NRL 7343 Nov’97

Seasonal Variability of the Seasonal Variability of the surface bio-optical and surface bio-optical and

Thermal Structure of the Thermal Structure of the Japan/East Sea Using Japan/East Sea Using AVHRR and SeaWIFS AVHRR and SeaWIFS

Seasonal Variability of the Seasonal Variability of the surface bio-optical and surface bio-optical and

Thermal Structure of the Thermal Structure of the Japan/East Sea Using Japan/East Sea Using AVHRR and SeaWIFS AVHRR and SeaWIFS

Robert ArnoneRobert Arnone Richard Gould Chistine Richard Gould Chistine ChanChan

Craig Lee* Burt Jones** Craig Lee* Burt Jones** Sherwin Ladner Sherwin Ladner

Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space CenterNaval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center

*Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle WA *Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle WA

**USC, Dept of Biological Sciences, Los Angles, CA**USC, Dept of Biological Sciences, Los Angles, CA

Robert ArnoneRobert Arnone Richard Gould Chistine Richard Gould Chistine ChanChan

Craig Lee* Burt Jones** Craig Lee* Burt Jones** Sherwin Ladner Sherwin Ladner

Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space CenterNaval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center

*Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle WA *Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle WA

**USC, Dept of Biological Sciences, Los Angles, CA**USC, Dept of Biological Sciences, Los Angles, CA

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Objective:Objective:• Establish the seasonal and regional character of the SST and Bio-Optical (Chlorophyll) distribution

• AVHRR / SeaWIFS

• Coupling of the temperature and bio-optical structure (physical)• Basin scales • on the Subpolar front/• Korean Coastal Current

• Validation of the SeaWIFS bio-optical chlorophyll products

NRL 7343 Nov’97

May. 21, 1999May. 21, 1999

Coasta

l Upw

ellin

g

Coasta

l Upw

ellin

g

Upw

ellin

g

Upwel

ling

100-120 km 100-120 km

25-35 km25-35 km

40-50 km40-50 km

SST Eddy ScalesSST Eddy Scales

Filam

en

t

Bathymetry

Japan Basin

YamatoRise

UlleungBasin

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Monthly SST Monthly SST

09/9809/98 12/9812/98 02/9902/99

04/9904/99 7/997/99 -Summer warming Summer warming -(clouds) (clouds)

MovieMovie

NRL 7343 Nov’97

02/9802/9803/9803/98

04/9804/98

05/9805/98 09/9809/98 11/9811/98

SeaWIFS Monthly Chlorophyll 1998 SeaWIFS Monthly Chlorophyll 1998 Movie Movie

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Regional Regional Time- Series Weekly Composites Time- Series Weekly Composites

North B

asin

North B

asin

South Basin

South Basin

SubPolar FrontSubPolar FrontSubPolar FrontSubPolar Front

Sea Surface TemperatureSea Surface Temperature Chlorophyll Chlorophyll

April 1999April 1999 April 1999April 1999

NRL 7343 Nov’97

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 260.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50East Sea Time Series

South Polar North

SeaW

iFS

Ch

loro

ph

yll (

mg

/m3)

Monthly Time Series (01/98-03/00)

01/98 04/98 07/98 10/98 01/99 04/99 07/99 10/99 02/00 01/98 06/98 01/99 06/99 01/0001/98 06/98 01/99 06/99 01/00

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 260

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24East Sea Time Series

South Polar North

AV

HR

R S

ST

(D

eg

ress C

els

ius)

Monthly Time Series (01/98-03/00)

SeaW

ifs (

Ch

loro

ph

yll)

SeaW

ifs (

Ch

loro

ph

yll)

S

ST

(A

VH

RR

)

2.62.6

2.02.0

1.61.6

1.01.0

0.60.6

00

00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 8080 9090 100100 110110

Monthly Composites Monthly Composites

NRL 7343 Nov’97

00 1010 2020 3030 4040 5050 6060 7070 8080 9090 100100 1101100

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

South Polar NorthNorth

SS

T

(AV

HR

R)

SS

T

(AV

HR

R)

Weekly Time Series (01/98-03/00)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1100.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0East Sea Time Series

South Polar North

SeaW

iFS

Ch

loro

ph

yll (

mg

/m3)

Weekly Time Series (01/98-03/00)01/98 06/98 01/99 * 06/99 01/00 01/98 06/98 01/99 * 06/99 01/00

