nrmm eu - pilot program test on aph & ccm tractors · fpt – cnh nrmm eu - pilot program tests...

NRMM EU - Pilot Program Test on APH & CCM tractors

Modena – July 2012

FPT – CNH NRMM EU - Pilot Program Tests on APH & CCM tractors – Modena 07/2012

PEMS activities overview

• Tractor used :

• APH CVT (Steyr 6160)

• CCM CVT (T 7.270)

• Field Applications:

• Big Baler

• Plow (full engine load, partial engine load)

• Power Harrow (full engine load, partial engine load)

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Vehicle description

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VEHICLE STEYR 6160 CVT NH T7.270

ENGINE NEF 6 CYL. 4V COMMON RAIL SCR

ENGINE DISPLACEMENT

Front / longitudinal

DISPLACEMENT 6,7 LITERS

ENGINE RATED POWER

140kW @ 2200rpm 192kW @ 2200rpm

ENGINE PEAK TORQUE

866 Nm @ 1500rpm 1160Nm @ 1500rpm

EMISSION LEVEL Stage IIIB / TIER 4A

GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING

7530Kg 9630Kg

GVW IN TEST ~8000Kg ~10000Kg


Installation of PEMS Instrumentation

• CNH and FPT worked together to define a layout for the PEMS instrumentation on the tractor, and in particular the flow meter on the muffler that required the removal of the heat protections and the cutting of the inner tube of the exhaust pipe.

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Installation of PEMS Instrumentation

• PEMS analyzer, inverter, EFM ECU and power supply can be fitted easily on the platform.

• A smaller size of the platform would help the driver expecially when using a trailer to reduce the lenght of the convoy and improve cornering and manouvering.

• The weather conditions, hot, wind ( that pushes the dust every where…) and sudden rain, they’ve suggested us to better protect,( or to put in a protected space of the vehicle), the inverter and the EFM ECU for the next measurements on field.

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PEMS Calibration

• PEMS calibration has to be performed at the beginning of each day and it takes more than one hour before being ready to make measurements on the field because the analysers shall reach operating temperatures before zero and span.

• The fid bottle is located inside the pems, and its duration is approximately 5-6 hours; after warming up/ zero-span and travel to the field, is therefore able to guarantee at least three test sessions, each one of half an hour.

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Fid bottle location


PEMS Measurements on the field

• In this phase it is important to assess the robustness of the complete measurement system in the environmental conditions of field applications.

• In particular we had a failure of the elbow hose that was easily repaired

• Dusty conditions may require additional maintenance of the instrumention to clean filters and fan filters to prevent overheating of the instrumentation

• It would be useful to add a foldable protection to shield the instrumentation both from dust and rain.

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Dust after harrowing


PEMS Measurements on the field: Big Baler

• To perform the test with Big Baler it is necessary to have tractors with ISO BUS and air brake adapters, but no main concern was found with this application.

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• This test has been performed 3 times, of about half an hour each, depending on features/sizes of the field.

• This kind of test can be performed in one «applied power mode» only, depending on the baler features/sizes, because there’s speed limits (both low and high) to perform the operation, so the result could be heavily affected by the coupling tractor-baler, which is closely related to "where“, “how” and “who” you are working with.

• Weather/Time conditions can affect the test results, in fact in this case the ambient humidity conditions could have an effect on emissions: e.g. in case of excessive dry heat during the day, this processing could be performed during the night hours, where moisture "helps" the straw/hay collection by the baler and the incrementing press/move weight consequently increases the power requirement.

• Idling: both CCM and APH tractors had not

a real idle condition; we’ve considered «idling»

everything under the 50% of the engine load,

typical of «end of field» operations

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PEMS Measurements on the field: Big Baler

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM

Average Power % 0.81 4.74

CO2 g/kWh -0.24 -1.16

NOx g/kWh -0.30 0.96

BALING


PEMS Measurements on the field: Big Baler – Test results

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IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

AVERAGING WINDOW APH CCM

THC_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -0.38 -7.41

CO_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -0.77 -2.83

NOx_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -0.08 0.12

Window Min. Power / Max. Duration [% ] / [s] 0.91 4.14

Window Max. Power / Min. Duration [% ] / [s] 0.85 2.71

Number of valid windows -4.00 -23.28

Percentage of valid windows 0.00 0.00

Data Coverage Index 0.00 0.00

BALING


PEMS Measurements on the field: Plowing

• During heavy plowing, (95-100% engine load), with sunny hot weather, (up to 42

C on PEMS weather box), and high exhaust temperature (over 400

C), sometimes it

necessitated a pause of about 15-20 mins between measurement sessions, (~ 30min. each), to let the PEMS’s chiller it cools down and allows the proper functioning of PEMS. After investigated, the main cause was the very fine dust, which was retained by the filters of the cooling fans of PEMS.

