to F7 were formulated
by incorporating different concentrations of stearic
acid and cetyl alcohol. The evaluations of all
formulations (F1 to F7) were done on different
parameters like pH, viscosity, spreadibilty and
stability were examined. Formulations F6 and F7
showed good spreadibilty, good consistency,
homogeneity, appearance, pH, spreadibilty, no
evidence of phase separation and ease of removal.
The formulation F6 and F7 shows no redness,
edema, inflammation and irritation during
irritancy studies. These formulations are safe
to use for skin. These studies suggest that
composition of extracts and base of cream of F6
and F7 are more stable and safe, it may produce
synergistic action [Aswal, A., Kalra, M., Rout, A.
(Ram Gopal College of Pharmacy, Gurgaon,
Haryana-124507, India), Der Pharmacia Lettre,
2013, 5(1), 83-88].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-09 Mass production of
chaff-vinegar and its effect of anti-aging and
whitening
Chaff-vinegar is known for having a
variety of useful purposes in the fields of health
and life styles. In a previous study we isolated
and identified the active fractions of the
polyphenol compound 7 species as a potential
biomaterial for cosmeceuticals. To further test for
its potential use as a functional material, we
carried out an MTT assay, collagenase inhibition
assay, elastase inhibition assay, tyrosinase
inhibition assay, DPPH free radical scavenging
assay, SOD-like activity assay and a xanthine
oxidase inhibition assay. Chaff-vinegar exhibited
potent collagenase and elastase inhibitory
activities in a concentration dependent manner,
indicating that the agent has the potential to
alleviate the skin wrinkling process. Chaff-vinegar
also showed 80% tyrosinase inhibition at a
concentration of 100 µL/mL. DPPH radical
scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and
SOD-like activity results for each activity were
80%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Taken
together, the present study suggests that chaff-
vinegar is a good candidate for use as an anti-
wrinkling and/or whitening agent [Hwang, J.,Yun,
J.-K., Kim, S.K., Lee, S.-H., Han, K.-H. Daegu*
(Technopark Oriental Medicine Industry Support
Center, Daegu 706-828, South Korea), Korean
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012,
40 (3), 208-214].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-10 Beneficial effects of
marine algal compounds in cosmeceuticals
(Review)
The name "cosmeceuticals" is derived
from "cosmetics and pharmaceuticals", indicating
that a specific product contains active
ingredients. Marine algae have gained
much importance in cosmeceutical product
development due to their rich bioactive
compounds. In the present review, marine
algal compounds (phlorotannins, sulfated
polysaccharides and tyrosinase inhibitors)
have been discussed toward cosmeceutical
application. In addition, atopic dermatitis and the
possible role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
in skin-related diseases have been explored
extensively for cosmeceutical products. The
proper development of marine algae compounds
will be helpful in cosmeceutical product
development and in the development of
the cosmeceutical industry [Thomas, N.V., and,
S.-K.*(Marine Bioprocess Research Center,
Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737,
South Korea), Marine Drugs, 2013, 1(1),
146-164].
COSMETICS/COSMECEUTICALS
9
NPARR 4(1), 2013-11 Potential cosmetic
application of essential oil extracted from
Litsea cubeba fruits from China
Litsea cubeba essential oil (LCEO) is
widely used as a flavor enhancer in cosmetics
and as a folk skin-care agent in southern China.
The objective of this paper is to investigate
whether LCEO has biological activities that
might be useful in modern skin-protection
formulations. The present study results revealed
that citral (57.4%) was a major component, while
LCEO exhibited a potent inhibitory effect
on tyrosinase (IC50 values 100 µg/mL), good
antioxidative activities (IC50: 17.75 mg/mL for
ABTS+.
, 10.2 mg/mL for O2 −), and apparent
protective effect against UV–TiO2–NO2−-induced
protein oxidation at 0.01 mg/mL and tyrosine
nitration at 0.1 mg/mL. Additionally, the
biological activities of LCEO were compared
with that of its main constituents. The results
demonstrated that any individual major
component was not the unique contributor to the
high activity of LCEO. Based on these results, we
suggested that LCEO could serve as a new
natural skin-whitening agent [Xiao-Wei Huang*,
Yun-Chao Feng, Yi Huang & Hai-Ling Li
(School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering,
Huazhong University of Science & Technology,
Wuhan, PR China), Journal of Essential Oil
Research, 2013, 25].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
10
DYES (incl. Food colorants)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-012 Environmentally friendly
natural dyeing of organic cotton
In this study, organic cotton fabrics were
dyed with different natural dye sources (madder
root, walnut shell, henna, horse chestnut,
pomegranate peel, berberis vulgaris root, thyme,
and sage tea). The dyeing was carried out with
different mordants (copper sulphate, potassium
aluminum sulphate, potassium tartrate, and citric
acid), using pre-mordanting dyeing methods.
The color of the fabrics was investigated in terms
of color strength (K/S) and fastness properties
against light, washing, rubbing, and perspiration.
The color and fastness properties obtained
from the dyed organic cotton fabrics were between
good to excellent [Tutak, M.* and Ebru Korkmaz,
N. (Department of Textile Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri, Turkey), Journal of Natural
Fibers, 2012, 9(1), 51-59].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-013 Ecofriendly colouring
of silk fabric with croton (Croton Species)
leaves
The great appeal of textiles lies in their
colours and the way that colour is used to create
patterned effects. Colour is applied by the process
of dyeing, which in its simplest form involves the
immersion of a fabric in a solution of a dyestuff
in water. The amount of dyestuff required is
very small, but its production and application
require considerable skill. Changes in the ways
of producing dyes during the nineteenth century
heralded modern science. The uses of natural dye
on textile materials are now being popularised
globally by the continuous efforts of nature
lovers. The problems caused by synthetic dye
in human lives and environments, since the
introduction of synthetic dye more than a century
ago, has come to an alarming level today. Hence
there is an urgent need to for an alternative to the
hazards of synthetic dyes. To explore the use of
natural dyes is one such immediate solution.
However, the limitations with the natural dye are
their poor fastness properties, limited shades, low
brilliancy, etc. To some extent, adding selected
mordants/chemicals in natural dyeing is accepted,
provided the character of the natural dye is
unaltered and the eco-system is not damaged. The
present study explored the development of a
process for the extraction of natural dyes from
abundantly occurring plants, flowers namely
Croton (Croton species) leaves. The study
showed that this source can produce different
shades of brown and peach colour. A series of
experiments was conducted to optimise the
different variables for dyeing. Acidic medium
was optimised for dye extraction. For Croton dye,
8% dye concentration, 60 minutes extraction time
and 75 minutes dyeing time were optimised. Test
of colour fastness to light, washing, perspiration
and crocking were also carried out. The results
concluded that the light fastness, washing,
fastness, perspiration and crocking fastness of the
Croton dye were good and samples that were
mordanted showed better fastness properties as
compared to control. This dye source is
abundantly available throughout the year and
does not cause environmental depletion.
Experiments proved that the Croton dye is the
good source for dyeing silk in shades of brown
and peach. Thus it can be concluded that this dye
has a lot of commercial potential [Tiwari, R.* and
Paul, S. (VMLG (PG) College, Ghaziabad,
India), International Dyer, 2012, 197(1), 35-38].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-014 Eco-dyeing of wool
using aqueous extract of the roots of Indian
madder (Rubia cordifolia) as natural dye
The aqueous extract obtained from the
powdered roots of Indian madder (Rubia
cordifolia) was used for dyeing of woolen yarns.
The effect of pH, dye concentration, and
mordants on the colorimetric and fastness
properties has been studied. Brilliant shades of
bright red to scarlet were obtained with
significant variation in hue and tone of shades
depending on mordants and dye concentrations
used. The color coordinates of the dyed samples
DYES
11
were found to be in the red-yellow quadrant of the
CIELab color space. It was found in all cases that
mordanting with alum as well as ferrous sulfate
has caused decrease in lightness (L*) values and
increase in K/S values. All the dyed samples
exhibited commercially acceptable fastness to
light, washing, and rubbing. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) morphological studies have
also been performed on different woolen yarns
[Yusuf M, Shahid M, Khan SA, Khan M I, Islam,
S U, Mohammad, F and Khan, M.A*(Department
of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, India) [Journal of Natural
Fibers, 2013, 10(1), 14-28].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-015 Jatropha gossypiifolia
L.: A potential genetic resource for herbal dye
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae)
is a small shrub native to Mexico and Subtropical
America, now grows naturally in most tropical
areas of the world. It is a neglected and
underutilized plant of multiple values. It is
cultivated as live fence for the protection of
agricultural crops and various parts of the plant
are globally used for healthcare management of
human being and domesticated animals. Young
stem and leaves of the plant are vital source of
herbal dye for dying cotton yarn. Present paper
deals with distribution, morphological
description, propagation and utilization of this
species. During present study young stem and
leaves of J. gossypiifolia were collected from
natural vegetation and colouring material was
obtained by aqueous extraction method. The
colouring material was used to dye cotton yarn
and the dyed cotton yarn was evaluated for
fastness properties by several after treatments like
effect of sunlight, rubbing in water, detergent
(powder and cake), lime water and citrus juice.
The dyed cotton yarn shows excellent fastness
properties. On the basis of present study it is
concluded that J. gossypiifolia is a potential
source of herbal dye for dying cotton yarn
[Kumar, A. and Singh, N.* (Eco-Auditing
Group, CSIR-National Botanical Research
Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001,
India), Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,
2012, 59(5), 949-954].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-016 Isolation and characterization of the major natural dyestuff component of brazilwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.)
Brazilwood has been traditionally used as
food and beverage colorant in Indonesia. The ethanol extract of brazilwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) was subjected to the investigation of major natural dyestuff component. The dried heartwood was subjected to an extraction with 50% ethanol (1:3v/v) at 80°C for 30min, followed by lyophillization to crystalize the extract. The extract components were separated by using Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography eluted with 40% ethanol under UV-Vis detection. This step yielded 5 fractions, FI-FV, of which FII and FIII were the major fractions, comprising 25 and 70% by weight of the applied dried extract, respectively. Both fractions had different UV-Vis spectra as well as infrared spectra observed by FTIR. Fraction FIII which visually had a deep red color, had the strong absorption of carbonyl group in its IR spectra. This major dyestuff fraction was purified further by RP-HPLC with multiwavelength detector using a solvent mixture of 65% acetonitrile and 35% isopropanol as a mobile phase. The purified fraction was then characterized by FTIR and ESI-MS. The infrared and mass spectra confirmed that brazilein with a molecular weight of 284 was the major dyestuff component of the ethanol extract of brazilwood. This finding can be utilized for the production of brazilein standard for the laboratory use to analyze brazilein in foods and beverages [Lioe, H.N.*, Adawiyah, D.R. and Anggraeni, R. (Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia), International Food Research Journal, 2012, 19(2), 537-542].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
12
NPARR 4(1), 2013-017 Sonicator dyeing of
modified acrylic fabrics with indicaxanthin
natural dye
The dyeing of modified acrylic fabrics
using indicaxanthin as a natural dye isolated from
fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica has been studied in
both conventional and ultrasonic techniques.
Factors affecting the dyeing properties such as
pH values, salt concentration, temperature,
duration of dyeing bath, and ultrasonic power
were studied. The optimal conditions for dyeing
with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 80 C
for 30 min at pH 3. Sonicator dyeing showed
marked improvement in dye uptake. The results
of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were
fair to good. Dyeing kinetics using conventional
and ultrasonic conditions was compared. Color
strength values obtained were found to be higher
with ultrasonic than with conventional heating.
Dyeing kinetics of modified acrylic fiber with
indicaxanthin dye using conventional and
ultrasonic conditions were compared. The values
of dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and
standard affinity and ultrasonic efficiency have
been calculated and discussed [A. Guesmi*, N.
Ben hamadi, N. Ladhari and F. Sakli (Laboratory
of Synthesis Heterocyclic and Natural
Substances, Monastir, Tunisia), Industrial Crops
and Products, 2013, 42, 63-69].
ESSENTIAL OILS
13
ESSENTIAL OILS (incl. Flavour and
Fragrance)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-018 Studies on chemical
composition of essential oils from leaf and
inflorescence of Hedychium larsenii M. Dan &
Sathish
Essential oils obtained by
hydrodistillation of leaf and inflorescence of
Hedychium larsenii were analyzed by capillary
gas chromatography. Thirty-three constituents
comprising 81.47% of the yellow colored leaf oil
were identified. The major constituents of the leaf
oil were ar-curcumene (24.75%), caryophyllene
oxide (7.85%), bisabol-11-ol (4.50%) and
spathulenol (4.33%). Analysis of the colorless
inflorescence oil showed thirty-eight constituents
amounting to 96.24% of the oil. Higher amounts
of monoterpene hydrocarbons with ρ-cymene
(18.57%) and γ-terpinene (10.51%) as major
constituents were detected in the inflorescence
oil [Raj, G.*, Dan, M., George, V. and
Sethuraman, M.G. (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical
Botanic Garden and Research Institute,
Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, Kerala, India),
Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2013, 25(1),
33-38].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-019 Volatile terpenoid
compositions of leaf and rhizome of Curcuma
amada Roxb. from Northern India
The volatile constituents of leaves and
rhizomes of Curcuma amada grown in the
foothills of Uttarakhand, India, were studied
by using capillary gas chromatography-flame
ionization detector (GC-FID) and GC-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis revealed
fifty-seven constituents comprising 92.69% and
98.56% of the leaf and rhizome oil compositions.
The leaf essential oil of C. amada was mainly
composed of furanosesquiterpenoids, namely
epi-curzerenone (10.76%), curzerenone (9.53%),
curzerene (3.95%) and furanogermenone
(1.77%). Camphor (17.90%), isoborneol (7.30%),
camphene (3.57%), borneol (1.87%) and
camphene hydrate (1.25%) were the major
constituents of 36.79% of the monoterpenoids
fraction of leaf essential oil composition.
Conversely, the rhizome essential oil of C. amada
was mainly dominated by monoterpenoids
(97.72%), with myrcene (88.84%) a single
major constituent along with β-pinene (3.74%),
(E)-β-ocimene (2.61%) and other minor
constituents. Comparison of the volatile
constituents of leaves and rhizome essential
oil of C. amada revealed sharp qualitative and
quantitative variations. Furanosesquiterpenoids,
isoborneol and borneol were the exclusive
constituents of leaf essential oil, and were not
noticed in rhizome oil of C. amada. Myrcene, the
single major constituent of rhizome oil, along
with β-pinene and (E)-β-ocimene, seem to be
responsible for the characteristic mango aroma of
C. amada [Padalia, R.C., Verma, R.S.,Sundaresan,
V., Chauhan, A.,Chanotiya, C.S. and Yadav,
A.* (CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Research Center,
Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India), Journal of
Essential Oil Research, 2013, 25(1), 17-22].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-020 Phytochemical
analysis of the leaf volatile oil of walnut
tree (Juglans regia L.) from western Himalaya
The walnut tree (Juglans regia L.),
commonly known as 'Akhrot' in India, is a
valuable tree has a long history of medicinal use
to treat a wide range of health complaints. To
explore the diversity in essential oil yield and
composition of J. regia, leaves were collected
during spring season from 28 populations
growing in western Himalaya. Comparative
results showed considerable variations in the
essential oil yield and composition of J. regia
leaves. The essential oil yield varied from 0.02%
to 0.12% in fresh leaves of the different
populations of J. regia. Analysis of the essential
oils by GC/FID and GC/MS and the subsequent
classification by statistical analysis resulted in
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
14
three clusters with significant variations in
their terpenoid composition. Altogether, 70
constituents, representing 83.2-98.0% of the total
oil composition, were identified and quantified.
Major components of the essential oils
were (E)-caryophyllene (1.4-47.9%), β-pinene
(4.5-39.5%), germacrene D (5.0-23.3%),
α-pinene (1.5-18.1%), α-humulene (1.1-11.8%), α-zingiberene (0.1-11.3%), α-copaene (0.0-10.1%),
limonene (0.8-8.6%), caryophyllene oxide
(0.1-8.6%), ar-curcumene (0.0-7.2%), δ-cadinene
(0.3-6.7%), (E)- β-farnesene (0.0-5.9%),
1,8-cineole (<0.0-5.4%), γ-curcumene (0.0-4.2%),
and methyl salicylate (0.1-4.0%). This is the first
report on leaf volatile oil composition of J. regia
populations from western Himalaya. Out of the
70 identified constituents, over 25 were described
for the first time for J. regia [Verma R.S.*,
Padalia, R.C, Chauhan, A. and Thul, S.T. (CSIR -
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, P.O. - Nagla
Dairy Farm, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand
263 149, India), Industrial Crops and Products,
2013, 42(1), 195-201].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-021 Effect of curing and
drying methods on recovery, curcumin and
essential oil content of different cultivars of
turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
This investigation deals with the effect of
curing and drying methods on the recovery,
curcumin content and essential oil content in
different turmeric cultivars. The Krishna cultivars
were best among the three cultivars on the basis
of physico-chemical analysis whereas, Salem
and Tekurpeta had higher values for colour.
The fingers cured with improved method loose
moisture at faster rate than uncured and cured
with traditional method. The fingers of Salem
cultivar cured with improved method followed
by shade-net drying had got higher recovery.
The essential oil content of three cultivars was
unaffected by the curing and drying methods
[Lokhande S.M*, Kale, R.V, Sahoo, A.K.
and Ranveer, R.C. (Department of Technology,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India),
International Food Research Journal, 2013,
20(2), 745-749].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-022 Chemical composition
of essential oil of Bauhinia acuminata leaves
Essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation
of the fresh leaves of Bauhinia acuminata was
analyzed by GC-MS. Nineteen compounds
comprising 89.9 % of the leaf oil was identified.
The leaf oil was characterized by absence of
monoterpenioids. Phytol (65.90 %) was identified
as major constituent in B. acuminata leaf oil.
Sesquiterpenoids, β-caroyphyllene (13.87 %) and
caryophyllene oxide (3.15 %), were the other
major constituents [Mathew, J*, Vasudevan,
V. and Baby, S. (Department of Chemistry, Mar
Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram-695 015,
India), Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 25(4),
2329-2330].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-023 Essential oil of
Indian propolis: Chemical composition and
repellency against the honeybee Apis florae
Hitherto unknown biological properties
and the chemical composition of the essential oil
isolated from propolis of Indian origin were
established. GC/MS Analysis of the essential oil
revealed the presence of 32 constituents, of which
ten were major compounds, nine had
intermediate contents, and 13 were minor
compounds. With the exception of six minor
constituents, that could not be identified, their
identification was based on the comparison of
their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices
with those listed in the NIST and Wiley mass
spectral libraries. Their structural assignment was
confirmed by GC/MS co-injection of the essential
oil with authentic compounds. Quantification of
the components was done by GC-FID analyses.
Moreover, the essential oil was shown to
possess repellent activity against the honeybee
Apis florea. The activity was found to be
dose dependent. The average repellency (∆R)
ESSENTIAL OILS
15
increased with increasing essential-oil
concentration up to 24µg/ml and remained
constant for the formulation with the higher
concentration. These findings established
the chemical constitution of the essential oil
and might be useful to beekeepers for
the improvement of the bee management [Naik, D.G. , Vaidya, H.S. and Namjoshi T.P.