SeaW

ifs

SeaW

ifs

(Ch

loro

ph

yll)

(Ch

loro

ph

yll)

5.05.0

4.04.0

3.03.0

2.02.0

1.01.0

00

5.05.0

4.04.0

3.03.0

2.02.0

1.01.0

00

Polar NorthNorth

South

Weekly CompositesWeekly Composites

Spring Spring SpringSpringFallFallFallFall

NRL 7343 Nov’97

1998199819971997 19991999 1998199819971997 19991999

Latitude Binned Seasonal progression Latitude Binned Seasonal progression of SST and Chlorophyll of SST and Chlorophyll

Sea Surface Temperature Sea Surface Temperature (AVHRR -GAC)(AVHRR -GAC) Chlorophyll Chlorophyll (SeaWIFS - GAC)(SeaWIFS - GAC)

Sp

rin

g B

loom

Sp

rin

g B

loom

Sp

rin

g B

loom

Sp

rin

g B

loom

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Scatter plots of the SST / Chlorophyll Scatter plots of the SST / Chlorophyll

April 1999April 1999April 1999April 1999

SST SST ChlChl

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SST

CH

L (m

g/l)

99-1 99-2 99-3 99-4 99-5 99-6

99-7 99-8 99-9 99-10 99-11 99-12

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

Jul, Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Jun, Dec

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Timing and Location of the Spring Bloom

SST images with highlighted pixelsfrom scatter plot (high chlorophyll)

4/21/99

5/21/99

6/09/99

Ch

loro

ph

yll (

g/l

)

0 3.09 6.17 9.26 12.35

16

32

48

64

SST

Chlor > 2.0

SST4.17 8.33 12.5 16.7

Ch

loro

ph

yll (

g/l

)

2.7

6.1

9.5

13.0

Chlor > 2.0

SST

Ch

loro

ph

yll (

g/l

)

9.05 13.6 18.10

0.37

0.74

1.12

1.49Chlor > 0.75

0 50 100 150 200 2503

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

SST Chlorophyll

SS

T (

C)

Distance (km)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Chlo

roph

yll (g

/l)

south north

0 50 100 150 200 2508

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

SST Chlorophyll

SS

T (

C)

Distance (km)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Ch

loro

ph

yll (g

/l)

northsouth

0 50 100 150 200 25011

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

SST Chlorophyll

SS

T (

C)

Distance (km)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Ch

loro

ph

yll (g

/l)

northsouth

NRL 7343 Nov’97

KOREAN EDDY KOREAN EDDY

Anticyclonic Anticyclonic

moviemovie

April 8,1998 April 8,1998 April 18, 1998April 18, 1998 May 14, 1998May 14, 1998

East Korean Bay EddyEast Korean Bay EddyWonson Bay Wonson Bay Fli MovieFli Movie

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Variability at the Subpolar Front: SST and Chlorophyll

SST Chlorophyll

4/21/997.0 – 9.0 C

SST range 1-15° CChlor range 0-7 g/l

white pixels indicate SST front overlaidon SST and chlorophyll images

5/21/9911.5 – 13.5 CSST range 5-20° C

Chlor range 0-5 g/l

6/09/9914.0 – 16.0 CSST range 8-20° C

Chlor range 0-1 g/l

Subpolar Front defined by 2° C gradientSST increased by 7° C over 1.5 months

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Satellite vs. Shipboard Measurements: Surface and Subsurface Coupling

TRANSECT A(E/W Cross-Basin)

TRANSECT B(N/S Subpolar Front)

SST

red – satelliteblue - shipboard

129 130 131 132 133 13412

13

14

15

16

17

18

= 1.2 C

overpass

AVHRR SST (NOAA-12, 5/21/99, 0636 local) Flow-Through SST (5/20/99, 1653 - 5/21/99, 2059)

SS

T (

C)

Longitude37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5 40.0 40.59

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

overpass

AVHRR SST (NOAA-14, 5/22/99, 0419 local) Flow-Through SST (5/22/99, 0113 - 5/22/99, 2133)

SS

T (

C)

Latitude

SubpolarFront

Subsurface expression of surface features

(Seasoar)

SeaSoar (colors: salinity, contours: temperature)

A B

NRL 7343 Nov’97

129 130 131 132 133 1340.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

overpass

SeaWiFS a443 (5/21/99, 1248 local) Flow-Through a440 (5/20/99, 1653 - 5/21/99, 2059)