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• This tests has been performed in two modes:

a) agricultural company (sub-contract work) «way»= max quantity of land worked/day

= quick operations = driving mode: 100% engine load.

b) farmer and land owner «way» = slowing down operations = optimizing fuel

consumption = driving mode: max 70% engine load.

• Every «kind» of test has been performed 3 times, of about half an hour each, depending from limitations due to the size/shape of the field.

• Due to the very limited speed during operations, wind and dry weather, the dust blocks the ventilation PEMS’ filters and generates overheating, so we’ve had to wait 15-20 minutes between every measurement.

• Idling (or better: «end of field» operations):

both CCM and APH tractors had not a real

idling condition; we’ve considered «idling»

everything under the 85% of the engine load

during the more severe tests ( case a above)

and 57% of the engine load during the less

severe tests ( case b above)

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PEMS Measurements on the field: Plowing

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM

Average Power KW 16.33 18.77

CO2 g/kWh -0.73 -0.43

NOx g/kWh -3.70 -3.05

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM


CO2 g/kWh -0.97 -0.98

NOx g/kWh 0.02 -0.40

HARD PLOWING

SOFT PLOWING


PEMS Measurements on the field: Plowing – Test results

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IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %




NOx_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -2.41 -0.82






HARD PLOWING

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %










SOFT PLOWING


PEMS Measurements on the field: Harrowing

• During heavy Harrowing (100% engine load), with sunny hot weather, (up to 45

C on PEMS weather box), and high exhaust temperature (up to 450

C), it necessitated a

pause of about 20-30 mins between measurement sessions, (~30min. each), to let the PEMS’s chiller cool down and to allow the proper functioning of PEMS. Also knowing the cause, (see above), we had no chance to clean the fan filters on fields, so we’ve decided to continue the tests doing a break at the end of every test.

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• Also in this case the tests has been performed in «agricultural company way» and «farmer and land owner way» like explained above.

• Every «kind» of test has been performed 3 times, of about half an hour each, depending from limitations due to the size/shape of the field.

• Due to the very limited speed during operations, wind and dry weather, the dust blocks the ventilation PEMS’ filters and generates overheating, so we’ve had to wait half an hour between every measurement.

• Like the plowing tests, CCM and APH

tractors have not had a real idling condition

(typical of «end of field» operations);

we’ve considered «idling» everything under

the 85% of the engine load during the more

severe tests and 57% of the engine load

during the less severe tests.

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PEMS Measurements on the field: Harrowing

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM


CO2 g/kWh -0.35 -0.68

NOx g/kWh 0.17 4.07

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM


CO2 g/kWh -0.15 -0.60

NOx g/kWh -0.50 -0.03

HARD POWER

HARROW

SOFT POWER

HARROW


PEMS Measurements on the field: Harrowing – Test results

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IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %




NOx_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - 0.19 0.57






HARD POWER HARROW

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %


THC_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -4.79 0.34








SOFT POWER HARROW


• Following the On-Road philosophy, who requires that a «typical mission» involves different percentages of route for each application, we have interpreted that in off-road field certain operation percentages should be used also to obtain an “average” result, maintaining the “work

philosophy” and studying/calculating a typical mission “composition”.

• At first we’ve thougth to do some pre-tests to calculate, almost exactly, the measurement time to reach the minimum work value, but on field we’ve changed «strategy», because:

• a) not enough time to stop operations for calculation ( the country has its owns times and and an agricultural company/farmer cannot afford to stop operations and staff).

• b) in most cases it’s impossible to perform more than one operation per day, because the time needed to replace a tool, and the distance between the company and the test field.

• c) to perform certain operations the need of heavy modifications to the PEMS support has addressed us to other choices (see page 20).

At the end, knowing more or less the time needed to work the amount of field at our disposal, we’ve decided to perform thirty minutes (more or less) of measurement for each test.

