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Vol. 44   No. 227 26 Nov 2019      

  

रक्षा िवज्ञान पु तकालय Defence Science Library 

रक्षा वैज्ञािनक सूचना एवं प्रलेखन के द्र Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre 

मैटकॉफ हाऊस, िद ली - 110 054 Metcalfe House, Delhi - 110 054 

  

दैिनक सामियक अिभज्ञता सेवा 

A Daily Current Awareness Service  

 

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Tue, 26 Nov 2019

Opinion | DRDO should learn from United States’ DARPA so we don’t fight

tomorrow’s war with yesterday’s weapons The annual DARPA budget is a little over $3 billion, while the DRDO

budget is approximately $2.5 billion. With not much difference in budget, why does DARPA accomplish so much more than the DRDO?

By Lt Gen (Retd) DS Hooda The October 4, 1957 announcement by Tass, the Soviet Union news agency, of the successful

launch of the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 had caused a great deal of shock to the American people. Proud of their technological prowess, the news had a ‘Pearl Harbor’ effect on public sentiment. However, notwithstanding all the criticism of the Eisenhower administration, there was also a long-term positive impact. The Sputnik launch spurred a determination in the American leadership to become a world leader in military technology.

One of the first steps undertaken by the US government was the establishment of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in February 1958. According to its website, DARPA works on the principle that the US should be "the initiator and not the victim of strategic technological surprises”, and it “explicitly reaches for transformational change instead of incremental advances”.

DARPA's achievements have been extremely significant. They include the ARPANET that led to the Internet, stealth technology, microelectronics, sensors for surveillance and reconnaissance, unmanned aerial vehicles, and infrared night vision systems. All these have revolutionised warfighting techniques.

One of the reasons for DARPA's success has been its focus on creating breakthrough technologies and capabilities rather than incremental or evolutionary advances in existing systems. It would, therefore, be instructive to see how DARPA looks at future warfare.

Five months ago, the Tactical Technology Office (TTO) of DARPA asked for proposals for grant of funds for “applied research, advanced technology development, platform demonstrations, or systems studies that aim to enable new warfighting constructs”. The TTO note states that the “US military must expand from their historic emphasis on dominance to one of disruptive performance – enabling enhanced capability where needed, applied by a more agile and resilient force.”

The note outlines the future capabilities that it foresees in air, ground, maritime, and space systems. While many capabilities are listed out, one area stands out — reducing reliance on monolithic and high-value systems like aircraft, ships, submarines, and space assets. TTO also suggests that “evolutionary advances in traditional stealth technology” in air systems may not be the way forward.

The TTO’s vision envisages low-cost, disaggregated, networked systems as a key to disruptive capabilities for future warfare. Let me directly quote from the DARPA document. Under ‘Air Systems’ it calls for “lethality through a combination of overwhelming performance (e.g. hypersonics) and overwhelming numbers (e.g. swarming low-cost weapons)”.

For 'Naval Systems' the capability requirement is for the "proliferation and disaggregation of maritime assets using small, inexpensive, massively-networked vessels derived from commercial designs”.

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‘Space Systems’ should be based on “proliferating and disaggregating space assets at LEO (low earth orbit), to reduce reliance on GEO (geosynchronous earth orbit) assets — creating smaller, simpler satellites derived from commercial designs, and that leverage the emerging commercial private sector development of network and user segments. Even in ‘Ground Systems’, the focus is on “innovation in mobility and lethality for small units, or even individual warfighters, to enable local dominance”.

It is quite apparent that DARPA's vision for future warfighting focuses on smaller, networked systems rather than the expensive aerial and naval platforms that dominate the battle space today. There is no doubt that the aircraft, the naval destroyer, and the submarine will not lose their relevance in the immediate future, but their importance as a war-winning factor could increasingly come into question.

Saudi Arabia has an extremely advanced air defence system, but it failed to prevent an attack by cheap, low-flying drones and cruise missiles on the Aramco oil processing facility that temporarily cut the country’s oil production by half.

In India, despite being the 5th largest defence spender in the world, there is little focus on advanced technologies. Our military technology achievements are the production of mostly outdated tanks, helicopters, and missiles, or the establishment of factories producing foreign weapons after technology transfer.