Abs

orpt

ion

Coe

ffici

ent (

m-1)

Longitude

Transect A – Absorption Coefficient

SeaSoar (colors: fluorescence, contours: potential density)

Ab

sorp

tion

Coeffi

cie

nt

(m-1

)A

bsorp

tion

Coeffi

cie

nt

(m-1

)

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Summary Summary

•Complex SST / Chlorophyll linking at the Subpolar FrontComplex SST / Chlorophyll linking at the Subpolar Front

• The spring bloom started in late March – early April in the southern The spring bloom started in late March – early April in the southern basin and progressed northward through late May, ending in all basin and progressed northward through late May, ending in all areas by early June.areas by early June.

• There was a shift in maximum chlorophyll concentrations from There was a shift in maximum chlorophyll concentrations from south of the Subpolar Front in April to north of the front in June.south of the Subpolar Front in April to north of the front in June.

• Fall Bloom progresses from North to south Nov - DecFall Bloom progresses from North to south Nov - Dec

Timing and Location of the Spring / Fall BloomTiming and Location of the Spring / Fall Bloom

• Strong correlation was observed between satellite and shipboard measurements, in terms of spatial pattern (SST, absorption, scattering) and absolute magnitude (SST, absorption).

•Evidence for anti-cyclonic Korean Bay Eddy Evidence for anti-cyclonic Korean Bay Eddy

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Korean Coast -- May 21, 1999

CHL SST SST SST

Chlo

rophyll

SST SST SST

CHL > 2.0 g/l

CHL > 2.0 g/l

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Subpolar Front -- April, May, June, 1999

April 21, 1999CHL > 2.0 g/l

SST

May 21, 1999

June 9, 1999

CHL > 2.0 g/l

Chlo

rophyll

SST

Chlo

rophyll

SST

Chlo

rophyll

SST

NRL 7343 Nov’97

COMPARISONS

No iteration

10 iterations

Japan East Sea

Decreased Chlorophyll Values

0.06 0.15 0.25

0.06 0.15 0.25

NRL 7343 Nov’97

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Image Inventory SeaWIFS -1998SeaWIFS1999AVHRR-1998AVHRR-1999AVHRR-1999-c

Total: SeaWIFS = 477 AVHRR = 661 1180

71 76 93

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Status of Remote Sensing Status of Remote Sensing Status of Remote Sensing Status of Remote Sensing

AVHRR -AVHRR -- HRPT (1 km) daily imagery - HRPT (1 km) daily imagery

-NOAA – LAC-NOAA – LAC 1998/1999 limited1998/1999 limited- Shipboard system - Shipboard system - KORDI – HRPT – (ftp) - July - 1999- KORDI – HRPT – (ftp) - July - 1999- Japan - Japan Ischio AsamasiIschio Asamasi

total 1998 – 227 total 1998 – 227 total 1999 – 384 total 1999 – 384 total of 611total of 611

- GAC (Monthly) -Phy O DACC (JPL)- GAC (Monthly) -Phy O DACC (JPL)

SeaWIFSSeaWIFS - HRPT (1 km)- HRPT (1 km)

- Goddard (SeaWIFS project) - Goddard (SeaWIFS project) - Ship board system- Ship board system

- GAC (monthly) – SeaWIFS project- GAC (monthly) – SeaWIFS project

AVHRR -AVHRR -- HRPT (1 km) daily imagery - HRPT (1 km) daily imagery

-NOAA – LAC-NOAA – LAC 1998/1999 limited1998/1999 limited- Shipboard system - Shipboard system - KORDI – HRPT – (ftp) - July - 1999- KORDI – HRPT – (ftp) - July - 1999- Japan - Japan Ischio AsamasiIschio Asamasi

total 1998 – 227 total 1998 – 227 total 1999 – 384 total 1999 – 384 total of 611total of 611

- GAC (Monthly) -Phy O DACC (JPL)- GAC (Monthly) -Phy O DACC (JPL)

SeaWIFSSeaWIFS - HRPT (1 km)- HRPT (1 km)

- Goddard (SeaWIFS project) - Goddard (SeaWIFS project) - Ship board system- Ship board system

- GAC (monthly) – SeaWIFS project- GAC (monthly) – SeaWIFS project

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Differences in SST and Chlorophyll