(Chemistry Group, Agharkar Research Institute,
G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, India),
Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2013, 10(4),
649-657].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-024 Analysis of the essential
oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum
Roxb.) growing in different agro-climatic
zones of Himachal Pradesh, India
The aim of the present study was to
investigate variations in the chemical
composition of the essential oil from seeds of
large cardamom grown at different altitudes
in Himachal Pradesh, India. The composition
of the essential oil was determined by gas
chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-
olfactometry (GC-O). The oil components
showed qualitative and quantitative variations in
the composition. GC and GC-MS analysis led to
the identification of 55 compounds representing
98% of total oil. Major components in
the oil were 1, 8-cineole, α-terpineol,
dl-limonene, nerolidol, 4-terpineol, δ-terpineol,
δ-3-carene, β-myrcene, germacrene D, α-terpinene
and longifolenaldehyde. The oil yields
obtained were 9.8-19.5 g kg-1
. Cardamom
oil from Himachal Pradesh was found to contain
new compounds, viz. 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene,
trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene,
α-terpinene, bicyclo-germacrene, isopinocarveol
and ledenoxid-II. α-Terpenyl acetate, the major
constituent of small cardamom, was also detected
in the oil of large cardamom grown in Himachal
Pradesh. Application of aroma extract dilution
analysis revealed 35 compounds having aroma
impact with the flavour dilution factor ranging
from 2 to 1024, and 34 of these compounds
were identified. The five most intense aromatic
components are dl-limonene, 1, 8-cineole,
β-myrcene, α-pinene, α-basabolol. This is the
first time that the characterisation of odour-active
compounds has been carried out on large
cardamom. Conclusion: The presence of
4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate,
1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, 1-terpineol,
bicyclogermacrene, isopinocarveol, ledenoxid-II,
longifolenaldehyde and α-terpenyl acetate
make the aroma of the oil different from large
cardamom oil of Sikkim and could offer potential
as a new food flavour [Joshi, R*., Sharma,
P., Sharma, V., Prasad, R., Sud, R.K. and Gulati,
A. (CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource
Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176
061, India), Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, 2013, 93(6), 1303-1309].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
16
FEED/FODDER
NPARR 4(1), 2013-025 Effect of sunflower oil
supplementation on nutrient utilization and
growth performances of crossbred calves
The study was conducted to evaluate
efficiency of dietary supplementation of
sunflower-oil twice in a week, to reduce rumen
protozoal population and its effect on nutrients
utilization and growth performance of growing
crossbred calves. Growing Jersey male crossbred
calves (15) were randomly divided into 3 equal
groups (G1, G2 and G3) and fed individually
under stall feeding on a mixed ration containing
50% maize fodder and 50% concentrate mixture
for 120 days. Sunflower oil was supplemented
along with concentrate mixture at 0 (control), 2
and 4% of the daily DM intake for consecutive 2
days in every week to the calves of G1, G2 and
G3 group, respectively during the entire
experimental period. Daily dry matter intake,
apparent nutrient digestibility, nutritive value of
experimental ration and plane of nutrition were
similar among the sunflower oil supplemented
and non supplemented calves. Lowest rumen
protozoal number was observed in calves of G3
group followed by G2 and G1 group. Average
finishing body weight, daily body weight gain,
feed conversion efficiency and blood glucose
level were higher in sunflower oil fed calves (G2
and G3) than non-supplemented calves (G1).
However, average daily body weight gain and
feed conversion efficiency of the calves in G2
and G3 groups were similar. Our results indicated
that dietary supplementation of sunflower oil
for consecutive 2 days in every week, drastically
reduced rumen protozoal population and
improved average daily body weight gain,
finishing body weight and feed conversion
efficiency in growing male crossbred calves
[Santra, A., Konar*, S., Banerjee, A., Chatterjee,
A. and Das, S.K (National Research Centre on
Yak, Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh 790 101, India),
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2013, 83(1),
67-72].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-026 Effect of concentrate
supplementation on feed consumption,
nutrient utilization and blood metabolite
profile in captive spotted deer (Axis axis) fed
oat (Avena sativa) and Berseem (Trifolium
alexandrinum) fodders based diet
This experiment was conducted to
determine the optimum level of a maize-soybean
meal-wheat bran concentrate supplement fed to
captive spotted deer fed an oat and berseem
fodder-based diet. Twelve adult spotted deer [64-
76kg body weight (BW)] were distributed into
three groups of four each and were housed
individually. A diet consisting of 5kg of oat
fodder and 5.5kg of berseem fodder was offered
to each one of the experimental animals. The
animal in group I received no supplementary
concentrate, whereas, those in groups II and III
received 0.5 and 1kg of supplementary
concentrate, respectively. A 60 days digestibility
trial was conducted with a 5 days collection
period on Days 55-59 of the trial. Blood samples
were collected from all animals on Day 60 of the
experiment. Average daily dry matter intake
(DMI) was 1, 224, 1, 613, and 1,574g/day in
groups I, II, and III, respectively. Dry matter
(DM) and organic matter (OM) intake was lowest
(P<0.01) in group I. Intake of P, Cu, and Zn was
highest (P<0.01) in group III, followed by groups
II and I. Digestibility of neutral detergent fiber
was highest (P<0.05) in group II. Digestibility of
OM and CP was lowest (P<0.05) in group I.
Digestibility of gross energy was highest
(P<0.01) in group III (74.9 %), followed by
groups II (69.3%) and I (66.2%). Digestible
energy (DE) intake (kcal/kg BW0.75
) was highest
(P<0.01) in group III (195.4), followed by groups
II (180.9) and I (129.8). Initial BW was 72.7,
72.5, and 71.0kg, whereas, final BW was 71.0,
72.7, and 73.5kg, in groups I, II and III,
respectively. Average daily change in body mass
was significantly (P<0.01) different among the
groups. The body mass was lost (-29.2g/day),
maintained (4.1g/day) and gained (41.6g/day) in
groups I, II, and III, respectively. Blood glucose
FEED/FODDER
17
and cholesterol concentration was highest
(P<0.05) in group III, followed by groups II and
I. Serum concentration of Cu and Zn was highest
(P<0.05) in group III, followed by groups II
and I. Supplementation of forage only diet with
0.5kg of concentrate mixture increased intake
and digestibility of nutrients, without change in
body mass. Animals fed 1kg of supplementary
concentrate received energy in excess of
requirements, were consistently gaining body
mass and were prone to obesity. Thus, it is a
right strategy to supplement forage only diet of
captive spotted deer with 0.5kg of concentrate
[Suresh, C.*, Das, A. , Katole, S., Saini, M. and
Swarup, D (Centre for Wildlife Conservation,
Management and Disease Surveillance, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India),
Zoo Biology, 2013, 32(2), 195-203].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-027 Feeding practices and
macronutrient status of high altitude dairy
cattle in Eastern Himalaya region
Data on locally available feeds, feeding
practices, milk yield, body weight of animals
etc. were recorded in some randomly selected
villages in West Kumang and Twang districts of
Arunachal Pradesh state falling under the Eastern
Himalayan region (Agro Eco Region-17). Both
protein (DCP) and energy (TDN) intake of the
cows have been estimated and compared with
ICAR feeding Standard and the deficiency
pattern have been analyzed. A total number of
395 dairy cattle have been covered under this
study. The cumulative average milk yield was
1.93±0.09 kg/d. Local grasses as well as tree
fodders constituted the bulk of the ration.
Agricultural by products, viz. paddy and millet
straws, millet grain, maize bran, and kitchen
wastes were also available for animal feeding but
their availability was highly variable depending
on season and location. Feeds and fodder samples
actually fed to the dairy animals have been
analysed for chemical composition. The average
dry matter intake (DMI) was 4.254±0.12 kg/d,
which was around 2% of the body weight of the
animals. Overall, around 72% cows covered
under this survey suffered from protein
deficiency out of which 12% animals have shown
acute (>30%) protein deficiency. Overall, around
82% cows covered under this study suffered from
energy deficiency out of which 25% animals
have shown acute (>30%) energy deficiency. The
protein deficiency was more severe than energy
deficiency in both the districts [Chatterjee, A.*,
Ghosh, M.K., Roy, P.K. and Santra, A.(National
Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani Nadia, West
Bengal, 741 235, India ), Indian Journal of
Animal Sciences, 2012, 82(3), 326-327].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-028 Nutritional
manipulation of sheep and goats for the
control of gastrointestinal nematodes under
hot humid and subhumid tropical conditions
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) could
have a negative impact on the nutritional
efficiency and productivity of sheep and goats.
However, feeding of the hosts can also affect
parasites. This paper reviews literature data on
nutritional manipulation of small ruminants as a
tool for the control of GIN under hot humid and
subhumid tropical conditions. Parasites are
integrated into the food chain of foraging small
ruminants. A balanced grazing system provides
an adequate source of nutrients and an acceptable
GIN burden that allows an optimum level of
productivity. However, a breakdown in such
balance may induce severe parasite infections.
Diet manipulation strategies have been tested
under tropical conditions. Animals receiving
supplementary feeding may achieve an improved
resilience against GIN infections. However, the
improvement of resistance of sheep and goats
against GIN through supplementation has been
less studied and many confounding factors should
be considered (pattern of fodder consumption,
dilution of eggs in the faeces, direct anthelmintic
(AH) effect of some ingredients, etc.). Some
supplements cause a direct AH effect (i.e. copper
wire particles against Haemonchus contortus).
Meanwhile, bioactive plant secondary metabolites
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
18
(PSM), such as tannins, are more complex. Some
PSM may cause negative effects in the host (i.e.
reducing feed digestibility), and yet animals
consume bioactive plants at levels that can cause
evident negative effects to the parasites. The GIN
can be affected in different stages of their life
cycle (i.e. adults with fewer eggs in utero or
reduced worm burdens). Meanwhile, they can
also affect new infections for the host (affecting
egg hatchability and larvae motility in the faeces
or avoiding exsheathment of incoming infective
larvae in the host). Grazing management should
be explored in most hot humid and subhumid
tropical regions. Available results suggest that
alternate and rotational grazing can both provide
opportunities to reduce dependence on AH and
can easily be complemented with supplementary
feeding. More basic knowledge of animal
nutrition and GIN epidemiology under hot humid
and subhumid tropical conditions is needed to
improve the applicability of nutritional strategies
for the control of GIN infections [Torres-Acosta,
J.F.J*., Sandoval-Castro, C.A., Hoste, H.,
Aguilar-Caballero, A.J.,Cámara-Sarmiento, R.,
Alonso-Díaz, M.A. (Facultad de Medicina
Veterinaria y Zootecnia, CCBA, Universidad
Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera
Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico),
Small Ruminant Research, 2012, 103(1), 28-40].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-029 Performance of dairy
cows on green fodder maize based ration in
coastal hot and humid climate
Ten crossbred dairy cows (avg. BW
276.80 ± 11.51 kg) were divided into two groups
i.e. control group (CG) and treatment group (TG)
of five animals in each to find out the effect of
feeding green fodder maize as replacement of
concentrate mixture on their performance. The
animals of CG were offered daily 4 kg
concentrate mixture (CM) along with 1 kg fresh
green fodder maize and ad lib. jowar straw; while
in TG, 50% of the CM as offered in the CG
was replaced by 20 kg fresh green fodder maize.
The total DM intake in both the groups was in the
range of 10.20-10.33 kg/day, and was similar
(P>0.05) between the two groups. There was
difference (P < 0.05) in roughage: concentrate
ratio of the total rations in CG (61.27: 38.73) and
TG (80.36: 19.64). The milk yield (4.83 vs 4.87
kg/day) and 4% FCM yield (4.41 vs. 4.12 kg/day)
of the animals of the CG was similar (P > 0.05)
to TG. There were no differences (P >0.05) in the
milk compositions i.e. fat (3.49 vs 3.01%) and
SNF (8.88 vs 8.51%) content of milk between the
two groups. There was no difference (P>0.05) in
the CP% of the diets. The DCP content of the CG
(6.59%) was however higher (P<0.05) than that
of the TG (5.36%); but the TDN content of the
TG (62.21%) was higher (P < 0.05) than the CG
(57.18%). The net cost (Rs.) of feed in TG
(97.53) was lower than me CG (125.74). Based
on the 4% FCM yield, the cost of milk was
similar in both the groups. There was higher net
profit of Rs. 17.99 per animal per day due to
replacement of concentrate mixture by green
fodder maize. It was concluded that dairy
cows yielding around five kg milk daily, 1 kg
concentrate mixture can be replaced by 10 kg
green fodder maize without affecting the daily
milk yield [Naik, P.K.*, Swain, B.K., Chakurkar,
E.B. and Singh, N.P. (ICAR Research Complex
for Goa, Old Goa-403 402, India), Animal
Nutrition and Feed Technology, 2012, 12(2),
265-270].
FIBRES
19
FIBRES (incl. Textile and other utility
fibres)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-030 Preparation and
property of bamboo silk fabric
In this paper, natural bamboo yarn and silkworm silk, bamboo pulp yarn and silkworm silk were twisted together to make bamboo silk yarn. And then they were weaved to bamboo silk fabric. The properties of bamboo silk fabrics were studied too. The results showed that bamboo pulp silk fabric was very soft, suitable to make underwear and shirt etc. Natural bamboo silk fabric was relative stiff, suitable to make outwear. All the bamboo silk fabric had wonderful anti statistic property; their cockle elasticity property was equal to silk; the whiteness, moisture regain and moisture permeability were very good. These showed the bamboo silk fabric not only had the properties of bamboo fibers, but also had the properties of pure silk fabric. Then they were suitable to be fabric of garments [Zhang, G.
*, Chen, F., Zhou,
J., Zhang, F, Zheng, H. and Wu, D. (College of textiles and garments, Southwest University, China), Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 627, 53-56].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-031 Use of sugar cane straw as a source of cellulose for textile fiber production
This paper reports the development of
textile fibers from cellulose of sugarcane straw
and commercial cellulose. Sugar cane straw
pulps were obtained after alkaline pulping, using
soda/anthraquinone (AQ). For the removal of
residual lignin, pulps were submitted to
chemical bleaching with hydrogen peroxide.
Bleached pulps were used to obtain fibers with
N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO). Straw
and pulps were characterized for their chemical
composition (cellulose, polyoses and lignin).
Fibers were analyzed to evaluate maximum
water uptake or swelling, weight loss and
mechanical properties. Microstructure was
analyzed by a scanning electron microscope
(SEM). Pulping yield was 30%, and fibers
showed water uptake capacity around 60–73%.
The mass loss profile was about 25–26% in
30 days. Fibers obtained from commercial
cellulose and straw presented tenacity values
in the range of 4.1–4.3 cN/tex, which are
compatible with commercial lyocell produced
from wood pulp cellulose [Sirlene M. Costa*,
Priscila G. Mazzola, Juliana C.A.R. Silva,
Richard Pahl, Adalberto Pessoa Jr. and Silgia A.
Costa (School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities,
Textile and Fashion Course, University of São
Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1000, Parque
Ecológico do Tietê, Ermelino Matarazzo, CEP:
03828-080 São Paulo, SP, Brazil), Industrial
Crops and Products, 2013, 42, 189-194].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
20
FOOD (incl. Dairy, Fishery, Poultry
and other Plant and Animal products)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-032 Effect of extrusion
conditions on physicochemical and sensorial
properties of corn-broad beans (Vicia faba)
spaghetti type pasta
Corn-broad bean spaghetti type pasta was
made with a corn/broad bean flour blend in a
70:30 ratio, through an extrusion-cooking process
(Brabender 10 DN single-screw extruder with a
3:1 compression ratio). The effect of temperature
(T = 80, 90 and 100 °C) and moisture (M = 28%,
31% and 34%) on the extrusion responses
(specific consumption of mechanical energy and
pressure) and the quality of this pasta-like
product (expansion, cooking-related losses,
water absorption, firmness and stickiness) was
assessed. The structural changes of starch
were studied by means of DSC and XRD. The
extrusion-cooking process, at M = 28% and
T = 100 °C, is appropriate to obtain corn-broad
bean spaghetti-type pasta with high protein
and dietary fibre content and adequate quality.
The cooking characteristics and resistance
to overcooking depended on the degree of
gelatinisation and formation of amylose-lipid
complexes. The critical gelatinisation point was
46.55%; beyond that point, the quality of the
product declines [Giménez M.A.*, González,
R.J., Wagner, J., Torres, R., Lobo, M.O. and
Samman, N.C.(Departamento de Agroindustrias,
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional
de Jujuy, Avenida Italia esq., Martiarena, 4600
Jujuy, Argentina), Food Chemistry, 2013, 136(2),
538-545].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-033 Functional components
of grape pomace: Their composition, biological
properties and potential applications (Review)
The roles of functional foods on human
health have been realised by more and more
researchers, food producers and consumers.
Functional food ingredients from both plant and
animal sources such as dietary fibre, soy protein
isolate, whey protein isolate and omega 3 fatty
acid have been widely used in functional food
product development. Many fruit processing
by-products such as grape, apple and orange
peels are rich in bioactive phytochemicals,
dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids, hence
have potential to serve as functional food
ingredients. In this review, we summarise recent
advancement of research in grape pomace (GP),
the residual of grapes after wine making. The
polyphenol profile of GP and their biological,
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the
stability of GP polyphenols in food system,
the interaction between GP polyphenol and other
food ingredients, as well as the functionalities
of grape seed oil and GP fibre are covered
[Yu, J. and Ahmedna, M. (Department of Family
and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A and
T State University, 1601 East Market Street,
Greensboro, NC 27411, United States),
International Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 2013, 48(2), 221-237].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-034 Kinetics of ascorbic
acid degradation in fruit-based infant foods
during storage
The kinetics of ascorbic acid (AA)
degradation in a fruit-based beikost product
added with AA were determined after storage
at 4, 25, 37 and 50°C during 4, 8, 12, 16 and
32 weeks in plastic polypropylene/ethylene-vinyl
alcohol vacuum packaging. It was confirmed that
AA degradation followed an Arrhenius first-order
kinetics, with an activation energy of 20.11 ±
0.33 kcal mol-1
. No AA losses at 4°C were
recorded during the entire storage period. In
contrast, a time- and temperature-dependent
decrease (p < 0.05) in AA was observed at the
other tested temperatures-the degradation rate
decreasing from 50°C to 25°C, as expected.
AA percentage retention at the end of storage
ranged between 6.4% (50°C/16 weeks) and
100.9% (4°C/32 weeks) [Bosch, V.*, Cilla, A.,
García-Llatas, G., Gilabert, V., Boix, R. and
FOOD
21
Alegría, A. (Nutrition and Food Science Area,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia,
Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100
Burjassot, Valencia, Spain), Journal of Food
Engineering, 2013, 116(2), 298-303].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-035 Experimental
measurement of physical pressure in foods
during frying
Two important factors affecting the oil
uptake in foods during deep fat frying are water
content and pressure development. In the past
frying studies, the physical pressure has not been
measured experimentally but was calculated
using computer models, which has resulted in
disagreements about its magnitude. The present
study tries to explain the complex mass transfer
mechanisms taking place during deep fat frying
with respect to real time pressure variations
inside potato discs and chicken nuggets. Frying
experiments were performed at two temperatures
of 175 °C and 190 °C for 200 and 240 s for
potato discs and chicken nuggets, respectively.
The gage pressure increased rapidly above the
atmospheric pressure immediately after the
samples were introduced into the hot oil. The rise
in pressure was greater in potato discs with
greater initial moisture content. This was
expected due to sudden moisture flash-off. As
frying progressed, the temperature inside the
samples increased whereas the gage pressure
started decreasing and became negative. The
onset of negative pressure was observed during
initial stages of frying for chicken nuggets,
but in the middle of frying for potato discs.
The negative pressure values before the product
is taken outside the fryer may cause increased
oil uptake during frying itself. During the post
frying cooling, the pressure further decreased
and reached negative values. The negative
pressure is expected to have caused rapid
absorption of surface oil during both frying
and cooling stages [Sandhu, J., Bansal, H. and
Takhar, P.S. (Department of Food Science and
Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-
Champaign, IL 61801, United States), Journal of
Food Engineering, 2013, 115(2), 272-277].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
22
FRUITS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-036 Pomegranate: A fruit
that ameliorates metabolic syndrome (Review)
Pomegranate is an ancient fruit that is still
part of the diet in the Mediterranean area, the
Middle East, and India. Health-promoting effects
have long been attributed to this fruit. Modern
research corroborates the use of pomegranate
as a folk remedy for diabetes and metabolic
syndrome, and is responsible for a new
evaluation of nutritional and pharmaceutical
aspects of pomegranate in the general public.
In the last decade, industry and agricultural
production have been adapted to meet higher
market demands for pomegranate. In vivo and in
vitro studies have demonstrated that pomegranate
exerts hypoglycaemic effects, including increased
insulin sensitivity, inhibition of α-glucosidase,
and impact on glucose transporter type 4
function, but is also responsible for a reduction of
total cholesterol, and the improvement of blood
lipid profiles, as well as anti-inflammatory
effects through the modulation of peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor pathways. These
effects may also explain how pomegranate-
derived compounds function in the amelioration
of adverse health effects caused by metabolic
syndrome. Pomegranate contains polyphenols
such as ellagitannins and anthocyanins, as well
as phenolic acids, fatty acids and a variety
of volatile compounds. Ellagitannins are some
of the most prevalent compounds present in
pomegranate and may be responsible for
certain benevolent characteristics associated
with pomegranate. A brief overview of
rising health problems due to obesity will be
provided, followed by characterisation of
the biological activity, bioavailability and
safety of pomegranate and pomegranate-derived
compounds. Although the fruit is consumed in
many countries, epidemiological and clinical
studies are unavailable. Additional research is
necessary to corroborate the promise of current in
vivo and in vitro findings [Medjakovic, S., and
Jungbauer, A. (Department of Biotechnology,
Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of Receptor
Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190
Vienna, Austria) , Food and Function, 2013,
4(1), 19-39].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-037 Effect of different
packaging materials and storage intervals on
physical and biochemical characteristics of pear
The fruits of semi-soft pear (Pyrus
communis) cv. Punjab Beauty harvested at
physiologically mature stage in 3rd week of July
were packed in corrugated fiberboard boxes
(CFB) with low density polyethylene (LDPE)
liners, CFB with high density polyethylene
(HDPE) liners, crates with LDPE liners, crates
with HDPE liners, CFB, crates and wooden
boxes and stored in walk-in-cool chamber at 0-1
°C and 90-95% RH. The fruits were analyzed
after 30, 45, 60 and 75 days for physiological loss
in weight (PLW), fruit firmness, core browning,
spoilage, total soluble solids (TSS), juice acidity
and sensory quality. The PLW was maximum in
crates while the spoilage was maximum in fruits
packed in wooden boxes. Core browning was
more in fruits packed in crates and CFB boxes
with LDPE liners while minimum was in fruits
packed in CFB boxes. However, core browning
did not occur up to 45 days of storage in any of
the package. Fruits packed in CFB boxes with
HDPE liners effectively reduced the weight loss,
spoilage and retained acceptable firmness up to
75 days of storage with maximum edible quality.