The army, navy and air force are reluctant to reduce their numbers and are, therefore, procuring platforms or weapon systems that permit them to retain the existing organisational structure. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) also focuses on meeting the existing shortfalls of the services rather than future technologies.

The annual DARPA budget is a little over $3 billion, while the DRDO budget is approximately $2.5 billion. With not much difference in budget, why does DARPA accomplish so much more than the DRDO? The answer to this lies in the different cultures of the two organisations. DARPA is a funding agency and has no laboratories or research staff. It has an establishment of about 200 persons, of whom half are hired for a three to five-year period. All research is conducted through contracts with universities, industry and government R&D institutions.

The DRDO, on the other hand, has an employee strength of about 30,000 and a network of more than 50 labs. With the running cost of this kind of establishment, it is apparent that only limited amounts would be available for research.

There is no doubt that the DRDO has some impressive accomplishments in developing our nuclear triad at a time when international sanctions were imposed on us. The DRDO also cannot ignore the current equipment requirements of the three services that are saddled with mostly vintage equipment, and the fact that the ‘Make in India’ programme has met with only limited success.

It could also be argued that India’s strategic environment and requirements are not comparable to that of the US and that DARPA and DRDO have very different functions. All these are valid arguments but do not take away from the need to focus on future force structures and technologies that will shape the character of wars to come. The military and DRDO must work together with the universities and private industry in a comprehensive effort to research and develop future warfighting technologies so that we don’t end up fighting tomorrow’s war with yesterday’s doctrine and weapon systems. (The author is former Northern Commander, Indian Army, under whose leadership India carried out surgical strikes against Pakistan in 2016. Views are personal.) https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-drdo-should-learn-from-united-states-darpa-so-we-dont-fight-tomorrows-war-with-yesterdays-weapons-2398997.html

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Tue, 26 Nov 2019

Swasraya Bharat science fest inspires young minds

Kochi: Gaganyaan, the first Indian-crewed space mission by ISRO planned to be launched 2022, sonar technology developed by DRDO for submarines and technological innovations introduced by various research institutes were some of the attractions at the Swasraya Bharat-Kerala Science Fest 2019, organised by Swadeshi Science Movement at Marine Drive here. Union Minister of State for External Affairs V Muraleedharan inaugurated the fest. The science fest helps the common man better understand the functioning of various research units. Apart from the science documentaries screened at the venue, competitions are organised for students in a bid to create awareness. Governor Arif Mohammad Khan will deliver the valedictory address on the concluding day on November 26. https://www.nyoooz.com/news/kochi/1419446/swasraya-bharat-science-fest-inspires-young-minds/

 

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100,000 square kilometres each day – more than the Sea Guardians that India’s millitary is currently acquiring.

Teams of drone pilots, working in shifts, fly long-range drone missions from ground stations thousands of kilometres away, using satellite communication links. The information the UAS picks up is transmitted to the ground station in real time, allowing the military to respond to threats immediately.

US firm Northrop Grumman, which designed and built the Global Hawk, is currently developing it into a maritime variant called the MQ-4C Triton, which is customised for oceanic surveillance. Under the so-called Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) program, Northrop Grumman is integrating the Triton with the P-8A Poseidon for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) maritime missions.

Joining the US, Australia, which also operates the P-8A Poseidon, has joined BAMS. With the Indian Navy currently operating the world’s largest Poseidon fleet (outside for the US Navy), acquiring Global Hawks under the EDA programme and modifying them to MQ-4C Triton configuration could provide a cheap and effective BAMS solution for surveillance of the Indian Ocean.

Since 2001, a generation of US drones like the Predator, Reaper and Global Hawk has played a central role in the “War on Terror”, killing hundreds of terrorists and their supporters in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq and Yemen. But UAS are highly vulnerable to radar-based air defence systems of the kind that state adversaries deploy. This was underscored in June, when Iran shot down a Global Hawk that America was operating over the Strait of Hormuz.