March 24, 1998Julian: 083

Sea SurfaceTemperature

Chlorophyll

NRL 7343 Nov’97

SeaWIFS -CHL AVHRR - SST

March 31, 1998March 31, 1998

NRL 7343 Nov’97

NRL 7343 Nov’97

NRL 7343 Nov’97

East Sea Cruise, HNRO0519 May - 3 June, 1999ASD Station Locations

1

2

3

45

6 7

8

21,229

10,1620

18,1911,17

14

13

1215

25

24

23

2627282930

3132

333435

363738

39

40

5

11

33

NRL 7343 Nov’97

AVHRRAVHRR Monthly CompositeMonthly Composite

4- 994- 99

Korea Japan

Russia

130 140

China

Time-Series AnalysesTime-Series AnalysesAVHRR – SST AVHRR – SST SeaWIFS – Chlorophyll SeaWIFS – Chlorophyll

Nov 1997 - Oct 1999Nov 1997 - Oct 1999SeaWIFSSeaWIFS

Monthly CompositeMonthly Composite4- 994- 99

NRL 7343 Nov’97

SeaWIFSSeaWIFSDaily 1998- 1999 Daily 1998- 1999

MovieMovie

AVHRRAVHRRDaily 1998- 1999 Daily 1998- 1999

MovieMovie

SeaWIFSSeaWIFSMonthlyMonthly

1998- 1999 1998- 1999 MovieMovie

AVHRRAVHRR MonthlyMonthly

1998- 1999 1998- 1999 MovieMovie

SeaWIFSSeaWIFSWeeklyWeekly1999 1999 MovieMovie

SeaWIFSSeaWIFSWeeklyWeekly1998 1998 MovieMovie

AVHRRAVHRRWeeklyWeekly1998 1998 MovieMovie

AVHRRAVHRRWeeklyWeekly19991999MovieMovie

AVHRR- SeaWIFS AVHRR- SeaWIFS MonthlyMonthly

1998 - 19991998 - 1999MovieMovie

NRL 7343 Nov’97

StationsStationsNRL Reflectance NRL Reflectance CTD CTD Atmospheric Sounding Atmospheric Sounding SubPolar

FrontCruise track

SST 21 May, 1999

Bio-OpticsBio-OpticsCruise Cruise results: results:

May - June 1999 Stations 40 ASD –

remote sensing reflectance ac9 – flowthrough (10 sec) Sun Photometer (80)

- Shipboard receiving – 200 AVHRR - 25 SeaWIFS

NRL 7343 Nov’97

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220.0

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

OCTAUGJUNAPRFEBDECOCTAUGJUNAPRFEB

South

Polar

North

AV

HR

R S

ST

(D

eg

re

es

C

)

Monthly Jan. 1998 - Oct. 1999

Time Series AnalysesTime Series Analyses

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

OCTAUGJUNAPRFEBDECOCTAUGJUNAPRFEB

South

SubPolar front

North

Se

aW

iF

S C

hl-a

(S

ea

DA

S)

Monthly Jan. 1998 - Oct. 19990 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 950

1

2

3

4

5

6

O S A J J M A M F J D N O S A J J M A M F J

South

Polar

North

Se

aW

iFS

C

hl-

a (S

ea

DA

S)

Weekly Jan. 1998 - Oct. 1999

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

ssss ssss

O S A J J M A M F J D N O S A J J M A M FJ

South

Polar

North

AV

HR

R S

ST

(D

eg

re

es

C

)

Weekly Jan. 1998 - Oct. 1999

WEEKLY (HRPT)WEEKLY (HRPT)

SeaWIFSSeaWIFS

AVHRRAVHRR

NRL 7343 Nov’97

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1100.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0East Sea Time Series

South Polar North

Sea

WiF

S C

hlo

rop

hyl

l (m

g/m

3)

Weekly Time Series (01/98-03/00)

01/98 06/98 01/99 06/99 01/00

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1100

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24East Sea Time Series

South Polar North

AV

HR

R S

ST

(D

egre

ss C

elsi

us)

Weekly Time Series (01/98-03/00)

NRL 7343 Nov’97

NRL 7343 Nov’97

NRL 7343 Nov’97

May 21, 1999 SST and Chlorophyll May 21, 1999 SST and Chlorophyll

NRL 7343 Nov’97

April 25, 1999 April 25, 1999 Week 17Week 17

NRL 7343 Nov’97

June 10, 1999- Week 23June 10, 1999- Week 23

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Monthly Composite of Chlorophyll (April 1999) Monthly Composite of Chlorophyll (April 1999) Examples of some the imagery-Examples of some the imagery-