TSS and sugars were maximum in fruits packed
in wooden boxes while the acidity was maximum
in CFB boxes with HDPE liners. The fruits in
CFB boxes with HDPE liners maintained the
perfect balance between sugars and acids up to 75
days of storage [Kaur, K.*, Dhillon, W.S., and
Mahajan, B.V.C. (Department of Horticulture,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141
004 Punjab, India), Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 2013, 50(1), 147-152]
FRUITS
23
NPARR 4(1), 2013-038 Formulation and
acceptability of foam mat dried seabuckthorn
(Hippophae salicifolia) leather
Technology for utilization of
seabuckthorn berries for preparation of fruit
leather/bar was optimized by modifying the
foam mat drying technique. The conversion
of seabuckthorn juice/pulp into foam was
standardized by whipping the pulp after addition
of CMC @ 0-3% at 5 °C and drying the resultant
foam in dehydrator (55±2 °C) to a moisture
content of about 12-14%. The fruit bar prepared
from sulphited juice/pulp wrapped in a butter
paper followed by packing in polyethylene
pouches (20 g) and stored at ambient temperature
(14.6-26.1 °C) experienced least changes
in quality attributes like ascorbic acid (1045.7
mg/100 g vs 997.5 mg/100 g) and carotenoids
(80.4 mg/100 g vs 72.3 mg/100 g) as compared to
the leather made from the unsulphited pulp.
Storage studies indicate that fruit bars are mildly
hygroscopic (0.46-0.65) and can be stored within
the RH of 46-65% at room temperature [Kaushal,
M.*, Sharma, P.C. and Sharma, R. (Department
of Postharvest Technology, Dr YS Parmar
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni
Solan 1732 30 HP, India) , Journal of Food
Science and Technology, 2013, 50(1), 78-85].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-039 Drying characteristics
of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruit bar
and economic evaluation of market potential
of the enterprise
An experiment was conducted to study
the drying characteristics of wild apricot (Prunus
armeniaca L.) fruit bar and evaluation of the
economic feasibility of the enterprise. Wild
apricot fruits were harvested at optimum maturity
from Distt Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand and after
thorough sorting and proper washing, used for
hot extraction of pulp through a pulper. Pulp was
preserved in 500 ppm SO2. Wild apricot fruit bar
was prepared by pre-standardized recipe using
wild apricot pulp + 60 % sugar + 0.30 % pectin
and drying the mixture in a mechanical
dehydrator at 55 ± 2°C for 6 hours. Dried fruit
bar sheets were cut into rectangular shapes
(1.0×1.5 in2) using a stainless steel knife and
wrapped in polythene paper. Results on the
drying rate indicate that for preparation of fruit
bar we can dry the mixture of pulp, sugar and
pectin within six hours in a mechanical
dehydrator after boiling for 20 min over the
flame. It was also observed that most of the
moisture loss occurs during the process of
heating / boiling over the flame and the product
stabilizes and sets into a bar during mechanical
dehydration with only small percentage of
moisture loss. The mass balance thus indicates
that about 9.11 kg of wild apricot fruit bar is
obtained from 10 kg of pulp. The economic
indicators such as B/C (3.55), PBP (1.68 years),
IRR (55.4%) revealed the sound financial
position of wild apricot fruit bar production unit
and hence existing (fruit processing unit) as well
as potential entrepreneurs in various hill states of
India including Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir etc. can enter into this
venture [Sharma, S.K*, Chaudhary, S.P., Dixit,
A.K., Rao, V.K., Yadav, V.K and Bisht, T.S. (G
B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology
Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal,
Uttarakhand 249 199, India), Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 83(3), 321-325].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-040 Enhancing shelf life of
litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit through
integrated approach of surface coating and
gamma irradiation
India and China account for 91% of the
world's litchi (Litchi chinensis) production.
Although India is the second largest producer of
litchi, its contribution to export is insignificant.
Litchi being non-climacteric fruit possesses poor
shelf life and fruit quality declines rapidly after
harvest. Present investigation was an attempt to
enhance shelf life of litchi fruit var. rose scented
with integrated treatments of 1% NaCl solution,
2% wax solution and gamma radiation. Out of all,
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
24
1% NaCl coated+irradiated samples, proved out
to be the best with enhanced shelf life of 24 days
at 4°C (shelf life at ambient temperature
without any treatment being 3-4 days). Various
biochemical parameters were tested and
organoleptic evaluation was done to judge the
acceptability of the stored litchi samples. TSS,
vitamin C, total & reducing sugar content was
found in range of 14.17-15.42°Bx; 35.67-57.88.
mg/100 gm pulp weight, 12.44-14.06% and 9.41-
11.91%. Organoleptic evaluation for different
parameters ranged from 5.92 to 7.72 (fair-good)
at 24th day of storage. Radiation dose of 1 kGy
was found to be the only effective dose in which
enhanced shelf life was achieved without
any deterioration of various quality attributes
[Pandey, N.*, Joshi, S.K., Singh, C.P., Kumar,
S., Rajput, S. and Khandal, R.K. (Department
of Entomology, G. B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, U.S.
Nagar, Uttarakhand, India), Radiation Physics
and Chemistry, 2013, 85, 197-203].
FUEL
25
FUEL (incl. Biogas, Biodiesel, Biomass
energy, Ethanol etc.)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-041 Biogas production
potential of pungam oil cake
The use of biomass as an energy source is
an issue of great importance, as it constitutes part
of an alternative solution for the replacement of
fossil fuels. Biomass includes energy obtained
from fuel wood, charcoal and energy crop
like sugarcane, sweet sorghum, oil seeds like
jatropha, pungam, etc., besides agricultural and
forestry residues. These resources are utilized to
produce heat, steam, biogas, ethanol, biodiesel
and electricity. In this paper, studies have been
made to study the characteristics of Pongamia
pinnata oil cake, to study the biogas production
potential from Pongamia pinnata oil cake. These
parameters have been analysed in the laboratory
by repeated experiments [Kumar, D*, Swarnkar,
N.K. and Vijayakumary, P. (Department of
Farm Machinery and Bio-energy, Agricultural
Engineering College and research Institute,
Kumulur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India)
International Journal of ChemTech Research,
2013, 5(2), 741-746].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-042 Identification of
chemical composition of biodiesel from
Tabernaemontana divaricata seed oil
Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn. oil
was extracted and transesterification was carried
out using methanol as the solvent in presence
of a catalyst to produce biodiesel. Fatty
acid methyl esters in biodiesel prepared from
Tabernaemontana divaricata seed oil was
analyzed by IR, NMR and GC-MS. The
composition of the biodiesel is estimated as
27. 0 wt. % methyl palmitate (C16: 0), 10. 54 wt.
% methyl linoleate (C18: 2), 56. 23 wt. % methyl
oleate (C18: 1) and 6. 20 wt. % methyl stearate
(C18: 0) [Basumatary, S.*, Barua, P. and Deka,
D.C. (Department of Chemistry, Bineswar
Brahma Engineering College, Kokrajhar, Assam,
India), Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Research, 2013, 5(1), 172-179].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-043 Alkali transesterification
of linseed oil for biodiesel production
The use of renewable vegetable oils
derived from plant seeds has gained attention
worldwide due to soaring petroleum-crude
prices. Physical and/or chemical transformations
are used to improve the vegetable oil properties
to make it compatible for use in existing
engines. Transesterification process reduces the
poly-unsaturation of these vegetable oils which
results in diesel like fuel (biodiesel). Alkali-
catalyzed transesterification is most commonly
used process for oils with low free fatty acids
and low moisture content. In this study, the
kinetics and simulation of alkali-catalyzed
transesterification of linseed oil in a batch
reactor is reported. The effects of temperature,
catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of
methanol to triglyceride were investigated
experimentally. The equilibrium conversions of
triglycerides were observed to be in the range of
88-96%. The equilibrium conversions were
achieved within 40 min in all experiments.
Increasing the temperature and molar ratio
increased the equilibrium conversions; while
catalyst concentration had no significant
effect. A reversible kinetic model was applied to
the observed conversion data. Model parameters
for forward and backward reactions were
estimated and optimized. Various simulations
were also carried out at different conditions to
show that beyond a critical molar ratio no
significant effect on transesterification kinetics
was observed. Characterization of biodiesel
produced from linseed oil showed similar
properties to mineral diesel [Kumar R., Tiwari,
P., and Garg, S. (Department of Chemical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur, UP 208016, India), Fuel, 2013, 104,
553-560].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
26
NPARR 4(1), 2013-044 Use of different extracts
of coffee pulp for the production of bioethanol
Coffee is one of the most important
agricultural products in Brazil. More than 50 %
of the coffee fruit is not used for the production
of commercial green coffee and is therefore
discarded, usually ending up in the environment.
The goal of this work was to select an efficient
process for obtaining coffee pulp extract and to
evaluate the use of this extract in bioethanol
production. The effects of heat treatment and
trituration on the yield and composition of the
extract were investigated by measuring the
amounts of reducing sugars, starch, pectin, and
phenolic compounds. The extraction process was
most efficient at room temperature using grinding
followed by pressing. Five different fermentation
media were tested: sugarcane juice or molasses
diluted with water or with coffee pulp extract and
a medium with only coffee pulp extract. Batch
fermentations were carried out at 30 C for 24 h,
and samples were taken to obtain measurements
of the total reducing sugars, cell count, and
ethanol concentration. The addition of coffee
pulp extract did not influence the fermentation or
yeast viability, and it can thus be mixed with
sugarcane juice or molasses for the production of
bioethanol, with a yield of approximately 70 g/L.
[Menezes, E.G.T.*, Do Carmo, J.R.,Menezes,
A.G.T.,Alves, J.G.L.F.,Pimenta, C.J. and
Queiroz, F. (Departamento de Ciência Dos
Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras,
Lavras MG, Brazil ), Applied Biochemistry and
Biotechnology, 2013, 169(2), 673-687].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-045 Integration of pulp and
paper technology with bioethanol production
Despite decades of work and billions of
dollars of investments in laboratory and pilot
plant projects, commercial production of
cellulosic ethanol is only now beginning to
emerge. Because of: (1)high technical risk
coupled with; (2) high capital investment cost
relative to ethanol product value, investors have
not been able to justify moving forward with
large scale projects on woody biomass.
Both issues have been addressed by targeting
pulp and paper industry processes for application
in bioethanol production, in Greenfield,
Repurpose and Co-Location scenarios. Processes
commercially proven in hundreds of mills
for many decades have been tailored to the
recalcitrance of the biomass available.
Economically feasible cellulosic bioethanol can
be produced in Greenfield application with
hardwoods, but not softwoods, using kraft mill
equipment. Both types of wood species can
profitably produce ethanol when kraft mill or
newsprint assets are Repurposed to a biorefinery.
A third situation which can generate high
financial returns is where excess kraft pulp is
available at a mill which has no excess drying
capacity. Each scenario is supported by
laboratory simulation, engineering and financial
analysis. While pretreatment is critical to
providing access of the biomass to enzymes,
capital investment per unit of ethanol produced
can be attractive, even if ethanol yield is modest.
Conclusions: Three guiding principles result in
attractive economics: (1) re-use existing assets to
the maximum extent; (2) keep the process as
simple as possible; (3) match the recalcitrance of
the biomass with the severity of the pretreatment
[Phillips, R.B. , Jameel, H. and Chang, H.M.
(Department of Forest Biomaterials, North
Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh,
NC 27695-8005, United States), Biotechnology
for Biofuels, 2013, 6(1), 2013].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-046 Waste paper sludge as a
potential biomass for bio-ethanol production
(Review)
This review describes the utilization of
paper sludge (PS), which is waste from the pulp
and paper industry. Its advantages make PS the
cellulosic biomass with the most potential for
bio-refinery research and applicable for industrial
scale. Some of the grain based biofuels and
chemicals have already been in commercial
FUEL
27
operation, including fuel ethanol or biochemical
products. Unfortunately, research and application
of PS are yet in their infancy and suffer from large
scale because of low productivity. Reviewing the
many researches that are working at the utilization
of PS for bio-refineries could encourage the
utilization of PS from laboratory research to be
applied in industry. For this reason, PS usage as
industrial raw material will be effective in solving
the environmental problems caused by PS with
clean technology. In addition, its conversion to
bio-ethanol could offer an alternative solution to
the energy crisis from fossil fuel. Two methods of
PS utilization as raw material for bio-ethanol
production are introduced. The simultaneous
saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using
cellulase produced by A. cellulolyticus and
thermotolerant S. cerevisiae TJ14 gave ethanol
yield 0. 208 (g ethanol/g PS organic material)
or 0. 051 (g ethanol/g PS). One pot bioethanol
production as a modified consolidated biomass
processing (CBP) technology gave ethanol yield 0.
19 (g ethanol/g Solka floc) and is considered to be
the practical CBP technology for its minimizing
process [Prasetyo, J.* and Park, E.Y. (Laboratory
of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and
Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya,
Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan), Korean
Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 30(2),
253-261].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-047 Biofuel from plant
biomass (Review)
Plant biomass can be used for multiple
forms of bioenergy, and there is a very large
potential supply, depending on which global
assessment is most accurate in terms of land area
that could be available for biomass production.
The most suitable plant species must be identified
before the potential biomass production in a
particular region can be quantified. This in turn
depends on the degree of climatic adaptation by
those species. In the range of climates present in
New Zealand, biomass crop growth has less
restriction due to water deficit or low winter
temperature than in most world regions. Biomass
production for energy use in New Zealand would
be best utilised as transport fuel since 70 % of the
country's electricity generation is already
renewable, but nearly all of its transport fossil
fuel is imported. There is a good economic
development case for transport biofuel
production using waste streams and biomass
crops. This review identified the most suitable
crop species and assessed their production
potential for use within the climatic range present
in New Zealand. Information from published
work was used as a basis for selecting appropriate
crops in a 2-year selection and evaluation
process. Where there were knowledge gaps,
the location-specific selections were further
evaluated by field measurements. The data
presented have superseded much of the
speculative information on the suitability of
species for the potential development of a biofuel
industry in New Zealand [Kerckhoffs, H.* and
Renquist, R. (New Zealand Institute for Plant and
Food Research Ltd., Private Bag 1401, Havelock
North 4157, New Zealand), Agronomy for
Sustainable Development, 2013, 33(1), 1-19].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
28
INSECTICIDES (incl. Fungicides,
Herbicides, Nematicides, Larvicides, etc.)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-048 Antifungal Activity and
Chemical Composition of Thyme, Peppermint
and Citronella Oils in Vapor Phase against
Avocado and Peach Postharvest Pathogens
The antifungal activity of three essential
oils thyme: (Thymus vulgaris L), peppermint,
(Mentha piperita L) and citronella (Cymbopogen
nardus); against two avocado postharvest fungal
pathogens: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(anthracnose), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (stem-
end rot); and three peach pathogens: Monilinia
fructicola (brown rot), Rhizopus stolonifer
(Rhizopus rot) and Penicillium expensum
(blue mould rot), was assayed using a disc
volatilization method. In vitro study revealed that
in the vapor phase, thyme oil at 5µL/plate as
opposed to peppermint and citronella oils
completely inhibited the radial mycelia growth
of all five pathogens. gas chromatograph/mass
spectrometry analysis showed thymol (58.77%),
menthol (46.45%) and R (+) citronellal (27.59%)
as the major compounds in thyme, peppermint
and citronella oils, respectively. Thyme oil vapor
showed a fungicidal effect on C. gloeosporioides,
L. theobromae and R. stolonifer at 5µL/plate.
Thyme oil vapor at 66.7µL/L significantly
reduced anthracnose and stem-end rot in
artificially wounded and infected fruit. Therefore,
these results suggest that thyme oil vapors could
be used as alternate natural fungicide to control
the common postharvest diseases in avocado.
Growers and suppliers of fresh produce are faced
with the challenge of providing consumers with
products that are attractive, free from disease,
defects and toxic residues, and with longer shelf
or storage life. The strict regulations enforced by
the fresh produce-importing countries regarding
the minimum pesticide residue levels in the
edible portion of the fresh produce, increasing
resistance to synthetic fungicides by fungal
pathogens, waste disposal of fungicides and
growing concerns to lower the associated
environmental footprint have necessitated the
search for a natural novel fungicide to replace
synthetic fungicide applications in the packing
line as postharvest treatment. Consumer
preference to organic fresh produce is
increasingly becoming popular in developed
countries. On the other hand, synthetic fungicide
applications are expensive for small-scale
farmers from developing countries. Therefore,
considering all the reasons mentioned earlier, the
results of our study provide a novel practical tool
using thyme oil vapors to reduce losses because
of postharvest diseases in avocado, and thus
ensuring safe food [Sellamuthu, P.S.*,
Sivakumar, D. and Soundy, P. (Postharvest
Technology Group, Department of Crop
Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology,
Pretoria 0001, South Africa), Journal of Food
Safety, 2013, 33(1), 86-93].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-049 Antifungal activity of
different extracts of Chenopodium album
against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae, the
cause of onion basal rot
Antifungal potential of different parts of
Chenopodium album L. was examined against
Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend. f. sp. cepae
(Hans.) Snyder and Hansen, the cause of basal rot
disease of onion (Allium cepa L.). In screening
bioassays, the effect of different concentrations
(0.5, 1.0, 3.0%) of methanolic leaf, stem, root
and inflorescence extracts of C. album was
investigated. Extracts of different parts of the test
plant species showed variable antifungal activity.
The highest antifungal activity was exhibited
by inflorescence extract. Different concentrations
of this extract suppressed fungal growth by
24-80%. Methanolic inflorescence extract
was successively extracted with n-hexane,
chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The
highest antifungal activity was shown by ethyl
acetate fraction resulting in 68-100% reduction
in fungal biomass. From ethyl acetate fraction,
three unknown compounds viz. A, B and C were
isolated through thin layer chromatography
INSECTICIDES
29
(TLC). TLC fraction A exhibited the highest
antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of 250 µg mL-1. Thus,
antifungal constituents of ethyl acetate fraction of
methanolic inflorescence extract of C. album can
be used as natural fungicides for the management
of basal plate rot of onion [Rauf, S. * and Javaid,
A. (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University
of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan) International
Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2013, 15(2),
367-371].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-050 Purification, stability
and antifungal activity of verbascoside from
Lippia javanica and Lantana camara leaf
extracts
The biological properties of verbascoside
are numerous and include antimicrobial activities.
As part of a drive to identify alternatives
to synthetic fungicides for crop protection, this
study was aimed at investigating methods of
preparing verbascoside-rich plant extracts from
viable sources of the compound and monitoring
its stability under various conditions. Leaf
extracts of Lippia javanica Spreng. and Lantana
camara Linn. (Verbenaceae) were partially
purified using column chromatography and high
speed centrifugal countercurrent chromatography,
the latter yielding fractions with higher
purity (71%) than those from a single column
chromatographic separation (38-44% pure).
Verbascoside remained stable upon heating, but
was completely decomposed after four hours
exposure of the extract to sunlight. Compared to
the other storage conditions, the compound was
best preserved in a dry form in the dark. Analysis
by high performance liquid chromatography
revealed that the verbascoside content of plant
parts of L. camara from natural populations
was highly variable, both within and between
populations. However, several specimens
produced high levels of the compound
(Hazyview: Plant 3 (83.0. mg/g dry weight),
Magoebaskloof 2: Plant 5 (64.8. mg/g) and White
River: Plant 2 (64.0. mg/g)), suggesting that
L. camara is an excellent source of verbascoside.
Extracts of the plant displayed effective in vivo
inhibition of Penicillium digitatum on oranges
[Oyourou, J.-N., Combrinck, S., Regnier, T. and
Marston, A. (Department of Chemistry, Tshwane
University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa ), Industrial Crops and Products,
2013, 43(1), 820-826].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-051 Cadinene sesquiterpenes
from Eupatorium adenophorum and their
antifungal activity
Bioactive constituents of Eupatorium
adenophorum were investigated for antifungal
activity. A structure-antifungal activity
relationship of cadinene sesquiterpenes was
predicted by evaluating individual derivatives.
Cadinene derivatives were extracted from leaves
of Eupatorium adenophorum using ethyl acetate.