However, India does not intend to fly Sea Guardian drones (or Global Hawks if those are bought) over hostile airspace, but over international waters – to monitor shipping over the vast expanses of the Indian Ocean. Therefore the vulnerability of these UAS to radar-guided air defence weapons is not a major concern.

Asked whether it plans to approach the Pentagon for buying surplus Global Hawk drones under the EDA programme, the navy has not commented.

The Pentagon’s shift from counterterrorism to combating great-power threats from China and Russia has been laid out in the Pentagon’s National Defense Strategy document that was published in January 2018.

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Tue, 26 Nov 2019

Indian Army’s new Integrated Battle Groups to be ready in early 2020

The Indian Army’s Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs), meant to ensure faster punitive and defensive operations, will come into being by early next year after necessary government approvals, top defence sources have said.

The Army is awaiting a report on the recent IBG-styled exercise carried out by the Mountain Strike Corps in Arunachal Pradesh, a development which had upset China according to reports.

The concept of IBGs has also been test-bedded at the 9 Corps at the western border with Pakistan, and the Army is fine-tuning them based on ground feedback.

What are IBGs? IBGs are self-contained, agile, brigade-sized fighting units, which were proposed in one of four

studies initiated by Army chief General Bipin Rawat on the overall restructuring of the force. They are to replace the current Cold Start Doctrine, which called for defensive corps to carry out

shallow cross-border thrusts within 72 hours for limited objectives such as the capture of territory. Gen. Rawat acknowledged the existence of the doctrine for the first time in January 2017.

The IBGs are to perform both offensive roles, involving cross-border operations, and defensive roles to withstand an enemy attack.

Each IBG will be headed by a major general. The integrated units for the border will be all-encompassing, with artillery, armoured, combat engineers and signal units.

Resources for the IBGs would depend on ‘Threat, Terrain and Task’, and should be able to mobilise in 12 to 48 hours based on where they are located.

The composition of every IBG would differ on the basis of the terrain where it is located — an IBG operating in a desert needs to be constituted differently from one operating in the mountains.

Gaps found in recent experiment :: While the Eastern Command is yet to file a report on the IBG experiment in the eastern theatre,

sources said the experiment on the western front has brought to light critical gaps in the operations of the IBGs.

“For example, the resources given to IBG for signals were found to be insufficient, particularly because of the mountainous terrains,” a second Army source said.

The signals corps of the Indian Army is responsible for all military communications. “Then with the animal transport (battalions), the need was felt for better tracks and more load-

carrying capacity of mules,” the source added. Overall, the test emphasised the need for leaner, smaller, more agile and more manoeuvrable forces,

the first Army sources quoted above said. https://www.defencenews.in/article/Indian-Army%e2%80%99s-new-Integrated-Battle-Groups-to-be-ready-in-early-2020-768161

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Pak-China naval exercise at India’s doorstep Pakistan and China are working together once again, and this time right at India's doorstep, in the

North Arabian Sea. PCMEX-2019, the Pakistan-China maritime exercise, begins in December, with the Chinese PLA

Navy likely to be present in strength. The Chinese contingent comprises at least four warships, and also helicopters. The warships concerned are:

* Kunming, a Luyang III class modern guided-missile destroyer of about 7,000 tonnes. It was readied only in 2012.

* Yueyang, a Jiang Kai II class multi-role frigate of about 4,000 tonnes. * Luomahu, a Fuchi-class tanker of about 20,000 tonnes and recently commissioned. * A Song-class submarine - these are conventional (diesel-electric) and not nuclear-powered. * Liugongdao, a Daloo-class submarine support ship. This suggests that the submarine will be in

the Indian Ocean and surrounding waters for a longish spell. Chinese helicopters and a detachment of marines will participate in the exercise. Besides, China and Pakistan are planning another exercise. This is Sea Guardians-2020 off the coast

of China in December next year and will be about maritime security cooperation. Meanwhile, China is commissioning a Qing-class conventional submarine. These large boats --

about 6,000 tonnes -- have the ability to launch land-attack missiles. The Qing-class boats will replace the older Golf-class submarines. https://www.defencenews.in/article/Pak-China-naval-exercise-at-India%e2%80%99s-doorstep-768156

 

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