Monthly Mean Monthly Mean 4/264/26 4/284/28

4/204/20 4/304/30

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Subpolar Front -- May 21, 1999

CHL

SST

CHL > 2.0 g/l

SST

AVHRR and SeaWiFSCollected ~ 6 hrs apart

Chlo

rophyll

Chlo

rophyll

SST

SST

CHL > 2.0 g/l

NRL 7343 Nov’97

AVHRR SST AVHRR SST May 21, 1999May 21, 1999

AVHRR SSTAVHRR SSTMay 21, 1999May 21, 1999Cruise track Cruise track

129 130 131 132 133 13412

13

14

15

16

17

insitu sst

Y A

xis T

itle

X axis title

100 150 200 250 300 35013

14

15

16

17

sst_from_image

ss

t

X axis title

12

1

4

1

6 12

14

16

12

1 4

1

6 12

14

16 AVHRR SSTAVHRR SST

ShipFlow ThroughShipFlow Through

NRL 7343 Nov’97

SeaWIFS SeaWIFS AbsorptionAbsorption440440 (Arnone) (Arnone)

100 150 200 250 300 350

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

from image

a4

43

X axis title

0.10

0

.2

.3

SeaWIFS (atotal 440)

0 500 1000 1500 20000.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

a440

Y A

xis T

itle

X axis title

Flowthrough (atotal 443)

0.10

0

.2

0.3

NRL 7343 Nov’97

129 130 131 132 133 1341.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 b555

b5

50

Distance (km)

100 150 200 250 300 350

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007 bb555 from image

bb

55

5

X axis title

SeaWIFS (bb550)

Flowthrough b550

NRL 7343 Nov’97

East Sea -- Thermal/Bio-Optical Relationships

• Define region of interest

• Extract ROI pixels from SST (AVHRR) and chlorophyll (SeaWiFS) imagery - daily scenes and monthly composites

• Examine thermal/bio-optical relationships (scatter plots, image overlays)

• Examine temporal and spatial changes (time-series analysis, histograms)

North Basin

Subpolar Front

South Basin

KoreanCoast

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Jan Feb Mar Apr

May June Jul Aug

Sept Oct Nov Dec

19981998

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Jan Feb Mar Apr

May June Jul Aug

Sept Oct Nov Dec

19991999

NRL 7343 Nov’97

Variability at the Subpolar Front: SST and Chlorophyll

SST Chlorophyll

4/21/997.0 – 9.0 C

SST range 1-15° CChlor range 0-7 g/l

white pixels indicate SST front overlaidon SST and chlorophyll images

5/21/9911.5 – 13.5 CSST range 5-20° C

Chlor range 0-5 g/l

6/09/9914.0 – 16.0 CSST range 8-20° C

Chlor range 0-1 g/l

Subpolar Front defined by 2° C gradientSST increased by 7° C over 1.5 months

NRL 7343 Nov’97

1998 19991997

SS

T

SpringSpring BloomBloom

FallFall BloomBloom

SpringSpring BloomBloom

Basin Time Series GacImagery

NRL 7343 Nov’97

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SST

CH

L (

mg

/l)

98-1 98-2 98-3 98-4 98-5 98-698-7 98-8 98-9 98-10 98-11 98-12

MayDec

Apr Mar

Feb

Jan

Jun, Jul

Aug, Sept

Oct

Nov

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

SST

CH

L (

mg

/l)

99-1 99-2 99-3 99-4 99-5 99-6

99-7 99-8 99-9 99-10 99-11 99-12

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

Jul, Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Jun, Dec

NRL 7343 Nov’97

NRL 7343 Nov’97

May 21, 1999 SST and Chlorophyll May 21, 1999 SST and Chlorophyll

NRL 7343 Nov’97

129 130 131 132 133 1340.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5Flow-ThroughSeaWiFS

SeaWiFS b443 (5/21/99, 1248 local) Flow-Through b440 (5/20/99, 1653 - 5/21/99, 2059)

Sca

tterin

g C

oeffi

cien

t (m

-1)

Longitude

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

overpass

SeaWiFS Flow-ThroughTransect A – Scattering

Coefficient