NRHS Earth Science –First Nine NRHS Earth Science –First Nine Weeks Test Review PowerPoint Weeks Test Review PowerPoint

Guide 2013-2014Guide 2013-2014

Your Host: Mrs. CanterburyYour Host: Mrs. Canterbury

Scientific InvestigationScientific Investigation

1.What are the 6 steps to the scientific 1.What are the 6 steps to the scientific method we have learned ?method we have learned ?

1.1. Identify a problemIdentify a problem

2.2. Gather Information(research)Gather Information(research)

3.3. Make a hypothesisMake a hypothesis

4.4. Test a hypothesisTest a hypothesis

5.5. Analyze the resultsAnalyze the results

6.6. Draw conclusionsDraw conclusions

2.2. If the Independent variable is If the Independent variable is the variable being tested in an the variable being tested in an

experiment, all the other experiment, all the other controllable variables must be controllable variables must be

kept _________.kept _________.

They must be kept…..They must be kept…..

Constant !!!!Constant !!!!

WHY???WHY???

3. What is the formula for density? 3. What is the formula for density?

D=M/VD=M/V(Density =Mass/Volume)(Density =Mass/Volume)

Determining Volume and DensityDetermining Volume and Density

Of an irregular object?Of an irregular object?

6.Volume of a textbook or a 6.Volume of a textbook or a body of water?body of water?

Volume= L x W x HVolume= L x W x H

AstronomyAstronomy

7.What was the first manned mission to land on 7.What was the first manned mission to land on the moon?the moon?

On July 20,1969, On July 20,1969, Apollo 11Apollo 11 landed on the moon’s landed on the moon’s surfacesurface

Neil Armstrong was the 1Neil Armstrong was the 1stst human to ever set foot on the human to ever set foot on the Moon’s surface.Moon’s surface.

““One small step for man ,one giant leap for mankind”One small step for man ,one giant leap for mankind”

Picture of Apollo 11 astronautPicture of Apollo 11 astronaut

Rotation of the earthRotation of the earth

8.One complete rotation of the Earth 8.One complete rotation of the Earth (spinning of Earth on its axis) takes(spinning of Earth on its axis) takes

24 hours24 hours. .

9. Earth rotation gives us night and day.9. Earth rotation gives us night and day.

10.Weight on 10.Weight on Earth vs. the MoonEarth vs. the Moon

Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.on an object.

The moon is much smaller than the Earth. As a The moon is much smaller than the Earth. As a result, the force of gravity on the moon is only result, the force of gravity on the moon is only about about one sixth as strong as gravity on Earthone sixth as strong as gravity on Earth. If . If you were to weigh yourself on a scale here on you were to weigh yourself on a scale here on earth and then could take that same scale to the earth and then could take that same scale to the moon and weigh yourself there, your weight on moon and weigh yourself there, your weight on the moon would be 1/6 of your Earthly weight. If the moon would be 1/6 of your Earthly weight. If you weighed 100 pounds on Earth, you would you weighed 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh only about 16 pounds on the moon. weigh only about 16 pounds on the moon.

SolticesSoltices

11.The Southern Hemisphere is warmer in 11.The Southern Hemisphere is warmer in JAN than JUL because….JAN than JUL because….

Look at the position of the Earth during the Look at the position of the Earth during the winter month of Jan. What is the position winter month of Jan. What is the position and tilt of the Earth in relation to the Sun?and tilt of the Earth in relation to the Sun?

12. Solstice Positions for the 12. Solstice Positions for the Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere

Note the position of the Earth and the Sun and Note the position of the Earth and the Sun and where and how the Sun’s rays are hitting the where and how the Sun’s rays are hitting the Earth.Earth.

1313. Why do we only see one side of . Why do we only see one side of the moon?the moon?

Think about Earth’s rotation and the moon’s Think about Earth’s rotation and the moon’s rotation.rotation.

They rotate in approximately the same They rotate in approximately the same amount of time(27.3 days) so the same amount of time(27.3 days) so the same side of the moon always faces us.side of the moon always faces us.

14.14. What are the positions of the What are the positions of the Sun, Earth, and Moon during a Sun, Earth, and Moon during a

lunar eclipse?lunar eclipse?

Remember during a lunar eclipse,the Earth’s Remember during a lunar eclipse,the Earth’s shadow blocks light coming from the Sun.shadow blocks light coming from the Sun.

Solar EclipseSolar Eclipse

Note the positions of the Sun, Earth & MoonNote the positions of the Sun, Earth & Moon

15. Position of Mars15. Position of Mars

Why is Mars never visible as a tiny black Why is Mars never visible as a tiny black dot between the Earth and Sun?dot between the Earth and Sun?