Five cadinene sesquiterpenes were isolated
by column chromatography and Preparative Thin
Layer Chromatography. Bioactivity of these
cadinene sesquiterpenes were evaluated in vitro
against four phytopathogenic fungi using
poison food technique. Purified sesquiterpenes
were spectroscopically elucidated as cadinan-
3-ene-2,7-dione (1), 7-hydroxycadinan-3-ene-2-
one (2), 5,6-dihydroxycadinan-3-ene-2,7-dione
(3), cadinan-3,6-diene-2,7-dione (4) and 2-acetyl-
cadinan-3,6-diene-7-one (5). Antifungal evaluation
of these compounds against pathogenic fungi
was found to be selective. Compound 1
was highly inhibitory towards S. rolfsii
(ED50 181.60 ± 0.58 µgmL-1
) and R. solani
(ED50 189.74 ± 1.03 µgmL-1
). Availability of
plant material and significant antifungal activity
makes the plant a potential source of antifungal
agent and that can be exploited for the
development of a natural fungicide [Kundu, A.*,
Saha, S., Walia, S.,Shakil, N.A., Kumar, J.,
Annapurna, K. (Division of Agricultural
Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, India) , Journal of
Environmental Science and Health - Part B
Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural
Wastes, 2013, 48 (6), 516-522].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
30
NPARR 4(1), 2013-052 In vitro pediculicidal
activity of herbal shampoo base on Thai local
plants against head louse (Pediculus humanus
capitis de Geer)
Head lice infestation, a worldwide head
infestation caused Pediculus humanus capitis De
Geer, is an important public health problem in
Thailand. Several chemical pediculicides have
lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of lice
against insecticide. Therefore, non-toxic
alternative products, such as natural products
from plants, e.g. plant extract pediculicides, are
needed for head lice control. The aims of this
study were to evaluate the potential of
pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo base on
three species of Thai local plants (Acacia
concinna (Willd.) DC, Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.
and Tamarindus indica Linn.) against head lice
and to compare them with carbaryl shampoo
(Hafif shampoo®; 0.6 % w/v carbaryl) and non-
treatment control in order to assess their in vitro.
Doses of 0.12 and 0.25 ml/cm 2 of each herbal
shampoo were applied to filter paper, and ten
head lice were place on the filter paper. The
mortalities of head lice on the filter paper were
recorded at 1, 5, 10, 30 and 60 min by sterio-
microscope. All herbal shampoos at 0.25 ml/cm2
were more effective pediculicide than carbaryl
shampoo with 100 % mortality at 5 min. The
median lethal time (LT 50) of all herbal shampoos
at 0.25 ml/cm2 showed no significant differences
over at 0.12 ml/cm2 (P < 0.01). The most
effective pediculicide was T. indica extract
shampoo, followed by Av. bilimbi extract
shampoo and Ac. concinna extract shampoo, with
LT50 values <1.0 min. Our data showed that all
herbal shampoos have high potential of
pediculicide to head lice treatments for
schoolchildren [Rassami, W*. and Soonwera, M.
(Entomology and Environment Programme,
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King
Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang,
Ladkrabang Bangkok, Thailand ), Parasitology
Research , 2013, 112(4), 1411-1416]
MANURE/FERTILIZERS
31
MANURE/FERTILIZERS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-053 Long-term impacts of
manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars
in a silty clay loam soil under temperate
conditions
There is increasing evidence that
microorganisms participate in soil C
sequestration and stabilization in the form of
resistant microbial residues. The type of
fertilizers influences microbial activity and
community composition; however, little is known
about its effect on the microbial residues and
their relative contribution to soil C storage. The
aim of this study was to investigate the long-term
impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments
(chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic
manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay
loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy).
Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence
and origin of microbial residues. The five
treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK,
chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS1, NPK plus crop
straw; NPKS2, NPK plus double amounts of
straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-
term application of inorganic fertilizers and
organic amendments increased the total amino
sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared
with the control; and this effect was more evident
in the plots that continuously received pig
manure (P< 0.05). The increase in total amino
sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-
treated plots than the NPKM. These results
indicate that the accumulation of soil amino
sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic
fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino
sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was
differentially influenced by the various fertilizer
treatments, with a preferential accumulation of
bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with
fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil
[Xueli Ding*, Xiaozeng Han and Xudong Zhang
(Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology,
Northeast Institute of Geography and
Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Harbin, 150081, People’s Republic of China),
Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2013].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-054 Green manuring, mustard
residue recycling and fertilizer application affects
productivity and sustainability of Indian mustard
(Brassica juncea L.) in Indian semi-arid tropics
An experiment was conducted for
five-years (2005–06 to 2009–10) to evaluate
the impact of Sesbania green-manuring (GM),
mustard-residue recycling and fertilizers on
soil health and productivity of Indian mustard
under fallow–mustard sequence. Sesbania
(GM) significantly increased SOC, carbon-
sequestration-potential rate, infiltration rate,
available NPK status but decreased bulk
density. Supplementing mustard-residue
recycling 2.5 t ha−1
further improved the soil
quality attributes significantly. The increase in
fertilizer from N40P8.7K0 to N80P17.4K33.3 also
improved the soil attributes gradually. This
improvement in soil properties due to Sesbania
(GM) and mustard-residue recycling significantly
influenced plant height, branches/plant,
siliquae/plant, seeds/siliqua and ultimately seed
and oil yield compared to existing fallow–
mustard practice. The mustard seed yield was
increased by 42.3% due to Sesbania (GM) and by
63.9% due to supplementary mustard residue
recycling in five years. Increase in fertilizers
levels from N40 to N80 and P8.7 to P17.4
significantly improved mustard yield attributes,
seed and oil yield while results of K application
was inconsistent. The combined application of
N80P17.4K33.3 synergistically increased the seed
yield by 82.1% over N40P8.7K0. Sustainability
yield index, partial factor productivity,
production efficiency and incremental benefit
cost ratio also showed significant improvement
due to Sesbania (GM), mustard-residue recycling
and judicious fertilizer use [O.P. Premi*, B.K.
Kandpal, S.S. Rathore, Kapila Shekhawat, J.S.
Chauhan (Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard
Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan,
India), Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 41,
423-429].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
32
NPARR 4(1), 2013-055 Integrated biological
treatment of fowl manure for nitrogen
recovery and reuse
Biowaste such as animal manure poses
an environmental threat, due to among
others, uncontrolled emissions of ammonia and
additional hazardous gases to the atmosphere.
This study presents a quantitative analysis
of an alternative biowaste management approach
aimed at nitrogen recovery and reduction of
contamination risks. The suggested technology
combines anaerobic digestion of nitrogen-rich
biowaste with biofiltration of the resulting
gaseous ammonia. A compost-based biofilter
is used to capture the ammonia and convert it to
nitrate by nitrifying microorganisms. Nitrogen
mass balance was applied to quantify the system's
capacity under various fowl manure-loading
regimes and ammonia loading rates. The
produced nitrate was recovered and its use as
liquid fertilizer was evaluated with cucumber
plant as a model crop. In addition, emissions
of other hazardous gases (N2O, CH4 and H2S)
were monitored before and after biofiltration to
evaluate the efficiency of the system for treating
these gases. It was found that nitrate-rich liquid
fertilizer can be continuously produced using the
suggested approach, with an over 67 percentage
of nitrogen recovery, under an ammonia loading
rate of up to 40 g NH3 per cubic meter biofilter
per hour. Complete elimination of NH3, H2S,
CH4 and N2O was achieved, demonstrating
the potential of the suggested technology for
mitigating emission of these gases from fowl
manure. Moreover, the quality of the recovered
fertilizer was demonstrated by higher yield
performance of cucumber plant compared
with control plants treated with a commonly
applied organic liquid fertilizer [Roy Posmanik*,
Ali Nejidat, Boaz Bar-Sinay, and Amit Gross
(Albert Katz International School for
Desert Studies, Department of Environmental
Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg
Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein
Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus,
84990, Israel), Journal of Environmental
Management, 2013, 117, 172-179].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-056 Use of compost
supplemented human urine in sweet pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) production
Human urine, rich in plant nutrients, is a
readily available fertilizer but limited information
is available about the best use of human urine in
crop production. A field experiment was carried
out in Kathmandu, Nepal during the year 2011 to
evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine in
different combination and compare the value
with compost, urea and their combinations based
on plant performance. The experiment was laid
out in Randomized complete block design
(RCBD) consisting of eight treatments with three
replications. Each treatment was fixed to a supply
of 100kg N ha−1
. California Wonder, a popular
open pollinated sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum
L.) variety was selected as an experimental crop.
The highest plant height (54.7 cm), number of
fruits per plant (9.1), and fruit yield per plant
(553.9 g/plant) were recorded with the plants
fertilized with human urine in combination with
compost. Human urine supplemented with 50 kg
PK/ha gave highest fruit weight (67.2g) and fruit
diameter (5.5 cm). Plants fertilized with the
combination of human urine and compost showed
better growth and yield compared to the
application of fertilizer sources alone. The results
indicated that the human urine performs better
when used in combination with compost, and can
be used as a promising fertilizer source in sweet
pepper production [Debendra Shrestha*, Arvind
Srivastava, Shanta Man Shakya, Janardan
Khadka and Bharat Sharma Acharya (Department
of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture and
Animal Science, Chitwan, Nepal), Scientia
Horticulturae, 2013, 153, 8-12].
OILS/FATS
33
OILS/FATS (incl. Edible oils, Butter)
NPARR 4(1), 2013-057 Antioxidant activity of
sesamin in canola oil
The present study presents the
antioxidant activity of sesamin in canola oil
compared with that of butylated hydroxytoluene
(BHT) by monitoring the oxygen consumption
and the decrease in linoleic acid and α-linolenic
acid. The oxidation of canola oil was conducted
at 35, 60, 90, 120 and 180°C with addition
of 50-400 ppm sesamin. Results from the
oxygen consumption test showed that sesamin
dose-dependently inhibited the oxidation of
canola oil at concentrations of 50-200 ppm at
temperatures of 60-180°C, however, sesamin
lost its antioxidant activity at a low temperature
of 35°C. The fatty acid analysis also
demonstrated that sesamin at 50, 100 and
200 ppm dose-dependently prevented the
oxidation of linoleic acid and α-linolenic
acid in canola oil. Both the oxygen consumption
and the fatty acid analysis demonstrated
sesamin was less effective than BHT as an
antioxidant at temperatures of 60-180 °C. It was
therefore concluded that sesamin could prevent
the lipid oxidation of frying fats and oil,
however, its antioxidant activity was not as
potent as that of BHT [Si, W*., Xie, P.F., Ma,
K.Y., Liang, Y, Wang, X.B., Chung, H.Y. and
Chen, Z.-Y. (Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of
Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China), JAOCS,
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society,
2013, 90(4), 511-516].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-058 A new method for the
estimation of olive oil healthfulness
Several epidemiological studies have
shown that the traditional Mediterranean diet
is associated with a lower incidence
of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease,
neurodegenerative diseases, and certain kinds
of cancer. These appreciable health-promoting
properties have been partially correlated with
the regular consumption of extra virgin olive oil
as the principal source of fat. Olive oil is
the most famous agricultural product in the
Mediterranean, with a history as old as that
region's civilization. Olive fruits and olive oil
not only are delicious but also have been
considered as medicines since ancient times
[Karkoula, E.*, Melliou, E.
and Magiatis, P.
(Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural
Products Chemistry, University of Athens,
Greece), International News on Fats, Oils and
Related Materials, 2013, 24(4), 266-270].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-059 Health effects of olive
oil polyphenols: Recent advances and
possibilities for the use of health claims
(Review)
The Mediterranean diet and consumption
of olive oil have been connected in several
studies with longevity and a reduced risk of
morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle, such as
regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and
the existing social cohesion in Southern
European countries have been recognised as
candidate protective factors that may explain
the Mediterranean Paradox. Along with some
other characteristics of the Mediterranean diet,
the use of olive oil as the main source of
fat is common in Southern European countries.
The benefits of consuming olive oil have been
known since antiquity and were traditionally
attributed to its high content in oleic acid.
However, it is now well established that
these effects must also be attributed to the
phenolic fraction of olive oil with its
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-
microbial activities. The mechanisms of
these activities are varied and probably
interconnected. For some activities of olive oil
phenolic compounds, the evidence is already
strong enough to enable the legal use of health
claims on foods. This review discusses the
health effects of olive oil phenols along with
the possibilities of communicating these effects
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
34
on food labels [Martín-Peláez, S*.,Covas,
M.I.,Fitó, M., Kušar, A. and Pravst, I.
(Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research
Group (CARIN), Research in Inflammatory and
Cardiovascular Disorders (RICAD), Barcelona,
Spain), Molecular Nutrition and Food Research,
2013, 57(5), 760-771].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-060 Seed oil and fatty acid
composition in Capsicum spp.
The oil content and fatty acid
composition of seed of 233 genebank accessions
(total) of nine Capsicum species, and a single
accession of Tubocapsicum anomalum, were
determined. The physicochemical characteristics
of oil extracted from seed of Capsicum annuum
and Capsicum baccatum were also examined.
Significant differences among mean values
for seed oil content were detected among the
cultivated Capsicum species. Oil content in seed
of C. annuum var. annuum was significantly
greater than that in seed of other cultivated
species. Capsicum pubescens had the lowest
average seed oil content. Among the non-
cultivated taxa examined, seed of Capsicum
galapagoense had the lowest oil content and
T. anomalum the highest. Averages across
the 5 cultivated taxa for the 4 principal fatty
acids were 12.9%, 3.4%, 6.7% and 76.0% for
C16:0 (palmitic), C18:0 (stearic), C18:1 (oleic)
and C18:2 (linoleic), respectively. Linoleic acid
was the principal fatty acid in all samples,
with a high value of 81% in Capsicum chinense.
Capsicum frutescens had the lowest percentage
of total unsaturated fatty acids and T. anomalum
the highest. In general, the oil content and
fatty acid composition of seed of the wild taxa
were similar to those of the cultivated species
[Jarret, R.L.*, Levy, I.J., Potter, T.L.,Cermak,
S.C. (USDA, ARS, PGRU, 1109 Experiment
Street, Griffin, GA 30224, United States),
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,
2013, 30(2), 102-108].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-061 Sitosterol as an
antioxidant in frying oils
The antioxidative effect of sitosterol at 1,
2 and 5% levels, in triolein, refined canola, high
oleic sunflower and flaxseed oils, continuously
heated for a period of up to 72 h at frying
temperature of 180 °C, was studied. High Pressure
Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC)
was used to monitor changes in peak areas of
triacylglycerol (TG) polymer, monomer and ester
hydrolysis products. The presence of enhanced
levels of sitosterol was found to significantly
decrease TG polymer formation in triolein and
the vegetable oil samples after heating at 180°C
for a period of 72 h. A corresponding increase in
the level of intact TG monomer and the extent of
TG ester hydrolysis was observed in all samples
with enhanced levels of sitosterol. Conversion of
sterol to steradiene, by the 1, 2 elimination of
water, may be responsible for the antioxidative
effect of sitosterol at frying temperatures
[Singh, A. (Department of Agricultural, Food
and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta,
410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton,
AB T6G 2P5, Canada), Food Chemistry, 2013,
137(1-4), 62-67]
NPARR 4(1), 2013-062 Potential use of extra
virgin olive oil in bakery products rich in fats:
A comparative study with refined oils
The lipid fraction of bakery products
undergoes a significant degradation during
baking, with an increase in undesirable oxidised
substances that can act as catalysts for further
oxidative reactions during storage reducing the
product shelf life. The use of extra virgin olive oil
in bakery products rich in fat in place of refined
oils was studied, assessing the evolution of the
oxidative and hydrolytic degradation during
storage. Two-way analysis of variance, followed
by Tukey's HSD test for multiple comparisons,
covariance and principal component analyses
were carried out to compare the effect of the
type of oils. The data obtained showed that the
OILS/FATS
35
evolution of the oxidation levels in the analysed
samples during storage was related to the type of
oil used in the production process. Particularly,
the use of extra virgin olive oil led to
significantly lower values of hydroperoxides,
ultraviolet absorption constants, triacylglycerol
oligopolymers and oxidised triacylglycerols
[Caponio, F., Giarnetti, M., Paradiso, V.M.,
Summo, C.,Gomes, T. (Dipartimento di Scienze
del Suolo, Della Pianta e degli Alimenti
(DISSPA), Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo
Moro, Via Amendola, 165/a, I-70126 Bari, Italy),
International Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 2013, 48(1), 82-88].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
36
PHYTOCHEMICALS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-063 Fruit cuticular waxes as
a source of biologically active triterpenoids
(Review)
The health benefits associated with a
diet rich in fruit and vegetables include reduction
of the risk of chronic diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, that
are becoming prevalent in the aging human
population. Triterpenoids, polycyclic compounds
derived from the linear hydrocarbon squalene,
are widely distributed in edible and medicinal
plants and are an integral part of the human diet.
As an important group of phytochemicals that
exert numerous biological effects and display
various pharmacological activities, triterpenoids
are being evaluated for use in new functional
foods, drugs, cosmetics and healthcare products.
Screening plant material in the search for
triterpenoid-rich plant tissues has identified
fruit peel and especially fruit cuticular waxes
as promising and highly available sources. The
chemical composition, abundance and biological
activities of triterpenoids occurring in cuticular
waxes of some economically important fruits,
like apple, grape berry, olive, tomato and
others, are described in this review. The need
for environmentally valuable and potentially
profitable technologies for the recovery,
recycling and upgrading of residues from fruit
processing is also discussed [Szakiel, A.*,
Paczkowski,C., Pensec, F. and Bertsch, C.
(Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of
Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa
1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland), Phytochemistry
Reviews, 2012, 11(2-3), 263-284].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-064 Natural Products from
Marine Algae of the genus Osmundaria
(Rhodophyceae, Ceramiales) (Review)
The present work is a review of the
natural products isolated from red marine algae
of the genus Osmundaria (including Vidalia),
which intends to encompass their occurrence in
the species of this genus, the possible
synonymies, their geographic distribution, their
structural variety and their biological potential as
prototypes for the pharmaceutical industry and as
active principles of cosmetics. At the end, we
provide a table with these natural products and
their biological activities [Osako, K. and
Teixeira, V.L.*(Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia,
Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói/Rio de
Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil) Natural Product
Communications , 2013, 8(4), 533-538].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-065 Estimation of total
phenol and in vitro antioxidant activity of
Albizia procera leaves
Research on natural products has gained a
wide popularity due to the potential of
discovering active compounds. The antioxidant
properties contained in plants have been proposed
as one of the mechanisms for the observed
beneficial effect. Therefore, the present study
investigated the antioxidant activity and total
phenolic contents of various solvent extracts of
Albizia procera leaves. Antioxidant activity of
the methanol extract and its derived fractions
petroleum ether (APP), carbon tetrachloride
(APC), dichloromethane (APD), ethyl acetate
(APE), and residual aqueous fraction (APA) of
the leaves of Albizia procera was performed
by in vitro chemical analyses. Total phenolic
content of the APM and other five fractions were
also determined. APM and its derived fractions
were also subjected to preliminary phytochemical
screening test for various constituents.
Phytochemical screening revealed the presence
of saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides and
flavonoids in the extracts. Amongst the extracts,
APE showed the highest total phenolic content
(449.18 ± 18.41mg of gallic acid equivalent/g
of extract). In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging test, the
IC 50
value of APM, APP, APC, APD, APE and
APA was 43.43, 63.60, 166.18, 41.15, 11.79, and
63.06 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, among the
PHYTOCHEMICALS
37
APM and its derived fractions, APE showed the
highest antioxidant activity which is comparable
to that of standard ascorbic acid (AA) (IC50
10.12
µg/mL). The total antioxidant capacity was found
to be varied in different fractions. The reducing
activity on ferrous ion was ranked as APE > APD
> APM > APA > APC. The above evidences
suggest that APE of A. procera leaf is a potential
source of natural antioxidant and can be used to
prevent diseases associated with free radicals
[Khatoon, M.*, Islam, E., Islam, R., Rahman,
A.A., Alam, A.H.M.K., Khondkar, P., Rashid,
M.
and Parvin, S. (Department of Pharmacy,
University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205,
Bangladesh), BMC Research Notes, 2013, 6(1),
Article number121].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
38
PULP/PAPER
NPARR 4(1), 2013-066 Production of low basis
weight material health diapers using refined
wheat straw pulp and poplar APMP
The paper introduced the manufacture
technologies of refined weight straw pulp and
poplar APMP, as well as the experience of the
production of low basis weight material health
diapers using the refined wheat straw pulp
and poplar APMP as raw materials [Zhou, Z.-P.