• Looking at the results, the total work values are higher

than the request one, but eliminating the “idling time”

(end of field), the amount of work decreases, so, taking

into account the countless variants related to soil,

weather and driving style, the half-hour acquisition for

each test could give the confidence that in every condition the work amount needed is reached

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PEMS Measurements on the field: Complete test calculation

IDLE-NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCMWork kWh -6.12 -6.81

IDLE-NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCMWork kWh -5.09 -5.59

BALING + SOFT PLOWING + SOFT

POWER HARROW

BALING + SOFT PLOWING + SOFT POWER HARROW

BALING + HARD PLOWING +

HARD POWER HARROW


PEMS Measurements on the field: Complete test – Results

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IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM


CO2 g/kWh 0.04 -0.61

NOx g/kWh -0.87 -0.62

Fuel consumption(volume) lit -6.10 -7.39



NOx_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - 0.04 -1.49






AVERAGING WINDOW

BALING + HARD PLOWING +

HARD POWER HARROW

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

IDLE-

NOIDLE

DIFF. %

APH CCM


CO2 g/kWh -0.48 -0.62

NOx g/kWh -0.36 0.75

Fuel consumption(volume) lit -5.56 -6.19



NOx_90% CUMULATIVE PERCENTILE - -0.14 0.14






AVERAGING WINDOW

BALING + SOFT PLOWING +

SOFT POWER HARROW


• Differences between two different “driving styles”:

a) CO2 and NOx mass emissions: in all cases a «soft» drive means fewer pollutants emitted, up to 17%.

b) Therefore also the consumption of fuels are reduced up to 15%.

c) Also the work decrease significantly up to 14% and that it means a longer test could be necessary.

PEMS Measurements on the field: Complete test – Results

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General Remarks

• In the most favourable conditions (short travel to the field, good weather, tractor/implements in good conditions, PEMS working correctly) it is possible to perform a complete set of measurement for a single application in one working day; they consist in 3/4 recording of half an hour each (repeatibility of the tests).

• In average conditions (little issues and/or more travel duration) it takes about 2 working days to perform the measurements for one field application, so has to be foresaw a greater amount of calibration gases (fid and mix), fuel for the generator and more time for cleaning and calibration of the system.

• Exaust pipes need to be modified to fit the flowmeter: this means that to make measurements on every tractor we would need to spare a complete set of modified exhausts connection, sturdy enough to withstand high stresses on field test;

• Some applications, like e.g. mowing and trailer, may have installation problems, because in the first case the mowers are installed in the front and in the rear of the tractor , and in the other case the lenght of the convoy should overcome the maximum lenght required by the law ( and the driver’s visibility should be reduced also), plus, installing the PEMS into the trailer could cause problems with the heated sample line and wires who «turn» with the trailer, so new PEMS installations has to be evaluated by FPT-CNH.

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Conclusions: Unlike the on-road...

• Unlike the on-road, running the full test cannot be executed in one measurement session because of the need to change implement for each process (usually the “next implement” is “at home” and the test is on the field….).

• Unlike the on-road, there are several variables that can affect repeatability of the test, an example for all could be the features of the land to be worked

• Unlike the on-road, there are several types of implement models per type, and each one could affect the emissions.

• Unlike the on-road, the “choice” of the typical vehicle and the missions/percentage of, is not so clear and simple to apply, looking at the points above.

• Some minor issues can become critical to the test run: a) Equipment’s availability to build and/or repair on field of supports, brackets, cables and miscellaneous hardware. b) To store tanks and fuel for the generator inside customer’s storehouse, along with tractors and equipment, can be quite risky (bumps, injuries). c) The seasonal nature of works, makes the results closely dependent by the climatic conditions of the place on where the tests are running. d) Field operations can be performed only once in the same place/time, so any inconvenience that may happen can prevent you from take home results.

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Conclusions

• The weather, the soil consistency, and the stress during testing, as well as affect performance, it could reduce the PEMS measurement’s capability.

• In some cases, PEMS installation could became risky and/or difficult ( small tractors, Pems’ roof/cab fixing – and also no seat for «PEMS man» into the tractor’s cab --).

• ISC costs: some points are crucial to drammatically increment the off-road ISC costs in reference with the on-road ones:

a) ISC timing has to be scheduled in a specific seasonal range (e.g. summer).

b) A greater number of engine/vehicle applications increase the quantity of ISC/year sessions, if the «typical vehicle» will be more than one.

c) Test field conditions (weather, soil, slope) could change the results.

d) The amount of field available can affect the ability to repeat an interrupted test.

• It would be interesting to complete the Pilot Program with other applications and also with different kind of transmission, not performed this time for shortness of time at our disposal.

• It would also be interesting to technically evaluate an «implement simulation on track» or «engine min-max load limits per operation on field» solutions through the Pilot Program, even in costs point of view…….

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PEMS: some possible applications

• For other applications (e.g. mowing, trailer, snow plowing, wood cutting, etc.), it will be necessary to study a specific PEMS installations layout to avoid dangerous situations.

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