Think about it…Where is Mars located?Think about it…Where is Mars located?

16. The Big Bang Theory16. The Big Bang Theory

A theory that the solar system was formed A theory that the solar system was formed by a series of interactions where a cloud of by a series of interactions where a cloud of

gas, ice, and dust began to spin and gas, ice, and dust began to spin and contract and then nuclear fusion reactions contract and then nuclear fusion reactions took place to form a dense central sun and took place to form a dense central sun and

then the remaining material cooled, then the remaining material cooled, collided and combined to form the planets.collided and combined to form the planets.

Planet FactsPlanet Facts

Write the planets in order from the sun!Write the planets in order from the sun! Hint: Hint: ““MMy Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas!”y Very Excited Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas!”

17. 17. Which planet has the fastest orbital Which planet has the fastest orbital velocity? velocity? MercuryMercury

18.18.What planet is called Earth’s twin?What planet is called Earth’s twin?

VenusVenus What makes life on Earth possible?What makes life on Earth possible?

Planet Facts cont….Planet Facts cont….

19.19. The presence of shifting sand dunes The presence of shifting sand dunes on Mars would indicate the existence of on Mars would indicate the existence of what processes on Mars?what processes on Mars?

Think: What causes sand dunes to form?Think: What causes sand dunes to form?

Winds!!!Winds!!!

More Planet Stuff…..More Planet Stuff…..

20 & 21. 20 & 21. What planet has a low density What planet has a low density and could float on water?and could float on water?

SaturnSaturn

Planet Facts cont…Planet Facts cont…

Which planet has large rings?Which planet has large rings? Which planet has a continuous hurricane like Which planet has a continuous hurricane like

storm ,and what do we call that storm? storm ,and what do we call that storm? Jupiter, Jupiter, The Great Red SpotThe Great Red Spot

Which planet is known for it’s red color? What Which planet is known for it’s red color? What causes this color ? causes this color ? Mars, Mars, oxidation of the iron in oxidation of the iron in the planet’s soil. the planet’s soil.

22.22.Which planet rotates on it’s side? Which planet rotates on it’s side? UranusUranus 23.23.Which solar object has an Which solar object has an

eccentric(unusual) orbit? eccentric(unusual) orbit? PlutoPluto

Atmospheres:Atmospheres:Venus, Mars & EarthVenus, Mars & Earth

Venus- Venus- Mostly carbon dioxide and very Mostly carbon dioxide and very dense “greenhouse effect”dense “greenhouse effect”

MarsMars- Very thin and mostly carbon dioxide- Very thin and mostly carbon dioxide

EarthEarth- Mixture of gases-contains 78.09% - Mixture of gases-contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen,, 0.93% 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.

Meteor Showers Meteor Showers and and AsteroidsAsteroids

24. Spectacular meteor showers occur on 24. Spectacular meteor showers occur on Earth when Earth’s orbit passes through Earth when Earth’s orbit passes through the remains of a comet.the remains of a comet.

25. 25. Asteroids can be found in an Asteroids can be found in an Asteroid Asteroid Belt Belt area between which two planets?area between which two planets?

Mars & JupiterMars & Jupiter

Planets vs. StarsPlanets vs. Stars

26. How can you distinguish a planet from 26. How can you distinguish a planet from a star in the night sky?a star in the night sky?

Its position changes slightly against the background Its position changes slightly against the background stars from one night to the next, and their brightness stars from one night to the next, and their brightness varies in a regular cycle varies in a regular cycle over a period of timeover a period of time. Stars . Stars produce their own light (fusion)while planets reflect produce their own light (fusion)while planets reflect sunlight. Stars are so distant that they appear as points sunlight. Stars are so distant that they appear as points of light in the night sky, and they appear to twinkle (or of light in the night sky, and they appear to twinkle (or scintillatescintillate) because of turbulence in the Earth's ) because of turbulence in the Earth's

atmosphereatmosphere. .

Position Of PolarisPosition Of Polaris

27.27.Polaris is located right above the North Pole. Polaris is located right above the North Pole. From the equator, it would appear to be on the From the equator, it would appear to be on the horizon.horizon.

The Sextant The Sextant

28. Instrument used to measure a star’s 28. Instrument used to measure a star’s position above the horizon.position above the horizon.

Images taken from: sextantbook.com

Absolute Absolute vs.vs. Apparent Apparent MagnitudeMagnitude

The The absolute magnitude absolute magnitude is a star’s is a star’s actualactual brightness emitted.brightness emitted.

A star’s A star’s apparent magnitude apparent magnitude is is measurement of the star’s brightness measurement of the star’s brightness received on Earth. It may appear much received on Earth. It may appear much dimmer than it’s true brightness.dimmer than it’s true brightness.