(Jiangsu Wuzhou (Xinda) Paper Industry Limited
Company, Xinyi, Jiangsu Province, 221400,
China), Chung-kuo Tsao Chih/China Pulp and
Paper, 2013, 32 (1), 71-73].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-067 Seasonal effect on the
chemical composition of the leaves of Stipa
tenacissima L. and implications for pulp
properties
Esparto (Stipa tenacissima) is a highly
fibrous herbaceous plant. In addition, the fiber
properties (suppleness, thinness, and cellulose
content) make this plant a valuable raw material
for papermaking in terms of both quality
and quantity. In Tunisia, esparto is the only
source of raw material for papermaking. In this
paper, the chemical characteristics (cellulose,
hemicelluloses, lignin, extractives, and ashes) of
esparto leaves are analyzed in relation to growing
conditions and plant biology. Four localized sites
in the Kasserine region (central Tunisia) are
examined. The chemical properties of esparto
fibers vary significantly with site and season. In
fall, esparto leaves contain more cellulose
(46.4%) than in other seasons. In winter, esparto
leaves have lower cellulose content (43.3%) and
higher extractive content. The pulp properties
across seasons indicate that pulp yield and
strength properties are superior when leaves
are harvested in fall [Belkhir, S.*, Koubaa, A.,
Khadhri, A., Ksontini, M., Nadji, H.,Smiti, S.
and Stevanovic, T. (University of El-Manar II,
Faculty of Sciences, Unity of Research of
Vegetal Ecology, Campus Academia, 2092
Tunis, Tunisia), Industrial Crops and Products,
2013, 44, 56-61].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-068 Fractionation of wheat
straw pulp in ultra-fine pressure screening
(Review)
Wheat straw is used as a raw material
in paper products, but some cell types of
heterogeneous wheat straw pulp are detrimental
to pulp processability and end use properties. The
aim of this study was to discover the fractionation
tendencies of various cell types in an ultra-fine
pressure screening. A cell-type categorization
based on an automatic optical fibre analysis was
used in the fractionation analysis. The shortest
epidermal and parenchyma cells and short fibrous
cells were concentrated into the fraction passing
the screen, whereas long fibrous cells and long
wide vessel elements and parenchyma cells were
retained preferentially in the fraction remaining
on the screen. The results also show that
the passage ratio is an important parameter in
predicting the fractionation tendency of wheat
straw pulp cells in such ultra-fine pressure
screening. It was shown that ultra-fine pressure
screening is a useful tool in producing fractions
with divergent cell types and cell properties
(Karjalainen, M.*, Ämmälä, A., Rousu, P. and
Niinimäki, J. (Fibre and Particle Engineering
Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland)
Appita Journal, 2013, 66(1), 73-79].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-069 Improving recycled
fibres in printing paper by application of an
in-situ CaCO3 formation method 2. Paper
properties (Review)
In a companion paper, it was shown that
the optical properties of recycled fibres such
as those from typical Korean white ledger can
be improved greatly by an in-situ CaCO3 process.
In this more detailed study, the effect of this
in-situ CaCO3 process on resultant handsheet
PULP/PAPER
39
properties has been compared with the effect
of a conventional precipitated calcium carbonate
with retention aid system. In-situ treatment of
the whole recycled pulp was also compared with
the effect of treating only a fines fraction of the
recycled pulp. Using the in-situ CaCO3 process
on the fines fraction gave better optical properties
than applying the in-situ CaCO3 process to
the whole furnish [Kim, J.J.*, Ahn, J.W., Lee,
M.W.,Kim, Y.W., Lee, J.K. and Seo, Y.B.
(Hansol Paper Co., South Korea), Appita Journal,
2013, 66(1), 54-58].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-070 Enhancement of pulp
brightness and whiteness using TAED during
bleaching
Studies have been conducted with the
use of TAED (Tetra Acetyle Ethylene Diamine)
along with hydrogen peroxide to bleach the
mixed hardwood bamboo pulp. Present paper
describes the benefits of using TAED during
oxygen delignification stage, after oxygen
delignification and during oxidative extraction
stage of pulp to improve the brightness
and whiteness of mixed hardwood bamboo pulp.
Use of TAED along with H2O2 in ODL stage
improved pulp brightness by 4-9% and reduced
ODL pulp kappa number by 43-54%. Brightness
of final bleached pulp was increased by 1.5-1.7%
and C1E whiteness was increased by 1.8-1.9
points. Use of TAED along with H2O2 after ODL
stage results in significant improvement in pulp
brightness i.e. 3-10% and reduction in kappa
number by 8-19%. Final bleached pulp brightness
was increased by 1.9-2.1 % and CIE whiteness
was increased by 2.2-2.4 points compared to
control. Use of TAED in EOP stage significantly
improved E OPpulp brightness i.e. 2-3% and
reduced kappa number to some extent. Final pulp
brightness and whiteness of TAED treated pulp
were improved by 1.1-1.8% and 1.8-2.0 units,
respectively. With the use of TAED in EOP stage,
chlorine dioxide dosage in D1 stage was
reduced by 3 kg/TP with comparable brightness
and improved whiteness of the pulp [Sharma, N.,
Tripathi, S., Bhardwaj, N.K. and Varadhan, R.
(Thapar Centre for Industrial Research and
Development, Paper Mill Campus, Yamuna
Nagar-135001, Haryana, India), IPPTA:
Quarterly Journal of Indian Pulp and Paper
Technical Association, 2013, 25(1), 173-175].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-071 Optimization of urea
peroxide bleaching parameters of old newspaper
pulp by response surface methodology
The purpose of this paper was to study the
influence of various parameters on the result of
old newspaper pulp (ONP) bleaching with urea
peroxide and the compare urea peroxide
bleaching and hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The
main influence factors of urea peroxide bleaching
including urea peroxide charge, temperature and
reaction time were analyzed by response surface
methodology. The bleaching conditions were
optimized as urea peroxide dosage 12.10%,
Na2SiO3 3%, MgSO4 0.05%, reaction time
120 min, temperature 80°C. At the optimal
conditions, pulp brightness reached 59.8% ISO
and had 12.5 points gain compared with the
unbleached pulp. The brightness of urea peroxide
bleached pulp was 2.6 points higher than that
of the pulp bleached with hydrogen peroxide
bleaching under the same condition [Zhang, Q.,
Fu, S.-Y., Li, H.-L.and Zhan, H.-Y. (State Key
Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou,
Guangdong Province, 510640, China), Chung-
kuo Tsao Chih/China Pulp and Paper, 2013,
32(1), 5-8].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-072 Effects of pretreatment
by xylanase on properties of salix psammophila
kraft pulp (Conference Paper)
The effects of pretreatment by xylanase
on properties of salix psammophila KP were
researched in this paper. The effects of different
dosage of enzyme on fibre morphology and paper
properties were studied. The results showed that
pulp properties can be improved by pretreatment
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
40
with xylanase.The fibre average length increases
after pretreatment, fines content decreased and
brightness and physcial properties and scattering
coefficient, absorption coefficient and opacity
decreased with dosage of enzyme increasing. But
brightness and physcial properties decrease and
scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and
opacity increases slightly when the dosage of
enzyme beyond 10IUg-1.X-ray diffractometer
analysis indicated that the degree of crystallinity
of fibre increased after xylanase pretreatment [Li,
Y. , Yang, G*. and Chen, J. (Key Lab of Pulp
and Paper Science and Technology, Education
Ministry of China, School of Light Chemical and
Enviromental Engineering Changqing, Jinan,
Shandong Province, China), Advanced Materials
Research, 2013, 610-613, 3505-3510].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-073 Tensile properties
evaluation of paper pulp packaging at
differentsections and orientations on the egg
tray
Paper-based material has been frequently
used as part of packaging solution as an
optiontowards reducing municipal solid
waste generation. Various studies on mechanical
behaviour ofpaper-pulp packaging material have
been conducted based on the machining direction
and crossmachining direction. However, there is
still gap of information on paper-pulp packaging
materialbehaviour at diagonal direction. A study
has been conducted to investigate the variability
to tensileproperties of paper-pulp packaging
at various packaging section (draft and base
surface) and differentspecimen orientation
(horizontal, vertical, and diagonal direction).
In this research, results from thestress-strain
relationship obtained from tensile and
compression tests are presented. The data
obtainedare further analysed using ANOVA
to find out whether material variations are
significantly differentwith varying sections and
orientations. Findings in this research supported
the anisotropic properties of paper-based
packaging material. Draft surfaces exhibit weaker
strength than base surface. Also, the variability of
stiffness and strength of specimens are more
significant in horizontal and vertical direction
compared to diagonal direction [Masni-Azian,
A.*
, Choudhury, I.A., Sihombing, H. and
Yuhazri, M.Y. (Engineering Design Department,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah
Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia),
2012 International Conference on Advanced
Materials Engineering and Technology, ICAMET
2012; Penang; Malaysia; 28 November 2012
through 30 November 2012; Code 95061].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-074 Study of preparation
and the influencing factors of
chrysanthemum-shaped calcium carbonate
applied to paper industry (Conference Paper)
This paper describes the precipitated
calcium carbonate filler applied to paper industry,
which was prepared by adding a specific
crystal control agent. And a series of influencing
factors in carbonation process was studied,
such as carbonization temperature, concentration
of milk of lime, carbon dioxide concentration
and the crystal shape control dosage. Therefore
the optimum conditions for preparation of
chrysanthemum-shaped crystalline calcium
carbonate were determined [Zeli, C. * and
Huajing, Z. (Department of Biology and
Environment Engineering, Tianjin Vocational
Institute, Tianjin 300410, China), Advanced
Materials Research, 2013, 621, 111-116].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-075 Wood powder coated
with carboxymethylcellulose for papermaking
Wood powder is widely used in
production of wood-plastic composite materials,
paint, animal feed, etc. In this paper, shape
features of wood powder were analyzed and its
performance in papermaking was tested. Based
on the theoretical basis of deposition technique
and electrostatic attraction mechanism between
cationic ion and anionic ion, wood powder was
coated with carboxymethylcellulose. And, then,
PULP/PAPER
41
the charge reversal has occurred on the wood
powder with aluminum sulfate and polyamide
polyamine epichlorohydrin. Coated wood powder
can be more easily adsorbed on the fiber due
to anionic charge. The experimental results
show that the papermaking performance of
wood powder is improved by coating with
carboxymethylcellulose. The wood powder can
be used in papermaking by appending a certain
percentage of bleached kraft pulp. The bulkiness
of paper presents an increasing trend with the
increasing of wood powder addition. However
the tensile index of paper has a certain decreased.
Its physical property is suited to usage [Sun, X.,
Zhao, C., and Yu, J. (Key Lab of Paper Science
and Technology of Ministry Education,
Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan,
Shandong, 250353, China), Advanced Materials
Research, 2013, 629, 344-346].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-076 Enzymatic bleaching of
eucalyptus kraft pulp: Effects on the
prebleaching filtrate, pulp quality and paper
properties
Enzymatic bleaching appears to be a
promising approach for clean bleaching processes
and the reduction of bleaching chemical
consumption. In this work, the quality of the
filtrates and the pulps has been characterized
after enzymatic prebleaching stages of eucalyptus
kraft pulp. Four different conditions with
xylanase were investigated. Following each
prebleaching stage, the properties of the pulp
[kappa number, brightness, content of
hexenuronic acid (HexA), xylan removal, and
pulp yield lost], and of the resulting effluents
(chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), color, and conductivity)
were determined. In addition, a complete
bleaching sequence was performed to
characterize the pulp quality at the end of the
sequence. Finally, the pulp was refined in a PFI
mill, and the mechanical and physical properties
of the resulting paper were determined. The best
pulp quality was achieved at pH 7, at which a
lower kappa number, higher pulp brightness, and
smaller amount of HexA were observed. Under
this condition, however, a larger yield loss and a
higher effluent COD load had to be accepted.
After the complete bleaching sequence, the
enzymatic treatments yielded pulps with higher
brightness and viscosity as well as with a lower
kappa number. The enzymatic treatments resulted
in small changes in the mechanical and physical
properties of the paper handsheets produced
[Borges, M.T.*, Silva, C.M. , Colodette, J.L., De
Oliveira, R.C. and Tesser, F. (Pulp and Paper
Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering,
Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, 36570.000,
MG, Brazil), Holzforschung, 2013, 67(2),
147-153].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
42
RUBBER/GUM
NPARR 4(1), 2013-077 Gum Cordia: A novel
edible coating to increase the shelf life of
Chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana)
Cordia myxa is a deciduous tree, which
grows nearly all over the Indo-Pak subcontinent.
The ripe fruits contain an anionic polysaccharide
having good adhering property. Chilgoza (Pinus
gerardiana), specie of genus Pinus (pine nuts)
grows in Pakistan, Afghanistan and India.
It is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids but
the un-shelled nuts are highly susceptible
to rancidity. An effort was made to investigate
the efficacy of gum Cordia in comparison
with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as edible
coating to retard this oxidation. Gum Cordia
and CMC with and without natural antioxidants
were used in this study. Methanolic extract of
C. myxa and alpha tocopherol were selected as
antioxidants. Chemical and sensory analyses
were performed on coated and uncoated pine
nuts stored at 35°C for 112 days. Significant
differences (P < 0.05) between coated and
uncoated samples were observed. Samples coated
with gum Cordia containing the extract of
C. myxa exhibited highest (ca. 95%) increase
in shelf life followed by CMC and the C. myxa
extract (ca. 60%), gum Cordia (ca. 25%), and
CMC (ca. 15%); based on peroxide value
(20 meq.O 2 kg-1
). However, samples treated with
alpha tocopherol did not improve the oxidative
stability [Haq, M.A.*, Alam, M.J., and Hasnain,
A. (Department of Food Science and Technology,
University of Karachi, University Road, Karachi
75270, Pakistan), LWT - Food Science and
Technology, 2013, 50(1), 306-311].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-078 Influence of modified
natural rubber and structure of carbon black
on properties of natural rubber compounds
Carbon black-filled natural rubber
composites were prepared using various types of
natural rubber: unmodified natural rubber,
epoxidized natural rubber with two levels of
epoxy groups at 25 and 50 mol % [epoxidized
natural rubber (ENR)-25 and ENR-50], and
maleated natural rubber. Two types of carbon
black (HAF and ECF) with different structure
and surface area were used. The functional
groups present in natural rubber and carbon black
were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR.
Furthermore, cure characteristics, mechanical,
morphological, and electrical properties of
composites and gum rubber compounds were
investigated. It was found that the presence
of polar functional groups in rubber molecules
and the different structures of carbon black
significantly affected the cure characteristics
and mechanical properties. This is attributed to
physical and chemical interactions between
carbon black surfaces and rubber molecules.
It was also found that natural rubber filled with
ECF showed the highest Young's modulus and
hardness, which is due to the high-surface area
and structure of the ECF causing an increase
in the degree of entanglement between
rubber chains and carbon black particles.
Frequency dependency of the dielectric constant,
loss tangent, and AC conductivity was also
investigated. An increase in dielectric constant,
loss tangent, and AC conductivity was observed
in the ENR/ECF composites. High-carbon
black loading level caused network formation
of these conductive particles, increasing the AC
conductivity of the composites [Salaeh, S.*, and
Nakason, C. (Department of Rubber Technology
and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Prince of Songkla University,
Pattani 94000, Thailand), Polymer Composites,
2012, 33(4), 489-500].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-079 Grafting modification
of Sesbania gum and sizing performance
In this study, the natural polymeric
sesbania gum was modified and used as a new
size for the sizing of polyester/cotton yarn
(T/C yarn). Oxidative degradation of sesbania
gum was carried out by using sodium
RUBBER/GUM
43
hypochlorite(NaClO), resulting in chain segment
with relative smaller molecular weight, then
short-chain vinyl acetate was grafted onto the
polymer chain of sesbania gum. The modified
sesbania gum was used for sizing T/C yarn. The
viscosity, thermostability of modified sesbania
gum, and the breaking strength, index of
hairiness, wear-resisting property of sized yarn
was characterized and discussed [Liu, H.*, Qi,
R., Gao, L. , Xue, M. and Shen, D. (College of
Textile, Henan Institute of Engineering,
Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China), Advanced
Materials Research, 2012, 424-425, 1211-1214].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-080 Evaluation of Moringa
oleifera gum as tablet disintegrant
Plant products serve as an alternative to
synthetic products because of local accessibility,
eco-friendly nature and lower price compared
to imported synthetic products. Natural gums
and mucilage have been widely explored as
pharmaceutical excipients. Tablet disintegration
has received considerable attention as an essential
step in obtaining fast drug release. The present
study was undertaken to separate or isolate gum
from raw gum of Moringa oleifera Linn.
and explored its use as disintegrant by
formulating tablets of Aceclofenac. The study of
binder, suspending agent and film forming agent
property of seeds and gum powder of Moringa
oleifera has already being studied. Hardness
of the tablets was found to be in the range of
4.0 - 4.5 kg/cm 2 for all formulations. The wetting
time decreased with the increase in concentration
of gum in formulation. The disintegration time of
tablet formulation prepared from gum (4%w/w,
5%w/w, 10%w/w, 15%w/w and 20% w/w) was
found lesser as concentration of gum increases.
The in-vitro dissolution profile exhibited
maximum drug release from all the formulations.
The results of weight variation, hardness,
friability and dissolution profile of the
formulations prepared with isolated gum from
Moringa oleifera are comparable good. The
result of disintegration shows that the isolated
gum can be effectively used as disintegrant in
tablet formulation [Patel, B.V.* and Chobey, N
(Sri Satya Sai College of Pharmacy, Sehore,
Bhopal, M.P, India), International Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012,
4(suppl.1), 210-214].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-081 A review study on
chemical composition and molecular structure
of newly plant gum exudates and seed gums
(Review)
A large number of plants can produce
the complex polysaccharides commercially
known as 'plant-based gums'. Several studies on
various plant-based gums (mainly plant gum
exudates and seed sums) have resulted in the
identification of valuable natural sources of
complex carbohydrate polymers that promote the
desired quality, stability, texture and appearance.
The plant gum exudates and seed gums are the
complex polysaccharides/carbohydrate polymers
commonly used as a dietary fiber, thickening
agent, foaming agent, film, emulsifier, stabilizer
and drug delivery agent. The physical and
functional properties of plant-based gums depend
on their chemical compositions and molecular
structures. Recently, there is a substantial interest
to elucidate the relationship between the chemical
composition, molecular structure and physical
characteristics and functional properties of plant
gum exudates and seed gums. The present study
also summarized the molecular structure,
chemical composition and functional properties
of various types of plant gum exudates
[Mirhosseini, H.* and Amid, B.T. (Department of
Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and
Technology, University Putra Malaysia, 43400
UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia), Food
Research International, 2012, 46 (1), 387-398].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-082 Preformulation studies
on grewia gum as a formulation excipient
Grewia gum is a naturally occurring
polysaccharide which has potential as a
pharmaceutical excipient. Differential scanning
calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
44
(FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques were used to
examine the thermal and molecular behaviours,
respectively, of mixtures of grewia gum with
cimetidine, ibuprofen or standard excipients, to
assess potential interactions. No disappearance
or broadening of the melting endotherm was seen
with cimetidine or ibuprofen. Similarly, there
was no interaction between grewia gum and the
standard excipients tested. The results obtained
using thermal analyses were supported by FT-IR
analysis of the material mixtures. Grewia gum
is an inert natural polymer which can be used
alone or in combination with other excipients in
the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms
[Nep, E.I.* and Conway, B.R. (Life and Health
Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle,
Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom), Journal
of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2012,
108(1), 197-205].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-083 Preliminary evaluation
of Borassus flabellifer fruit mucilage as tablet
binder
The objective of present investigation was
to evaluate mucilage of Borassus flabellifer as a
binder for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Natural
gums are economic, easily available and found
useful as tablet binder. No significant work has
been reported on Borassus flabellifer mucilage to
use it as a tablet binder. Mucilage extracted from
Borassus flabellifer was subjected to toxicity
studies for its safety and preformulation studies
for its suitability as a binding agent. Tablets
were prepared with Borassus flabellifer mucilage
and evaluated for tablet characteristics.
Wet granulation technique was used for the
preparation of paracetamol granules. The binder
concentrations used in the formulation were 2, 4,
6, 8 & 10 % w/w. The prepared granules were
evaluated for percentage of fines, average particle
size, total porosity, compressibility index and
flow properties. The tablets were prepared and
evaluated for content uniformity, hardness,
friability, disintegration time and in vitro
dissolution profiles. The tablets had good
physicochemical properties, and the drug release
was more than 90% within 90 min. The tablets
prepared by using 10% mucilage as binder
exhibited more hardness than by using 2, 4, 6 and
8% concentration. At 8% concentration it has
given similar disintegration time and dissolution
profile in comparison to starch at 10 % w/v.
Hence, Borassus flabellifer mucilage at 8% w/v
concentrations can be considered as ideal
concentrations for preparation of tablets [Ravi,
K.*, Rajarajeshwari, N. and Narayana Swamy
V.B. (Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala
University, Rajasthan, India), International
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012, 1,
1883-1894].
SPICES/CONDIMENTS
45
SPICES/CONDIMENTS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-084 Fresh ginger (Zingiber
officinale) has anti-viral activity against
human respiratory syncytial virus in human
respiratory tract cell lines
Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is a
common spice and also a widely used medicinal
plant in ancient China. Ginger is an ingredient of
Ge-Gen-Tang (Kakkon-to; GGT). GGT has been
proved to have antiviral activity against human
respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). However, it
is unknown whether ginger is effective against
HRSV. To find a readily available agent to
manage HRSV infection, the authors tested the
hypothesis that ginger can effectively decrease
HRSV-induced plaque formation in respiratory
mucosal cell lines. Effect of hot water extracts of
fresh and dried gingers on HRSV was tested by
plaque reduction assay in both human upper
(HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell
lines. Ability of ginger to stimulate anti-viral
cytokines was evaluated by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fresh ginger
dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced
plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell
lines (P<0.0001). In contrast, dried ginger didn't
show any dose-dependent inhibition. 300 µg/ml
fresh ginger could decrease the plaque counts to
19.7% (A549) and 27.0% (HEp-2) of that of the
control group. Fresh ginger was more effective
when given before viral inoculation (P<0.0001),
particularly on A549 cells. 300 µg/ml fresh
ginger could decrease the plaque formation
to 12.9% when given before viral inoculation.
Fresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited
viral attachment (P<0.0001) and internalization
(P<0.0001). Fresh ginger of high concentration
could stimulate mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β that possibly contributed to counteracting viral
infection. Fresh, but not dried, ginger is effective
against HRSV-induced plaque formation on
airway epithelium by blocking viral attachment
and internalization [Chang, J.S.*, Wang, K.C.,
Yeh, C.F., Shieh, D.E. and Chiang, L.C.
(Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine,
Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013,
145(1), 146-151].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-085 Preparation and
storage stability of flaxseed chutney powder,
a functional food adjunct
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) chutney
powder (FSCP), a palatable functional food
adjunct was prepared by mixing roasted and
powdered flaxseeds with other selected spice
ingredients. The protein content of these powders
was 24.2% and 23.4% in flaxseed powder (FSP)
and FSCP respectively. Total polyphenol content
of FSP and FSCP was 439 and 522 mg/100 g
respectively. The free fatty acid content of
FSCP increased from 0.38 to 1.03 after 6 months
storage. The critical moisture content for FSP
and FSCP was 10.2 and 13.5%, which were
equilibrated at 82 and 68% RH respectively and
the ERH studies indicated both the powders are
non-hygroscopic in nature. Overall sensory
quality of FSCP served with cooked rice scored
'good' (7.4) even after 6 months of storage [Rao,
P.P.*, Rao, G.N., Mala, K.S., Balaswamy, K.,
Satyanarayana, A. (Central Food Technological
Research Institute, Resource Centre, Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Habshiguda,
Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India), Journal
of Food Science and Technology, 2013, 50(1),
129-134].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-086 Ginger-garlic paste in
retort pouches and its quality
Paste samples were prepared by mixing
1:1 (w/w) proportion of ginger and garlic along
with sodium chloride (1%). The pH of the paste
was adjusted to 4.0, 4.5 and 5.4 by the addition of
citric acid. Xanthan gum (2 g/L) and sodium
benzoate (0.2 g/L) were added to the paste and
then filled in retort pouches. The filled pouches
were subjected to thermal processing at 85°C
with a holding time of 2 and 5 min at 80°C at the
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
46
centre of the paste. The color values a, and b
(green and yellow) decreased, whereas the L
(lightness) values increased with decrease in pH.
Paste behaved like a non-Newtonian fluid,
and exhibited shear-thinning behavior.
Physicochemical and microbial properties did
not show significant changes during storage.
This study showed that ginger-garlic paste
prepared in retort pouches is convenient because
of its lighter weight, faster heating leading to
better quality in terms of taste, color, and also
environmentally acceptable. Ginger and garlic
have been considered as important traditional
herbal medicines due to their disease prevention
effects. Ginger-garlic paste is a viscous product
retaining the strong aroma and flavor of the raw
materials, namely, fresh ginger and garlic. Paste
is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations
for imparting a characteristic fresh ginger-garlic
flavor. The product is generally creamy white in
color and is microbiologically stable and free
from pathogenic bacteria. It is a ready to use
preparation that can be used in place of fresh
ginger in homes, restaurants and institutional
catering. Although, few studies have been
conducted on the physicochemical characteristics
of ginger and garlic pastes, no information is
available on combination of ginger-garlic paste in
retort pouches. The development of new packing
(retort pouches) for ginger-garlic with good
nutritional and functional properties (such as the
one proposed in this study) may be of interest in
order to diversify the market supply. Therefore,
retort pouch because of its lighter weight,
and faster heating leads to better quality in
terms of uniform cooking, taste and color
and also it is environmentally acceptable [Topno,
P.N.*, Vinothini, Jayaprakash, S.H.,Varadaiah,
V., Sheshagiri, S.H., Srinivas P.M., and Naidu,
M.M. (Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour
Technology Department, India) , Journal of Food
Process Engineering, 2013, 36(1), 1-8].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-087 Enzyme-assisted
extraction of bioactive compounds from ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a
popular spice used in various foods and
beverages. 6-Gingerol is the major bioactive
constituent responsible for the antiinflammatory,
antitumour and antioxidant activities of
ginger. The effect of application of α-amylase,
viscozyme, cellulase, protease and pectinase
enzymes to ginger on the oleoresin yield and
6-gingerol content has been investigated.
Pre-treatment of ginger with α-amylase or
viscozyme followed by extraction with acetone
afforded higher yield of oleoresin (20% ± 0.5)
and gingerol (12.2% ± 0.4) compared to control
(15% ± 0.6 oleoresin, 6.4% ± 0.4 gingerol).
Extraction of ginger pre-treated with enzymes
followed by extraction with ethanol provided
higher yield of gingerol (6.2-6.3%) than the
control (5.5%) with comparable yields of the
oleoresin (31-32%). Also, ethanol extract of
cellulase pre-treated ginger had the maximum
polyphenol content (37.5 mg/g). Apart from
6-gingerol, 6-paradol along with 6- and 8-methyl
shogaols were the other important bio-active
constituents in the oleoresin from cellulase-
treated ginger [Nagendra Chari*, K.L., Manasa,
D., Srinivas, P., Sowbhagya, H.B. (Department
of Plantation Products, Spices and Flavour
Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological
Research Institute, Cheluvamba Mansion,
Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India), Food
Chemistry, 2013, 139 (1-4), 509-514].
SUGARS
47
SUGARS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-088 Health effects of non-
centrifugal sugar (NCS): A Review
Non-centrifugal sugar (NCS), the
technical name of the product obtained by
evaporating the water in sugar cane juice, is
known by many different names in the world, the
most important being un-refined muscovado,
whole cane sugar, panela (Latin America),
jaggery (South Asia) and kokuto (Japan).
Scientific research has been confirming that NCS
has multiple health effects but it is still practically
outside the current focus on functional foods and
nutriceuticals. 46 academic publications have
been identified which reports them. The highest
frequency is immunological effects (26%),
followed by anti-toxicity and cytoprotective
effects (22%), anticariogenic effects (15%) and
diabetes and hypertension effects (11%). Some
of these effects can be traced to the presence of
Fe and Cr, and others are suggested to be caused
by antioxidants [Jaffé, W.R. (Innovaciones
Alimentarias INNOVAL, Calle Paguey, Qta.
Irazu, La Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela), Sugar
Tech, 2012, 14(2), 87-94].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-089 A study on utilisation of
whey in jaggery production
Whey is a by-product of dairy industry
and contains nutrients such as whey proteins,
lactose and minerals. The objective of this study
was to utilize whole whey in the preparation of
cane jaggery, so that the nutrients present in
the whey are fully incorporated into the jaggery.
Two types of whey, namely, paneer (Indian
cottage cheese) whey (PW) and Cheddar cheese
whey (CW) were tried for production of jaggery
with or without additives. The effect of whey
constituents on the sensory quality of jaggery
was studied for standardization of a method for
manufacture of jaggery. The jaggery prepared
from pure PW and CW was hard, brittle and was
salty in taste. But, the quality of the whey jaggery
was improved by the addition of cane sugar
or cane jaggery at 15 % (w/w) during the
preparation or by using the admixture of whey
and sugarcane juice (1:1 v/v) for jaggery
preparation. Neutralization of PW with sodium
bicarbonate further enhanced the sensory
attributes of whey jaggery, but in case of CW
neutralization was not required. The colour of
whey jaggery was light brown when sugar was
used as additive, but darker when cane jaggery
was used as additive. The overall sensory quality
of the whey jaggery prepared by the optimized
method was comparable with the quality
of sugarcane jaggery (7. 7 and 8. 1 score out
of 9. 0 on Hedonic scale, respectively) and
contained higher protein and mineral levels than
sugarcane jaggery. It was concluded that good
quality nutritional jaggery could be prepared by
utilizing whey, a by-product of dairy industry,
mitigating the problem of disposal of whey being
faced by the dairy industry [Madariya, P.B.* and
Rao, K.J. (Dairy Technology Section, National
Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore
560 030, India), Sugar Tech, 2012, 14(3), 295-
303].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-090 The effect of
pretreatment of juice on the properties and
composition of jaggery
Conservation of the sucrose contents of
the jaggery helps to improve the color and shelf
life. Light golden color jaggery is the demand of
market these days. This color is developed by the
chemicals which are hazardous. In the present
work light golden color jaggery was prepared
by the conservation of sucrose contents and
minimization of the activity of the polyphenol
oxidase. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was
controlled by the interaction of juice with gases
like carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
in separate experiments. These activities were
monitored by the use of % pol, % brix and
the color intensity of the jaggery. The reasons for
these activities were also discussed in this
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
48
communication [Hussain, Z.*, Islam, M.,
Mohammad, Z., Khan, K.M., Perveen, S. and
Afzal, M. (Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali
Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan), Sugar Tech,
2012, 14(3), 291-294].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-091 Effect of reducing
sugars on non-enzymic browning during
thermo-evaporation of sugarcane juice for
making jaggery
Jaggery samples were prepared from
sugarcane juice having different concentrations
of reducing sugars (by adding glucose/fructose)
for studying the contribution of invert sugars
towards colour development of jaggery by
non-enzymic browning reactions during jaggery
making process. Addition of 0.5 and 1.0 g
glucose/100 ml cane juice did not alter the colour
of juice after boiling for 30 min at 98°C, while
addition of same quantities of fructose/100 ml
in the cane juice enhanced the colour of boiling
juice over control. Further, evaporation of cane
juice till 118°C for preparation of jaggery
indicated that the colour of jaggery samples
prepared from juice having additional 0.5 and
1.0 g fructose/100 ml juice increased indicating
more contribution of fructose towards darkening
of colour development of jaggery during thermo-
evaporation process. As the pH of juice remained
below 6 through out the jaggery making process,
fructose of cane juice seemed to be contributing
more towards colour of jaggery in comparison
to glucose in the non-enzymic browning.
This was indicated by significantly more colour
development by caramelization of fructose at
118°C in comparison to glucose and sucrose
since carbonyl-amine browning does not take
on much significance until the pH is greater
than 6 [Banerji, R., Singh, P., Anwar, S.I. and
Solomon, S. (Division of Plant Physiology
and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sugarcane
Research, Raibareilly Road, Lucknow 226002
Uttar Pradesh, India ), Sugar Tech, 2012, 14(4),
428-431].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-092 Effect of modified
atmosphere packaging on keeping quality of
jaggery
Storage behaviour of cubical jaggery
samples stored in linear density polyethylene
(LDPE), poly propylene (PP) and polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) films under 100 % nitrogen
was investigated for a period of 8 months
(February-September). Jute bag was taken as
control. The change in quality characteristics
such as moisture content, colour, hardness,
reducing sugar and total phenols was determined
at an interval of one month. The experimental
data showed that jaggery moisture increased from
10. 53 to 15. 49 (wb) in jute bag storage while it
decreased to 9. 45, 9. 31 and 9. 63 in LDPE, PET
and PP, respectively. Similarly the L value of
colour measurement showed a decreasing trend in
all type of storage which indicated that jaggery
became darker during storage. The reducing
sugar increased in all storage materials during
storage. The increase was maximum for jute
bag (25. 81) followed by PP (14. 99). Hardness
decreased from 360 to 67. 42, 64. 56, 97. 36 and
1. 97 newtons (N) in LDPE, PET, PP and jute
bag, respectively. Good keeping quality can be
maintained in polymeric films with nitrogen
flushing. Overall performance of PET film was
best as it showed less reduction in quality
parameters during storage [Kumar, D.*, Singh, J.,
Rai, D.R., Kumar, M. and Bhatia, S. (Division
of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Institute of
Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, UP 226002,
India), Sugar Tech, 2013, 15(2), 203-208].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-093 Evaluation of physico-
chemical properties, trace metal content and
antioxidant activity of Indian honeys
In this study, effect of plant sources, viz.
Gossypium hirsutum, Coriander sativum,
Murraya koenigii and Dalbergia sissoo on twelve
physico-chemical properties, phenolic content,
flavonoids content as well as on trace mineral
(Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cd and Pb) contents of honey
SUGARS
49
were investigated and compared. All the physico-
chemical values were in the range of approved
limits of European Commission Regulation and
the source of honey had a significant (P < 0.05)
effect on physico-chemical properties, phenol
content, flavonoid content and trace mineral
content. The results of positive correlations
between physico-chemical properties (colour
and antioxidant properties) and compositional
components (phenols and flavonoids content)
established that antioxidant properties were
dependent on source of honey rather than on
colour of honey. Pattern recognition methods
such as principal component analysis and
linear discriminate analysis were performed to
classify honey on the basis of physico-chemical
properties, phenolic content, and flavonoids
content and trace metal content. The variables
proline and lead exhibited higher discrimination
power [Kamboj, R.*, Bera, M.B.
and Nanda, V.
(Department of Food Technology, CDLMG
Engineering College, Panniwala Mota, Haryana,
India ), International Journal of Food Science
and Technology, 2013, 48(3), 578-587].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
50
THERAPEUTICS
NPARR 4(1), 2013-094 Preliminary
phytochemical investigation of Mangifera
indica leaves and screening of antioxidant and
anticancer activity
Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the
most important tropical plants. Most studies
on the exploitation of mango have been dealing
with mango peels, juices and stem bark, however
a little attention has been given to mango leaves.
In this study the active components of leaves of
Mangifera indica were extracted using methanol
and were tested for its antioxidant and anticancer
activity. The result showed significant
antioxidant activity of methanolic extract.
And it also showed high cytotoxicity on
adenocarcinoma cell lines. In conclusion,
some natural products from Mangifera indica
leaves have potential for use as therapeutic for
disease such as cancer [Joona, K., Sowmia, C.,
Dhanya, K.P. and Divya, M.J. (Department of
Biochemistry, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science
College, Coimbatore, India), Research Journal of
Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical
Sciences, 2013, 4(1), 1112-1118].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-095 Avena sativa (Oat), A
Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic
Agent: An Overview
The aim of the present review article is
to summarize the available information related
to the availability, production, chemical
composition, pharmacological activity, and
traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight
its potential to contribute to human health.
Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an
important dietary staple for the people in number
of countries. Several varieties of oats are
available. It is a rich source of protein, contains
a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan,
a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms
an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also
contains various other phytoconstituents like
avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine,
flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins,
sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in
use since long and are considered as stimulant,
antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic.
Oat possesses different pharmacological
activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic,
anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum
of biological activities indicates that oat is a
potential therapeutic agent [Singh, R. De, S., and
Belkheir, A. (Department of Pharmacognosy,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Garyounis University, P.O.
Box 5341, Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,
2013, 53(2), 126-144].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-096 From popular use to
pharmacological validation: A study of
the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and
healing effects of Chenopodium ambrosioides
extract
Chenopodium ambrosioides
(Amarantaceae) is an annual or perennial plant popularly known as 'erva de Santa Maria', 'mastruço' and 'erva-do-formigueiro'. This herb is used in folk medicine in the form of teas, poultices and infusions for inflammatory problems, contusions and lung infections, and as an anthelmintic and anti-fungal. The aim of the present study was to further the understanding of the anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of ethanol extract (EE) obtained from the leaves and stems of Chenopodium ambrosioides in animal models of acute pain, inflammation and wound healing, thus supporting its medicinal use for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions The anti-nociceptive activity of EE (150-500 mg/kg) was evaluated using the nociception induced by formalin (2.5%), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2; 3 nmol/paw), capsaicin (CAP, 1.6 µg/paw) and bradykinin (BK, 10 nmol/paw). The anti-inflammatory activity of EE (150-500 mg/kg) was evaluated in carrageenan- (Cg, 300 µg/paw), PGE2- (3 nmol/paw), substance P- (SP, 20 nmol/paw) and BK- (3 nmol/paw) induced paw oedema.
THERAPEUTICS
51
The topical anti-inflammatory activity of EE (1%, 3% and 5%) was evaluated in arachidonic acid- (AA, 2 mg/ear), oil croton- (1 µg/ear) and CAP- (250 µg/ear) induced ear oedema. The effect of this extract in the inhibition of the influx of neutrophil, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine-deaminase (ADA) activities and nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-á levels was also determined using the mouse of pleurisy induced by Cg. The excision wound model in rats was used to evaluate the wound healing efficacy of EE (1%, 3% and 5%). To exclude the possible non-specific muscle relaxant or sedative effects of EE, mice motor performance was also evaluated with the rota-rod test. Results: EE (5% per ear) was effective in reducing ear oedema induced by croton oil by 78.09%, CAP by 70.85% and AA by 77.02%. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) also significantly inhibited paw oedema induced by Cg by 40%, PGE2 by 51%, SP by 56% and BK by 57%. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) inhibited the cell influx of leucocytes by 78% and neutrophils by 53%, MPO activity by 62.22% and ADA activity by 23.07%, as well as NO by 77.77% and TNF-á levels by 50% in the fluid leakage due to the carrageenan-induced pleurisy. EE also inhibited the formalin-induced nociceptive in both phases of pain (neurogenic and inflammatory) at a dose of 500 mg/kg, resulting in inhibitions of 77.39% and 95.60%, respectively. EE (500 mg/kg; p.o.) was also effective in inhibiting the nociception induced by PGE 2 (68%), CAP (53%) and BK (32%). Topical application of EE (5%) on excision wounds caused a significant reduction in wound area when compared with the untreated controls. Finally, treatment with EE (150-500 mg/kg) did not show any significant alterations in motor performance or body temperature compared with the control group. The results, including the inhibition of mediators (BK, NO, SP, PGE2 and TNF-á) and enzyme (MPO and ADA) activity, validate the use of the plant under study for therapeutic treatment of anti-inflammatory, painful and wound healing processes [Trivellatograssi, L*., Malheiros, A., Meyre-Silva, C., Da Silva Buss, Z., Monguilhott, E.D. and Fröde, T.S., Da Silva, K.A.B.S., De Souza,
M.M. (Programa de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Investigações Químico- Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), UNIVALI, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil ), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013, 145(1), 127-138].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-097 Study on the effects
of various doses of Tribulus terrestris extract
on epididymal sperm morphology and count
in rat
Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a plant of
tropical regions, traditionally used as aphrodisiac,
analgesic and diuretic agent. Studies showed that
TT extract produces significant aphrodisiac
effects and increases testosterone levels. Now-a-
days TT is major parts of most aphrodisiac
drugsand its cardiac effects in long time use are
unclear. The purpose was assessment of effects of
various doses of Tribulus terrestris extract on
epididymal sperm morphology and its quantity in
rat. 21 male wistar rats aged 3-4 month-old
weighting 250-350 g were selected by chance.
Oral solution of Tribulus terrestris was prepared
and after approving by pharmaceutical center
of Tabriz University and after the 2 weeks
adaptation was administrated at the dose of
5 mg/kg daily. Rats were divided into the
3 identical groups of 7 rats in each. Treatment
1 received normal dose of drug (5 mg/kg) and
treatment 2 received the double dose of drug.
At the end, rats were constrained and
anesthetized by xylazine and ketamine
intraperitoneally at the dose of 5 and 60 mg/kg,
respectively. One of the testis and epididymis
were removed at once. The contents of
epididymis were extracted by solution Ham's
F-10 and transferred on the plates which were
in the incubator. Then, plates were stained by
Eosin and Nigrosin method and assayed
microscopically. Results showed the
effectiveness of Tribulus terrestris extract on
sexual dysfunction in experimental rats. On the
basis of our results, we concluded that Tribulus
terrestris extract has the potential to be used as a
safe therapeutic alternative to current modalities
for the management of sexual dysfunction
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
52
in males [Elahi, R.K., Asl, S. and Shahian, F.