29. 29. The primary difference in a star’s The primary difference in a star’s absolute vs. apparent magnitude is absolute vs. apparent magnitude is typically due to a star’s typically due to a star’s distance.distance.

Position and Distance in SpacePosition and Distance in Space

30. 30. Parallax measure’s a star’s position Parallax measure’s a star’s position from different angles( ex, use th ol’ thumb from different angles( ex, use th ol’ thumb and one eye viewing)and one eye viewing)

31.A light year measures the distance light 31.A light year measures the distance light travels in one year.travels in one year.

The SunThe Sun

32. 32. The sun’s The sun’s corecore is the most dense is the most dense layer.layer.

33. -36 Our Sun is a main sequence star. 33. -36 Our Sun is a main sequence star. All stars contain hydrogen, produce All stars contain hydrogen, produce energy, and are powered by the process energy, and are powered by the process of of fusion fusion which turns hydrogen into heliumwhich turns hydrogen into helium..

37 & 38 37 & 38 Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a Star(Know p.737 in book!)(Know p.737 in book!)

Images borrowed from : www.seasky.org & genesismission.4t.com

Doppler Effect and Red ShiftDoppler Effect and Red Shift 29. 29. The Doppler Effect explains the change of energy The Doppler Effect explains the change of energy

during the movement of sound waves (think: moving during the movement of sound waves (think: moving car/train) and this principal is the same for movement of car/train) and this principal is the same for movement of light energy. Measurements of light waves reveal the light energy. Measurements of light waves reveal the movement of stars. Movement away(decrease in wave movement of stars. Movement away(decrease in wave energy) indicates a energy) indicates a “red shift” “red shift” Continual red shifting of Continual red shifting of various stars provides evidence that the universe is various stars provides evidence that the universe is expanding.expanding.

Image borrowed from : www.faradayschools.com

The H-R DiagramThe H-R Diagram

The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram is a graph that used The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram is a graph that used to classify stars according to their luminosity, spectral to classify stars according to their luminosity, spectral type, color, temperature and evolutionary stage.type, color, temperature and evolutionary stage.

Image borrowed from : www.rootstown.sparcc.org

MapsMaps

A globe is the close to being a a perfect map.A globe is the close to being a a perfect map.

42. 42. A Mercator map distorts land masses near the A Mercator map distorts land masses near the poles. Why? poles. Why? It is a grid map that projects a It is a grid map that projects a sperical globe to a grid.sperical globe to a grid.

www.math.ubc.ca

50. 50. Types of mapsTypes of maps

IsobarIsobar

IsothermalIsothermal

facweb.bhc.edu

www.usairnet.com -

51. 51. Geologic MapsGeologic Maps

Show arrangement of rock types at the Show arrangement of rock types at the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

Look at the map symbols and legendLook at the map symbols and legend

to determine rock types and locationsto determine rock types and locations

ngmdb.usgs.gov/

Finding your wayFinding your way

43.43.Using compass direction….Using compass direction….

41.41.Latitude,Longitude,and MapsLatitude,Longitude,and Maps

What’s latitude? What’s latitude? ( (Also known as parallels)

A horizontal line of measurement. Measures A horizontal line of measurement. Measures

distances North or South of the equator.distances North or South of the equator.

What’s longitude?What’s longitude? (Also known as meridians) (Also known as meridians)

A vertical line of measurements . A vertical line of measurements .

Measures distances East or West of Measures distances East or West of

the Prime Meridian(the Prime Meridian(located in Greenwich, England)located in Greenwich, England)

Remember…..Remember…..

In a coordinate set…In a coordinate set…

latitudelatitude is written _____. is written _____.

firstfirst

5656ooN, 38N, 38ooEE

Reading a Topographic MapReading a Topographic Map

44. 44. Contour Interval (CI)Contour Interval (CI)

Mathematical difference between contour linesMathematical difference between contour lines

48 & 49 48 & 49 Map ScaleMap Scale

Map scale is a ratio.Map scale is a ratio.

Units on map : Units in the fieldUnits on map : Units in the field

Remember: Remember: Keep the units the same!Keep the units the same!

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps45.45.Hills and Steepness(Slope)Hills and Steepness(Slope)

HillHill

prod.nrcs.usda.gov

Topographic MapsTopographic Maps47. 47. Craters / BasinsCraters / Basins

GREAT Topo Map Resource and where above image was borrowed:

http://www.iupui.edu/~g135/g135/00_intro/explore04.html

Satellite Image Of EarthSatellite Image Of EarthDay and NightDay and Night

http://ask.metafilter.com/29403/Highres-color-daynight-visible-satellite-images