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Tabriz, Iran), Global
Veterinaria, 2013, 10(1), 13-17].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-098 Anticancer activity
of Withania somnifera (Leaves) flavonoids
compound
In this research article make known on
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) as Medicinal
plants have therapeutic potential due to the
presence of natural antioxidants functioning as
reducing agents, free radical scavengers and
quenchers of singlet oxygen. And this article
also determines the use of Withania somnifera
(leaves) Polyphenolic Compound activity on
MCF-7, A549 and PA-1 cancer cell line
(breast, lung and ovary, respectively). By
providing a scientific basis the study can be made
conventional to evaluate its constituents
(natural product) to determine which of Withania
somnifera (leaves), would facilitate further study
as potential new anticancer agents or lead to new
anticancer compounds. Hydro alcoholic (1:1)
sample of Withania Somnifera (leaves) were
prepared and tested for their cytotoxic activities
against cancer cell lines (MCF7, A549and PA1)
with standard Doxorubicin. The most essential
reason of this study is to estimate cytotoxicity of
certain important Indian medicinal plants with
facilitate of MTT assay. Concentrations are set of
each plant extract which are 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml,
0.1 µg/ml, 0.01 µg/ml and 5-10×10 3 cells/ml are
taken into each well which are exposed to
different Concentrations of Withania Somnifera
(leaves) for 96 hr and then treated with MTT.
For MTT absorbance in use at 570 nm. From
IC50 values of MTT assay of Withania somnifera
(leaves) for MCF7, A549 and PA1 cancer cell
lines, from this it may conclude that Withania
somnifera (leaves) shows efficient cytotoxicity
on MCF-7 (10 ± 1 µg) than PA-1 (13 ± 1 µg) and
A-459 (11± 1 µg) cancer cell line [Nema, R.* ,
Khare, S., Jain, P. and Pradhan, A. (Sarojini
Naidu Government Girls Post Graduate
(Autonomous) College, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal,
India), International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences Review and Research, 2013, 19(1),
103-106].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-099 Hepatoprotective
activity of Borreria hispida on paracetamol
induced liver damage
Hepatocyte are the functional cells of
the liver and perform a wide range of
metabolic, secretory and endocrine functions.
Hepatotoxicity implies chemical-driven liver
damage. The liver plays a major role
in transforming and clearing chemicals and is
susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
Certain medicinal agents, when taken in
overdoses and sometimes even when introduced
within therapeutic ranges, may injure the
organ. Other chemical agents, those used in
laboratories and industries, natural chemicals
and herbal remedies can also cause
hepatotoxicity. Borreria hispida seed flavonoid-
rich fraction possesses free radical scavenging
and antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo
Borreria hispida Linn has been in use in
the Indian system of medicine. Various part
of the plant are useful in the treatment of
antifertility, appetite, Bleeding in child birth,
body ache, Gum trouble, scabies and skin
disease, stomach compliance, ulcers, hepatitis,
wounds, head ache and tooth ache. The
hepatotoxicity is induced by the paracetamol
overdose, and the methanolic extract of
Borreria hispida shows a good reduction of
hepatotoxicity [Johnson, D.B.*, Senthil Kumar,
C., Rajesh, R., Venkatnarayanan, R. and
Mohammed Ansar, V.K. (Department of
Pharmacology, R.V.S. College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India),
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology,
2013, 6(1), 61-65].
THERAPEUTICS
53
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0100 Phytochemical
investigation of various extracts of leaves and
stems of Achyranthes aspera Linn.
Plants and plant based medications are
the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals
we use today for various ailments. The main
objective of this study was to appraise
antioxidant activity of different sequential
extracts of leaves and stems of Achyranthes
aspera by phytochemical analysis. The plant
material was dried in shade, crushed and
subjected to prepare different sequential and
non-sequential extracts using soxhlet apparatus.
Our findings revealed that both stems and
leaves possess the phytochemicals like alkaloids,
cardiac-glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids,
saponins, steroids, proteins and reducing
sugars in different amounts. The results exhibited
the presence of different phytochemicals.
All these phytochemicals have potential
therapeutic or physiological actions on human
system, for that the leaves and stems of
A. aspera can stand as a potential source of
some vital drugs. [Sharma, V*., Agarwal, A.,
Chaudhary and U., Singh, M. (Department of
Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali
University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India)
International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, 5 (SUPPL.1),
317-320].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0101 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Linn. - A critical ethnopharmacological review
(Review)
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) is a
mythological plant; has high medicinal values in
Ayurveda. The popular medicinal use of this
plant are anti-helminthic and anti-pyretic besides
its use as a laxative, in rheumatism, skin ailments
and as a sedative. Vitally, the natives plant it in
their home gardens to pass on its medicinal usage
to oncoming generations. The present review
encompasses an ethnopharmacological evaluation
focusing on information on the chemical
constituents, pharmacological actions and
toxicology in order to reveal the therapeutic
potential and gaps requiring research
involvement. The present review is based on
searches in Scifinder®, Pubmed (National Library
of Medicine) and books published on the subject
during the period 1933 to 2012. Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis is most important in local and
traditional medicines especially in India for
treating intermittent fevers, arthritis and obstinate
sciatica. Crude extracts and isolated compounds
from the plant were shown to be
pharmacologically active against inflammation,
malaria, viral infection, leishmanisis and as an
immunostimulant. The major class of biologically
active compounds are the iridoid glucosides incl.,
Arbortristoside A, B and C from the seeds active
as anticancer, anti-leishmania, anti-inflammatory,
anti-allergic, immunomodulatory and antiviral.
Other molecules; calceolarioside A,
4-hydroxyhexahydrobenzofuran-7one and
β-sitosterol from leaves have been reported to
be active as anti-leishmanial, anticancer and
anti-inflammatory, respectively. The crude
extracts have been found to be safe with an LD50
of 16 gm/kg, while the LD50 of arbortristoside-A
isolated from the seeds was found to be 0.5 g/kg.
Mostly in-vitro or in some cases in-vivo models
provide some evidence especially in the treatment
of inflammatory conditions like arthritis, fevers
related to malaria and protozoan diseases
especially leishmaniasis. The only clinical study
found, is for treating malaria, but with crude
extract only. Further, more detailed safety data
pertaining to the acute and sub-acute toxicity,
cardio and immunotoxicity also needs to be
generated for crude extracts or pure compounds
[Agrawal, J.* and Pal, A. (Molecular Bio-
prospection Department, Central Institute of
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow
226015, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology,
2013, 146(3), 645-658].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
54
VEGETABLES
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0102 Anti-arthritic activity
of the Indian leafy vegetable Cardiospermum
halicacabum in Wistar rats and UPLC-QTOF-
MS/MS identification of the putative active
phenolic components
The present work was carried out to
investigate the free radical scavenging activity
of the ethanol extract of C. halicacabum
leaves (EECH), to study its antioxidant
properties and anti-rheumatic effects in
Wistar rats with CFA-induced arthritis, and
to profile the phenolic components thereof
by LC-MS/MS. The free radical scavenging
activities of the extract was evaluated by
NO and superoxide anion scavenging
assays. Arthritis was induced to the albino
Wistar rats by CFA. Fifteen days after
CFA induction, arthritic rats received EECH
orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/ kg
daily for 20 days. Diclofenac sodium was
used as reference standard. EECH is subjected
to LC-MS/MS analysis for the identification
of phenolic compounds. The IC50 value
of the EECH to scavenge the NO and superoxide
radicals are 83 and 60 lg/ml, respectively.
Ultrasonography and histology images of hind
limb in EECH treated groups confirmed
the complete cartilage regeneration. The
LC/MS/MS analysis indicated the presence
of anti-inflammatory compounds luteolin-
7-Oglucuronide, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide and
chrysoeriol. These findings lend
pharmacological support to the reported
folkloric use of C. halicacabum in the
treatment and management of painful,
arthritic inflammatory conditions [Jeyadevi,
R.*, Sivasudha, T., Rameshkumar, A. and
Kumar, L.D. (Department of Environmental
Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India ),
Inflammation Research, 2012, 62(1), 115-126].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0103 Studies on different
genotypes of Indian bathua (Chenopodium
album) for thier yield, quality and antioxidant
activities
Sixteen genotypes of Chenopodium
(Chenopodium album) were evaluated for desired
horticultural traits, viz. plant height (cm), leaf
colour, leaf length and width, days to bolting, dry
matter (%) and yield/plant (g); and their
important quality traits, total carotene, ascorbic
acid, total phenolic content, Cuprac ion Reducing
Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) and Ferric
Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) were also
estimated during rabi/winter season of 2010 and
2011 at Division of Vegetable Science, IARI,
New Delhi. Among the genotypes plant height
ranged from 54.7 cm (Desi bathua) to 223 cm
(Bathua 2). Yield/plant was recorded maximum
in Bathua 13 (280 g) followed by Bathua 12 (277
g). Local Bathua (Desi type) recorded lowest
yield 45.1 g/plant; however, it recorded
maximum and significantly high dry matter
content (16.5 %). Considerable variability was
recorded in total carotenoids which ranged from
30.7 mg /100 g (Bathua 7) to 89.2 mg /100 g
(Bathua 10). Bathua 10 also recorded maximum
value of ascorbic acid (157.8 mg /100g) which
was significantly higher than other genotype.
High variability was recorded in total phenolic
content, which ranged from 276.87 µg gallic acid
equivalent (GAE)/g (Bathua 6) to 893.83 µg
GAE/g (Bathua 13). Antioxidant activities
recorded by both CUPRAC and FRAP method
was found high in Bathua 13, Bathua 12 and Desi
Bathua. On overall basis, it was concluded that
Bathua 13, Bathua 12 and Bathua 14 could be the
desirable genotypes for increasing yield and
quality of Chenopodium. However, Bathua 10
was found rich source of carotene and ascorbic
acid and Desi Bathua for high antioxidant
activity. These genotypes can be further utilized
to develop nutritionally rich leafy vegetables
[Yadav, R.K.* , Joshi, S., Kumar, R., Kalia, P.,
Varshney, R. and Jain, V. (India Agricultural
VEGETABLES
55
Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110
012, India), Indian Journal of Agricultural
Sciences, 2013, 83(1), 26-30].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0104 Amaranth: a new
millennium crop of nutraceutical values
The major staple food crops production is
not able to fulfill food requirement of the global
population due to relatively higher population
growth rate in developing countries. The research
on these crops for exploring their ultimate
yield potential is currently at a plateau level. To
replace the existing pressure on these major crops
there is an urgent need to explore other
alternative crops having the potential to replace
and fulfill the available food demand. FAO
statistics reveal that there is a high frequency of
low birth weight children in the developing
countries, which is primarily due to deficiency of
micronutrients in the mother's diet. Amaranth, an
underutilized crop and a cheap source of proteins,
minerals, vitamin A and C, seems to be a future
crop which can substantiate this demand due
to its tremendous yield potential and nutritional
qualities, also recently gained worldwide
attention. Recently, current interest in amaranth
also resides in the fact that it has a great amount
of genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity, and is
extremely adaptable to adverse growing
conditions, resists heat and drought, has no major
disease problem, and is among the easiest of
plants to grow in agriculturally marginal lands.
The present review is an effort to gather the
available knowledge on various diversified fields
of sciences for the future exploitation of the crop
[Rastogi, A.*, and Shukla, S. (National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow, India), Critical
Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2013,
53(2), 109-125].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0105 Phytochemical and
therapeutic potential of cucumber (Review)
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a
member of the Cucurbitaceae family like melon,
squash and pumpkins. It is a popular vegetable
crop used in Indian traditional medicine since
ancient times. This vegetable is very high in
water content and very low in calories. It has
potential antidiabetic, lipid lowering and
antioxidant activity. Cucumber has a cleansing
action within the body by removing accumulated
pockets of old waste materials and chemical
toxins. Fresh fruit juice is used for nourishing the
skin. It gives a soothing effect against skin
irritations and reduces swelling. Cucumber also
has the power to relax and alleviate the sunburn's
pain. The fruit is refrigerant, haemostatic, tonic
and useful in hyperdipsia, thermoplegia, etc. The
seeds also have a cooling effect on the body and
they are used to prevent constipation. Several
bioactive compounds have been isolated from
cucumber including cucurbitacins,
cucumegastigmanes I and II, cucumerin A and B,
vitexin, orientin, isoscoparin 2″-O- (6â€́-(E)-p-
coumaroyl) glucoside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-p-
coumaroylglucoside) etc. Despite huge
exploration of cucumber in agricultural field,
comparatively very few studies have been
published about its chemical profile and its
therapeutic potential. This article reviews the
therapeutic application, pharmacological and
phytochemical profile of different parts of C.
sativus. In this review we have explored the
current phytochemical and pharmacological
knowledge available with this well known plant
and several promising aspects for research on
cucumber [Mukherjee, P.K.*, Nema, N.K.,
Maity, N. and Sarkar, B.K. ( School of Natural
Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700
032, India ), Fitoterapia, 2013, 84(1), 227-236].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0106 Harvest time residues
of pendimethalin in tomato, cauliflower, and
radish under field conditions
Herbicides applied to vegetables play an
important role in higher production of vegetables
due to effective and timely control of weeds but
at the same time herbicides residue may produce
numerous environmental problems. The aim of
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
56
this study was to determine whether application
of herbicide for control of annual weeds in
vegetable growing areas at recommended levels
resulted in residues at the time of harvest. Thus,
terminal residues of pendimethalin in vegetables
such as tomato, cauliflower, and radishes were
studies under field conditions. Pendimethalin was
applied as pre-emergence herbicides at 1 kg a.i.
ha-1
to tomato, cauliflower, and radish crops.
Soil and vegetables samples were collected
from pendimethalin-treated plots at maturity to
determine harvest time residues of pendimethalin.
At harvest, 0.008, 0.001, and 0.014 µg/g
residues of pendimethalin were found in
tomato, cauliflower, and radishes, respectively
[Sondhia, S. (Directorate of Weed Science
Research, Jabalpur, India), Toxicological and
Environmental Chemistry, 2013, 95(2), 254-259].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0107 Evaluation of
antioxidant potential in selected leafy
vegetables of Odisha, India
Generally vegetables represent a class
of under exploited plants that are stipulated
to be rich source of natural antioxidant. Seven
edible widely used leafy vegetables of Odisha
have been analyzed for their DPPH radical
scavenging activity, namely Amaranthus tricolor,
Amaranthus viridis, Brassica oleracea, Brassica
campestris, Basella alba, Cucurbita maxima,
Cicer arietinum using methanol, ethanol,
petroleum ether as solvent. Their total phenolic
content was measured by Folin-ciocalteu reagent.
The plant extracts were found to have different
levels of antioxidant properties in the system
tested. Correlation analysis established a positive
Correlation between the phenolic contents and
the in vitro free radical scavenging activity of the
plant extracts. In all the species methanolic and
ethanolic extract gave maximum yield of crude
extract, phenol content as well as antioxidant
activity. Highest antioxidant activity was
demonstrated in Brassica campestris followed by
Amaranthus tricolor and Cucurbita maxima.
Accordingly minimum IC50 values were
obtained in the concentration of maximum
antioxidant activity. These values are comparable
with ascorbic acid as standard. The conclusions
drawn from the study suggest that the rich
phytochemical contents especially phenolics of
the leafy vegetables and good antioxidant activity
may be responsible for its wide and popular use
in any balanced diet [Routray, R., Kar, M. and
Sahu, R.K. (Department of Botany, B. J. B (A)
College, Bhubaneswar-751014, Odisha, India),
International Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2013, 5(1), 232-235].
OTHERS
57
WOOD
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0108 Timber species used in traditional wood carving by ao tribe of Nagaland
Traditional wood craft reflects the creativity and skill of tribal people. The main objective of present study is to collect and document the timber species used in traditional wood carving among Ao tribe of Nagaland. A total of 10 timber species were documented and identified which are used in traditional wood carving. Among these species three species namely Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Alstonia scholaris are mostly preferred due to their availability, workability and durability. It also highlights the time required, amount of wood required, average cost, selling price with net profit of the products. Hence, it may be good option for sustainable livelihood [C. L. Sharma* and M. Sharma Lipoktila, Wood, 2013, l 4 (4)].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0109 Financial potential of rubber plantations considering rubberwood production: Wood and crop production nexus
Globalization and urbanization have
significantly increased the food and non-food
commodity demand for the last century, and it is
vital to consider a business strategy with
economical and ecological sustainability. The
objective of this study was to project the
contribution of wood to the financial performance
of rubber plantations. Authors adopted cost and
revenue data of rubber plantations in Cambodia
and utilized land expectation value (LEV) as the
criterion for profitability analysis. Among the
top-ten rubber-producing countries in pan-
tropics, the areas of rubber plantation were
equivalent to from 1% to 90% of forest
plantations and 0.3%-10.2% of total forest areas.
Rubberwood revenue accounts for about 4 %-
10% of the 30th year LEV in rubber plantations
at discount rates of 2% y−1
–10% y−1
, and this was
sufficient to cover the cost of re-establishing
the plantations. The proportion of the 30th year
LEV contributed by wood revenue increased
under conditions normally associated with a more
difficult business environment, i.e., at higher
wage costs, and lower latex revenue. It was found
that the wood revenue can improve the
profitability of rubber plantations by up to 40 %
depending on the price of the rubberwood. It is
asserted that timber from wood producing
commodity plantations should be encouragingly
utilized as industrial timber by linking the wood
production in the management strategy of the
plantations [Akira Shigematsu*, Nobuya Mizoue,
Khun Kakada, Pheng Muthavy, Tsuyoshi Kajisa
and Shigejiro Yoshida (Faculty of Agriculture,
Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka
812-8581, Japan), Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013,
49, 131-142].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0110 Mechanical and
thermal properties of small diameter original
bamboo reinforced extruded particleboard
A thermal insulation material with good
mechanical properties which can be used in
construction for loading bearing components was
developed and studied. The air-dried small
diameter original bamboo without destroying the
basic structure was used to reinforce the extruded
particleboard with different solid density. The
results show that the solid density of the
particleboard had great effect on the mechanical
properties of the composite. The handling of the
outer skin of the bamboo did not influence the
properties a lot except the elastic modulus of the
panels when the solid density is 0.65g/cm3 and
0.75g/cm3. The thermal conductivity of the
panels is in the same range with expanded Perlite
and vermiculite which are commonly used as
thermal insulation materials [Haiyang Zhang, Jin
Liu, Zhiqiang Wang and Xiaoning Lu (College of
Wood Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry
University, 159# Longpan Road, Nanjing
210037, China), Materials Letters, 2013, 100,
204-206].
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
58
OTHERS (incl. Cultivation, Distribution,
New species, Postharvest Technologies,
Packaging Technology, New technologies/Know
How Developed, Book reviews, Forthcoming
events)
CULTIVATION
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0111 In vitro seed
germination and micropropagation of edible
bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro
using seeds
Successful propagation from seeds of
Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro was achieved by in vitro methods. Incidence of sporadic flowering was recorded. The descriptions of inflorescence and floral morphology are in agreement with the prior taxonomic descriptions but a more detailed description and illustrations are presented in this communication. In vitro seed germination was enhanced in gibberellic acid (GA3) supplemented liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in the presence of light. Shoots multiplication was obtained directly from seeds inoculated on MS medium containing benzylaminopurine (BAP). In another method, callus was induced and proliferated on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L
-1
2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg L
-1 kinetin (Kn). De novo production
of shoots took place from white, compact and nodular calli after transfer to MS medium containing 1 mg L
-1naphthalene acetic acid
(NAA) and 0.5 mg L-1
Kn. Regenerated shoots were excised and induced to root on media with auxin. In vitro rooting percentage of shoots reached 86% with half-strength MS medium containing 5 mg L
-1 indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA). After the process of hardening and acclimatization, the plantlets established well when transferred to field during favourable season [Devi, W.S., Bengyella, L. and Sharma, G.J.(Center of Advanced Study in Life Sciences, Takyelpat, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India), Biotechnology, 2012, 11(2), 74-80].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0112 Problems, progress
and future prospects of improvement of
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, an
endangered herbal magic, through modern
biotechnological tools: A review
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari syn. C. mukul Engl. (Burseraceae) is an economically and pharmacologically important slow growing, dioecious, balsamiferous woody, multipurpose shrub heading towards extinction. Commonly known as "Guggul" due to the presence of steroidal compound guggulsterone in the oleo-gum resin, it has been used in treating various ailments and disorders since ancient times (2000 B. C.). Evaluation and confirmation of hypolipidemic effects of guggul based on Ayurvedic text in 1960s provided a new insight into its pharmacological applications. Two bioactive isomers of guggulsterone, E and Z, are responsible for lipid- and cholesterol-lowering activities. Recently, it has been shown to have anti-cancerous activity also. It is found in the dry regions of Indian subcontinent, namely India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Ruthless and unscientific harvesting of oleo-gum resin from the wild, by local populations, for economic benefits with negligible conservation efforts has made this species endangered and has led to its inclusion in Red Data Book of IUCN. Although this plant has many excellent traits, adequate attention has not been focused on its conservation and improvement. Conventional propagation methods i. e., seeds, cuttings and air layering are in place but have many limitations. Therefore, application of modern biotechnological tools needs to be standardized for harnessing maximum benefits from this pharmaceutically important plant. An efficient regeneration system needs to be in place for improvement of this genus through genetic transformation and production of useful metabolites in cell cultures. Studies are in progress for micropropagation through shoot multiplication and somatic embryogenesis, as well as for secondary metabolite (guggulsterone) production in callus cultures and bioreactors. No selected germplasm is available for
CULTIVATION
59
C. wightii since it is a wild plant. Breeding programs have not yet been started due to lack of systematic cultivation and conservation programs. Moreover, little information has been gathered regarding the genetic variability in this species using RAPD and ISSR markers. No details are available about genetic makeup and QTL linkage maps. Investigations are in progress to search sex linked markers in this dioecious species. Research is also in progress to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying various pharmacological actions of guggul. Since the approval of use of guggul as a food supplement by United States Food and Drug Administration in 1994, an exponential increase in research publications on various aspects of research on guggul have been published. Present communication summarizes the problems, progress made and suggests some future directions of research for this important endangered medicinal plant [Kulhari, A., Sheorayan, A., Kalia, S.,Chaudhury, A. and Kalia, R.K. (Centre for Plant Biotechnology, CCS HAU Campus, Hisar 125004 Haryana, India), Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2012, 59(6), 1223-1254].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0113 Factors influencing
in vitro plant regeneration of liquorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)
An efficient and reproducible in vitro
protocol for large-scale multiplication of
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) has been
described. Multiple shoots formation was
significantly influenced by growth regulators,
photope-riod, explant position, season of explant
collection and culture passage. Nodal explants
were collected at monthly intervals to initiate
in vitro cultures. The highest bud-break (86.6%)
with the longest shoot length (8.0 cm) and
maximum number of shoots (3.0) was obtained
when middle order nodes (3rd to 5th node from
apex) collected between May to August were
inoculated on MS medium supplemented with
6-Benzylaminopurine (2.0 mg/l) + α-naphthalene
acetic acid (0.5 mg/l) under photoperiod of 16/8 h
(light/dark cycle). The induction of multiple
shoots was also affected by photoperiod and
subculture cycle. Multiple shoots formation
increased from the first (2.2) to the fourth
subculture (6.6). The in vitro regenerated shoots
were induced on half strength MS medium
enriched with 1.0 mg/l IAA resulting early
rooting and maximum root growth. Plantlets were
hardened and successfully established in the soil.
Concentration of chlorophyll, total sugars,
reducing sugars and proteins were estimated in
leaf tissues from both in vivo and in vitro raised
plants. Chlorophyll content was higher in in vivo
plants, whereas other three components were
higher in micropropagated plants. The present
optimized micropropagation protocol offers the
possibility of germplasm conservation and
mass cultivation of this important medicinal
plant [Yadav, K. and Singh, N. (Department of
Botany, Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Kurukshetra
University, Kurukshetra, 136119 Haryana, India),
Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 2012, 10 (3),
161-167].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0114 In vitro regeneration of
Aconitum balfourii Stapf: A rare medicinal
herb from Himalayan alpine through root
explants
Aconitum balfourii Stapf is a rare
medicinal herb belonging to genus Aconitum and
family Ranunculaceae. Excessive illegal
collection from wild due to pharmacological
significance along with quiescent nature of seeds
and lengthy cultivation cycle are collectively
responsible for its endangered status. Therefore,
conservation applying tissue culture is a vital
need and has been developed nowadays. In the
present study, in vitro regeneration of A. balfourii
from root explants has been attempted. Root
explants were cultured on MS-Medium
supplemented with different combinations of BA
and NAA and callus induction took place at 13.4
µM NAA and 5.55 µM BA. Such induced
calluses were transferred to shooting media. The
best shooting were observed in 8.88 µM BA and
0.54 µM NAA. These shoots were subculture on
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
60
7.99 µM BAP. Furthermore the result showed
that increasing the concentration of BA caused a
reducing length of shoots; also presence of low
concentration of NAA has been necessary for
shoot induction. Some factors such as shoot
length, no. of shoots and induction frequencies
of shooting and rooting were also studied. The
well developed micro shoots were cultured on
rooting media for complete regeneration of plant.
Rooting of micro shoots occurred in media
containing 1.43 µM IAA and 1.23 µM IBA
[Sharma, E.,Gaur, K.,Punetha, H. and Gaur, A.K.
(Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic
Engneering, College of Basic Sciences and
Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture
and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttarakhand,
India), Research Journal of Medicinal Plant,
2012, 6(4), 2012, Pages 318-325.
POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES
61
POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0115 Postharvest handling
of plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) at 10°C to
save energy and preserve fruit quality using
an innovative application system of 1-MCP
1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibits
softening in plums, making it a candidate for a
postharvest strategy of storing fruit at higher than
normal storage temperatures to avoid chilling
injury (CI) while providing energy and cost
savings. This hypothesis was tested by exposing
different Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindel.)
cultivars to 0.5µLL−1
1-MCP at 0°C for 24h.
Following 1-MCP treatment, fruit were stored
at 0 or 10°C for 10, 20, or 30 d, respectively.
A new application technology was tested by
applying 1-MCP during forced-air cooling
(FAC), reducing the application duration from
24 to 6 h without affecting treatment
performance. This new 1-MCP application
system is compatible with current postharvest
handling, rendering it easily adopted by the tree
fruit industry. 1-MCP had no detrimental effect
on consumer acceptance of low-acid plums
ripened properly prior to consumption, but it
reduced the acceptance of high acidity plums.
Thus, 1-MCP use on plums should avoid
cultivars with high acidity and/or plums picked
early when fruit have titratable acidity of 0.9%
or more. 1-MCP–FAC treatment followed by
storage at 10 °C is a promising new methodology
to avoid chilling temperatures and provide
considerable energy savings without reducing
postharvest life and consumer quality of low-acid
plums. Our results encourage testing this new
technology at commercial scale to accurately
quantify energy savings and consumer reactions
for specific operations and markets [Ioannis S.
Minasa, b
, Gayle M. Crisostoa, Deirdre Holcroft
a,
Miltiadis Vasilakakisb and Carlos H. Crisosto*
(Department of Plant Sciences, University of
California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis,
CA 95616, United States), Postharvest Biology
and Technology, 2013, 76, 1-9].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0116 Effects of alginate
edible coating on preserving fruit quality in
four plum cultivars during postharvest storage
Four plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)
cultivars (“Blackamber”, “Larry Ann”, “Golden
Globe” and “Songold”), were treated with 1 or
3% alginate as an edible coating before storage.
Analytical determinations were made after 7, 14,
21, 28 and 35 days at 2 °C and after a 3 day
period at 20 °C (shelf-life). Both treatments were
effective in inhibiting ethylene production for all
cultivars, especially when 3% alginate was used.
The changes in fruit quality parameters related to
plum postharvest ripening, such as weight and
acidity losses, softening and colour changes, were
significantly delayed by the use of both edible
coatings. The delay of the ripening process was
also related to lower anthocyanin and carotenoid
accumulation. Overall results suggest that these
treatments could increase the plum storage period
with optimum quality, 2 weeks for “Larry Ann”
and “Songold” and 3 weeks for “Blackamber”
and “Golden Globe” more than controls
[Daniel Valeroa, Huertas M. Díaz-Mula
a, Pedro J.
Zapataa, Fabián Guillén
a, Domingo Martínez-
Romeroa, Salvador Castillo* María Serrano
(Department of Applied Biology, EPSO,
University Miguel Hernández, Ctra. Beniel km.
3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain), Postharvest
Biology and Technology, 2013, 77, 1-6].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0117 Papaya fruit quality
management during the postharvest supply
chain
Papayas are popular in tropical and
subtropical regions and are being exported in
large volumes to Europe, the United States, and
Japan. The fruit has a sweet, exotic flavor and is
rich in vitamins A and C and antioxidants.
However, due to its highly perishable nature,
it has not emerged as a major traded fruit.
Papayas are highly susceptible to qualitative and
quantitative postharvest losses. Maintenance
of papaya fruit quality during the supply chain
depends on orchard management, harvesting
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
62
practices, packing operations, postharvest
treatments, temperature management, and
transportation and storage conditions. Postharvest
losses are attributed to mechanical damage, rapid
flesh softening, decay, physiological disorders,
pest infestation, and improper temperature
management. The aim of postharvest technology
and management in the supply chain is to
provide favorable conditions to extend storage
life and retain quality and nutritional attributes.
This review focuses on the available research
findings to retain overall papaya fruit quality
and to reduce postharvest losses during the
supply chain via adopting appropriate or novel
postharvest technologies [Dharini Sivakumar*
and Marisa M. Wall, Food Reviews International,
2013, 29(1), 24-48].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0118 Maintaining quality of
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) fruit after
harvest
Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) is a
highly perishable, non climacteric fruit and
requires very careful handling. To extend the
shelf life of loquat, the effectiveness of different
packages including high density polyethylene
(HDPE) 0.09 mm thickness, low density
polyethylene (LDPE) 0.03 mm thickness, 0.25%
perforated high density polyethylene (HDPEP)
and 0.25% perforated low density polyethylene
(LDPEP) were studied. Loquat fruit of “Surkh”
cultivar was picked at mature ripe stage. Fruits
were washed, sorted, packed in different
polyethylene packages, placed in soft board
cartons and stored in a cold store at 4 C. Changes
in weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS ),
ascorbic acid (AA), browning index (BI),
firmness and titratable acidity (TA) as affected by
different treatments were studied. LDPEP
retained significantly highest firmness (1.21 kgf)
and lowest TA (0.32%). Lowest values for
weight loss (0.17%), TSS (10.5%) and firmness
(1.00 kgf) were exhibited by HDPE. Browning
index was lowest in LDPE. Control had
significantly highest values for TSS (13.4 %), BI
(22.06%) and weight loss (2.43%) [Nadeem
Akhtar Abbasi*, Attiq Akhtar and Azhar Hussain
(Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi.
Pakistan), Pak J Bot 2013, 45(1), 247-251].
NPARR 4(1), 2013-0119 Pre- and postharvest
treatment with alternatives to synthetic
fungicides to control postharvest decay of
sweet cherry
The effectiveness of alternatives to
synthetic fungicides for the control of pathogens
causing postharvest diseases of sweet cherry was
tested in vitro and in vivo. When amended to
potato dextrose-agar, oligosaccharides,
benzothiadiazole, chitosan, calcium plus organic
acids, and nettle macerate reduced the growth of
Monilinia laxa, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus
stolonifer. Treatment of sweet cherries three
days before harvest or soon after harvest with
oligosaccharides, benzothiadiazole, chitosan,
calcium plus organic acids, nettle extract, fir
extract, laminarin, or potassium bicarbonate
reduced brown rot, gray mold, Rhizopus rot,
Alternaria rot, blue mold and green rot of cherries
kept 10d at 20±1 C, or 14 d at 0.5±1°C and then
exposed to 7d of shelf-life at 20±1°C. Among
these resistance inducers, when applied either
preharvest or postharvest, chitosan was one of the
most effective in reducing storage decay of sweet
cherry, and its antimicrobial activity in vitro and
in field trials was comparable to that of the
fungicide fenhexamid. Benzothiadiazole was
more effective when applied postharvest than
with preharvest spraying. These resistance
inducers could represent good options for organic
growers and food companies, or they can
complement the use of synthetic fungicides in an
integrated disease management strategy [Erica
Feliziani, Marilla Santini, Lucia Landi and
Gianfranco Romanazzi* (Department of
Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences,
Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce
Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy), Postharvest
Biology and Technology, 2013, 78, 133-138].
FORTHCUMING EVENTS
63
Forthcoming Conferences, Seminars, Exhibitions and Trainings
1 AyuTech Conference, 3rd to 5th July 2013, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India;
Website:http://www.ayutech.com?utm_campaign=EVENTSCALENDAR&utm_medium=EV
ENTLISTING&utm_source=CONFERENCEALERTS 2013-07-14
2 BIOSPECTRUM 2013, International Symposium on Computational Biology & Drug Design,
10th to 12th July 2013 Thiruvalla, Kerala, India Website:
http://www.macfastbiospectrum.com
3 5-Days Hands-on Workshop on Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 15th to 19th
July 2013 Pune, Maharashtra, India Website: http://www.icsccb.org/workshops/
4 International Conference on Agricultural and Animal Sciences 2013 Conference 8th to 9th
July 2013, Colombo, Sri Lanka Website: http://www.agrianimal.com/
5 Seminar On Current Trends In Pharmaceutical Technology And Drug Design, 14 July, 2013,
Contact: Dr. Varsha Kashaw, Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Sagar.
6 Brain Storming Conference on Dengue Scenario in India: Disease Burden, Surveillance and
Control, Madurai, 25th
and 26th
July 2013, Contact: Dr. B.K. Tyagi, Centre for Research in
Medicalentomology, Madurai
7 Amrita Bioquest 2013 - International Conference on Biotechnology for Innovative
Applications 12th to 14th August 2013, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India Website:
http://amrita.edu/bioquest
8 Workshop On Alternatives to Animal Testing In Drug Discovery, Ooty, 2nd
and 3rd
August,
Contact: Dr. M.N. Satishkumar, Department of Pharmacology, J.S.S.College of Pharmacy ,
Ootacamund
9 3rd International Conference on Biotechnolgy and Environment Management – ICBEM 2013
14th to15th September 2013 New Delhi, India Website: http://www.icbem.org/
10 2013 5th International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering –
ICBEE 2013 14th to 15th September 2013 New Delhi, India Website: http://www.icbee.org/
11 3rd National Conference on Environment and Biodiversity Conference 6th to 6th October
2013 Pune, Maharashtra, India, Website: http://www.ebiconference.com/2013/01/call-for-
abstracts-ebi-2013.html
12 5th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference 8th to 12th December 2013
Miri, Sarawak, India, Website: http://www.gosmap2013.com
13 6th International Congress of Environmental Research (ICER-13) 19th to 21st December
2013, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, Website: http://www.icer13.jerad.org
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
64
ANNOUNCEMENTS
INDIAN JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES
Original research Papers and Reviews on topics dealt within this repository are invited
for publication in peer reviewed, quarterly journal (March, June, September and December),
Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (Formerly known as Natural Product Radiance).
For details visit [email protected]. The papers may be sent to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, Editor
Periodicals Division, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
(NISCAIR), CSIR, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg (Inside Pusa Campus). New Delhi-110012;
Phone: (091)-11-25846001, (091)-11-25846304-07, Ext.258, 255. Fax: (091)-11-2584 7062.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
RAW MATERIALS HERBARIUM AND MUSEUM DELHI (RHMD)
Herbarium is a repository of dried specimens of plants collected from far and wide and is
arranged in a systematic order. Plant specimens in herbaria and their raw material samples serve as
reference materials for any plant-based research and as source materials for information on utilization,
conservation, planning and management. The herbarium specimens have become resources for
generating the profiles of chemical constituents and DNA fingerprinting. The herbarium specimens
could be used as standard reference materials while identifying the plant specimens and the crude drug
samples. Further, the herbaria could provide information on folk-lore, ethnomedicine or traditional
medicine from which new medicines could be evolved.
Because of wide spread belief that herbal medicines are safer than synthetic drugs, demand for
Indian medicinal plants has increased many fold in the national and international markets. Due to high
demand but limited cultivation of medicinal plants in India, more than 95 per cent plants are being
harvested from the wild. Consequently there is gap in demand and supply, therefore, the collectors and
traders involved in commercialization of medicinal plants often mix other related plant materials to the
genuine one or an altogether a distinct plant material is sold in the market in place of genuine one. Thus
usage of such adulterated or spurious raw material for manufacturing medicine affects the efficacy of
the finished product and could cause deleterious effect on human health. Sometimes adulteration
happens due to close similarities in two species/drugs.
Considering the demand for natural products including medicines and other products for
various purposes, universities, colleges, institutes and various other R & D labs are focusing on
research works especially pharmacologoical, phytochemical and ethnobotanical studies. First and
foremost requisite for these findings is the correct identification of the plant/crude drug collection,
preservation and identification. It is a fact that without correct name literature search is incomplete.
Therefore, before starting actual R & D work, researchers need to have correct identification and
nomenclature of the plant specimen for any novel finding or to validate an ethnobotanical report.
While starting the revised series of The Wealth of India-An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Indian
Raw Materials in 1978, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources
ANNOUNCEMENTS
65
(NISCAIR), formerly known as NISCOM, a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific
Industrial Research (CSIR), has set up a Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, housing authentic
samples of economically important raw materials of plant, animal and mineral origin of India as a
whole, in one place, to disseminate and showcase knowledge on these resources through authenticated
collection of samples, herbarium sheets borrowed and collected from fields from throughout India.
It is open to the scientists, researchers, industries, entrepreneurs, traders, students and the public.
The NISCAIR Herbarium & Museum was assigned the acronym RHMD (Raw Materials
Herbarium & Museum, Delhi) by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy and it appeared in the publication "Index Herbarium, New York, USA" (1990). The RHMD houses over
8000 specimens comprising more than 5000 species of economic and medicinal plants of India and the
Museum containing over 3500 samples of crude-drugs, animal and mineral specimens.
The facility backed up by the knowledge stored in the Wealth of India, is a veritable storehouse
of information on the raw materials of India, and is a place useful to students to gain knowledge on
economic biology and geology. Based on this facility and the available expertise, we do
authentication/identification of the specimens/samples received under possible botanical or common
names of the plant(s) and issue a certificate.
DECLARATION
• Authentication of herbarium specimen or crude drug sample (s) pertains to the quantity/quality
of specimens/samples received in RHMD.
• Authentication is done on the basis of macroscopic studies followed by detailed scrutiny of
literature and matching the samples with authenticated specimens preserved in RHMD.
• Samples/specimens submitted to RHMD are non-returnable.
• This service is provided for societal intervention and facilitate biological science
students/entrepreuners/ institutes, etc.
• Nominal service charges are taken to maintain the received samples and specimens for further
reference and consultation.
• For the identification of dried well pressed plant specimens properly fixed on a herbarium sheet
with leaves, flower, fruit, etc., Rs.250/- per plant are charged.
• For crude drug (Leaves, fruits, flowers, root, rhizome etc.) identification, we charge Rs.500/-
per sample.
NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 4, NO. 1, 2013
66
REQUEST FORM FOR AUTHENTICATION (Download)
Sir/Madam,
I/would like to get done authentication of enclosed herbarium specimen(s)/crude drug sample (s) from
Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, Delhi (RHMD). Detailed information about the specimen(s)/crude drug
sample (s) available with me is given below:
1. Botanical Name (Possible):--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Market/Trade/Local/Hindi/Vernacular name:-----------------------------------------------------
3. Part of specimen: Root/Rhizome/Stem/Aerial part/Leaves/Flowers/Fruits/Seeds, Bark,etc.-------------
4. Date/Season of Collection:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Place of collection:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Use (if known )------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Purpose of Authentication-Research/Academic/Trade/Cultivation/Drug preparation, etc.---------------
--------------------
I am enclosing herewith DD (No. & date and amount …………….
in the favour of the Director NISCAIR/Depositing the cash Rs.-----------(Rs.------------------------------------------------------------towards the prescribed charges for authentication of -------------(No.) Herbarium Specimen and/or
---------------------(No.) Crude Drug samples.
Signature
Name:
Address:
Phone, Mobile No.:
E-mail ID:
SEND TO:
Dr. (Mrs) Sunita Garg
Head
Raw Materials Herbarium & Museum, Delhi (RHMD)
National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (CSIR-NISCAIR)
Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg (inside Pusa campus)
New Delhi-110012
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
Phone: 011-25846301−7, Ext. 258, 263; 25846001 (Direct)
67
RHMD, CSIR-NISCAIR
FEEDBACK (Please send by E-mail to: [email protected]; [email protected])
Dear Sir /Madam
1. How did you learn about the facility for authentication of Indian Raw Materials of Plant origin
(crude drugs) samples and Herbarium specimens at Raw Materials Herbarium and Museum,
Delhi (RHMD), NISCAIR?
a) Through personal contact:
b) Through Institute/College/University:
c) Through NISCAIR Website:
2. Have you ever visited RHMD, NISCAIR? Yes/No
3. Have you availed the authentication services provided by RHMD Yes/No
4. Are you satisfied by the identification/authentication service provided by RHMD, NISCAIR?
Yes/No
If not satisfied, would you like to suggest some improvement?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Do you know any other Institute/Dept. providing authentication service similar to RHMD,
NISCAIR…………….. Yes/No
If yes, please provide address:
Signature
Name:
Address:
Phone, Mobile No.:
E-mail ID: