nsapls joseph v.r. paiva · 2018-04-03 · 1 joseph v.r. paiva nsapls january 2018 ® courts, legal...
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JosephV.R.PaivaNSAPLS January2018
® Courts,legalprofession,dealwithambiguities® Bothsideshavefacts;whichsideprevails?® Testimony,evidenceandargumentsareusedtofurthereachside’sclaims
® Surveyorsaskedtoprovidetestimony0nmeasurementandanalysisofpropertylinesandotherpoints,lines,planesandvolumesonthesurfaceoftheearth
2©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Evenifnolawsuitpending,surveyormustbepreparedtoanswerthesequestions…
® Itiswhatwedo!
3©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Itisthesurveyor’sprofessionalresponsibilitytoconducthimorherselfasifitis
® Thatis,factsmustbedocumented;decisionsmustberecordedwithunderlyingreasoningproperlylaidout
® Therearemanyreasons“why”or“what”isaskedthatarenotconnectedwithalawsuitbutastotheproprietyofasurveyor’sprofessionalconduct
4©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Testimony® Dealingwiththeissue(thesamewayyoutackleanyotherproblem)
® Ethicalresponsibility® Surveyor’sreport® Skillsdevelopment
5©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® CaseA:Disputedevelopsafterthesurveyor’sworkiscompleted
® CaseB:Disputedevelopsfirstandsurveyorishiredasexpert
7©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Ifsurveyorperformedworknotthinkingabouthowtodefendworkincourt,testimonycouldfaceobstaclestobeingadmitted
® Inspiteofallthewarnings,howmanysurveyorsroutinelyperformtheirworkasiftheyhadbeenhiredasanexpert?
8©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Clientisusuallyattorney® Surveyorhastomakeitclearthathis/herworkisnotguaranteedtodevelopcaseonclient’sbehalf
® Expert’sstatusisthatofanimpartialwitness;thusfindingsmustbethesameregardlessofwhichsidedoesthehiring
® However,interpretationswithrespecttothelawmustbelefttothelawyers,butsurveyorscanadviseonprosandcons
® Extracarefulprepandattentiontodetailisreq’d
9©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Whatdoestheexpertdo?® Doestheaveragesurveyorknowwhatitentails?® Isthelegalandjudicialprocessamystery?Ifso,thelikelihoodoffailureasanexpertishigh
® Canthesurveyorspeak(andwrite)withauthority?
10©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® WhetherCaseAorCaseB,thiscourseofferstipson Howtobeabetterexpert Tounderstandwhatisexpected Howtobeatrueprofessionalinprovidingtheseservices
11©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Understanditfirst® Figureouthowtotackleit® Communicateoftenandwell® (always!)
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® Onceaneedforanexperthasbeenidentifiedandthesurveyorhired,theproblemmustbewell-definedfirst
® Developplanonhowtoattackit;outlinealternatepathsincaseprimaryisblocked
® Dataiscollected® Analysisdone® Opinion(s)rendered® Judgmentsformed
13©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Thesurveyormustbeginwithadiscussionwithclientastotheissues;readingreports,legaldocumentsfiled,perhapsotherexpertopinionsmustberead
® Surveyordevelopsplanofattack® Thentheplanmustbecommunicatedwithattorney
® Agreed-uponschedulesmustbefollowed
14©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Leavenostoneunturned® Surveysarenottheonlymeansforgatheringdata® Lookatsimilarcases® Oppositeexperts’opinions;dataandanalysis® Evenoppositeexpert’sofficeandfieldequipment® Documentadnauseum(photographs,testimony,certifiedcopies,contactinformationofpartiesprovidinginformation,etc.)
15©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Bepainstakingintheanalysis® Takeeverystepwiththoughtabouthowtodefendit
® Beconstantlythinkingabouthowtocommunicatetheprocess,resultsandconclusions
® Document
16©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Oralincourt(i.e.fromthewitnessbox)supplementedwithexhibits,surveys,focusedsurveysand“cartoons”
® Depositions—oral® Interrogatories—written® Allyournotesandrecords(fromeverysource)® Surveyor’s(written)reportoropinions® [Youcan’twriteaboutitifyoucan’ttalkaboutit]
17©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® FormatandcontentMUSTbediscussedwithattorney
® Followattorney’sinstructions,butdonothesitatetoexpressyouropinion
® Beginreportwithwhatyouwilldoinitandhowyouwillreachyouropinions,usingwhatdataandinformation
® Listbiographicalinformationestablishingyouasexpertinthismatter(includecompensationandstatethatitisnotdependentoncaseoutcome)
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® Listgroupsofinformationconsideredinformingopinions
® Summaryofopinions® Opinionsseparatedbycategories,togetherwithdetailedanalysis,explanations,illustrations,footnotes,citations,etc.
® Closewithconclusionandsignature
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® Whilewemakejudgmentsfromouranalysisandtheopinionsweform,attorneyandjudgesaren’talwaysreceptivetoussayingso
® Bealwayssituationallyaware.Evenifyoumakejudgmentsdon’talwayscallthemthat.
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® “Ihavebeenretainedby…“® “Ihavebeenaskedtoexpressopinions…on(a)basedon…;(b)basedon…;(c)basedon….“
® Providefullc.v.asappendix;includefactspertinenttocaseinbodyofreport
® “InformingmyopinionsIreliedprimarilyon…”® “Itismyopinion,basedon…,that<claims>,<statements>,<conclusions>,<analysis>,<conclusions>…areincorrect”
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® “Iwillfurtherdemonstratethat…is/areactually…,leadingtotheconclusionthatX’sclaimsareincorrect/premature/flawed/incomplete/inconsequential…”
® Include“Iampreparedtotestifyastothesematters…”
® Whendescribinganalysisandconclusions,explaineverywordorphrasethatisnotinthecommonU.S.Englishvernacular
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® Whenexplainingtermsquotefromwell-acceptedreferences(learnhowtoattributetobooks,articles,internetpages,speeches,interviews,catalogs,etc.)
® Particularlypayattentiontothelawyer’sstandardstyleofformalwriting
® Illustrateprofuselywithdiagrams,blowups,photographs,cartoons,similarsituations
® Explainpurposeofeachcalculationandadjustment® Indicatehowyourequipmentwasused,checkedandcalibratedoradjusted
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® Quotefreelyfromtheappropriatedictionarytoexplainnon-standardandstandardwordsusedbyyouandothers
® Donotbeshy® Ifadetailbyoppositeexpertsisnotproperlydocumentedorexplained,attheveryleastsaythat“…Y’smethodissilentonthesubjectof…,andthusthereliabilityofhis/heropinionissuspect.”
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® SteveKenney&JohnBorking,TheValueofPrivacyEngineering,2002(1)J.Info.L.&Tech.,https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2002_1/kenny.
® AmericanBarAssociation,SectiononLegalEducationandAdmissionstotheBar,Statistics,http://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_education/resources/statistics.html(lastvisitedDec.14,2017).
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® HenryJulianAbraham,Justices,Presidents,andSenators290-95(5thed.2008).
® WayneR.LaFave&AustinW.Scott,CriminalLaw§5.4(2ded.1986).
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® Fullydocumentallsiteconditionsincludingweather(sky,temp,barometricpressure,humidity,precipitation)atvariouspartsoftheday
® Rememberthatyouarediscussingfacts;ifyougethypothetical,beveryclearthatyouareanalyzingandopiningonahypotheticalsituation
® Recordandreportotherenvironmentalandsitedata;e.g.trainsgobythissite…thescheduleis…
27©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Thejudge,jury,ifthere’sone,lawyers,arealllaypeoplewhenitcomestosurveying,ifyouarenotsurehe/she/theyunderstandit,breakitdownforthem…explainit.
® Usetextbooklanguage;avoidcommoninformalterms(gun,pin,peg,stake,PK,MH,CL,FL,etc.)
® Donottrytobeeconomicalwithtimeorspaceonpaperorexhibits…gettingyourpointacrossisprime!
28©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Havesomeonewithaneditor’seyereadandedityourwrittenstatements
® Sometimeseditorsspecializeindifferenttypesofservices(readabilityvs.copyediting),soselectcarefullyandknowingly
® Brevityisnotadesirableattributewhenimportantinformationisleftout…justdon’tmakeitsocomplicatedtheydon’tunderstand!
29©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Detailedrecordsofwhodidwhat® Onlykeepwhatispertinenttowhatyoudid® Alwaysreviewformaterialthatcanbemisinterpreted
® Learntoexamineyourdocumentationandotherworkasifbeingcross-examined
® Especiallydocumentqualityassurancetechniques(field,officeandelsewhere)
30©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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Tape Length 0.01 Temperature 15o F Tension (pull) 5.4 lbs Sag 7.5” at center Alignment 1.4 ft at one end or 7.5” at center Tape Not Level 1.4 ft diff in elevation Plumbing 0.01 Marking 0.01 Interpolation 0.01
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Source Error (ft.) Error2 Tape Length Known 0.000000 Temp (10o F error) 0.006 0.000036 Tension (5 lb error) 0.009 0.000081 Alignment (0.05 ft) 0.000 0.000000 Tape Not Level (0.5 ft) 0.001 0.000001 Plumbing 0.005 0.000025 Marking 0.001 0.000001 Interpolation 0.001 0.000001 SUM 0.023 0.000145
Sq Rt of Sum of Errors2 = 0.012 ft
1: 8,000 OR 120 PPM 32
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Source Error (ft.) Error2 Length Known 0.000000 Temp (10o F error) 5 PPM = 0.0005 0.00000025 Pressure (1” Hg) 5 PPM = 0.0005 0.00000025 Centering with pole 0.03 0.0009 Centering w/O.P. 0.005 0.000025 Mfr’s error constant 0.003 0.000009 Mfr’s error scale 3 PPM = 0.0003 0.00000009 SUM 0.0393 0.000093459
Sq Rt of Sum of Errors2 = 0.0306 ft
1: 3,000 OR 306 PPM 33©2018J.V.R.Paiva
Source Error (ft.) Error2 Length Known 0.000000 Temp (10o F error) 5 PPM = 0.025 0.000625 Pressure (1” Hg) 5 PPM = 0.025 0.000625 Centering w/O.P. 0.005 0.000025 Centering w/O.P. 0.005 0.000025 Mfr’s error constant 0.003 0.000009 Mfr’s error scale 3 PPM = 0.015 0.000225 SUM 0.078 0.001534
Sq Rt of Sum of Errors2 = 0.03917 ft
1: 127,000 OR 8 PPM 34©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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Source Error (ft.) Error2 Length Known 0.000000 Tropospheric delays 0.0025 m = 0.008 ft 0.000067 Centering w/O.P. 0.005 0.000025 Centering w/O.P. 0.005 0.000025 Mfr’s error constant 0.01 m = 0.03281 0.001076 Mfr’s error scale 2 PPM = 0.005 0.000025 SUM 0.05581 0.001218
Sq Rt of Errors2 = 0.0349 ft
1:72,000 OR 14 PPM
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® Fromthebeginning,ifwarranted,thesurveyormuststressthathisorheropinionontheessentialfactsmaycausethecasetocollapse
® Theclientmustbeprepared;ifanattorney,theyshouldunderstand
® Thisrequiresahighstandardofcommunicationfromthesurveyor—fortransmittinginformation,andforreceivingit
37©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Ateverystepoftheway,thesurveyormustbeevaluatingtheclient’slikelihoodforsuccess
® Factsandopinionsadversetotheclient’scasemustbecommunicated,assoonaspracticable,withfulldisclosure
® Surveyormustbeinapositionofcompetenceandstatustoinfluencedecisions,includingwhethertocontinueprosecutionofthecase
38©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Easytoviolatesimplybybeingcareless® Justdon’ttalkaboutthecaseuntilcompletelyconcluded
39©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Self-assess® Askthirdparties® Findyourstrengthsandweaknesses® Workonhowtoneutralizetheweaknesses
40©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Booksandarticlesonevidence,especiallyiftheyrelatetotechnicalissues
® Storiesaboutsurveyor’sexperiencesasexpertwitnesses
® SurveyingtheCourtroom,JohnBriscoe® TheExpertWitnessHandbook,DanPoynter
41©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Anexpertwitnessisconsideredespeciallylearned
® Butanyprofessionalwhoisofalearnedprofession,assurveyingis,issupposedtoatleastbe“ordinarily”learned
® Havinganextensivelibraryandbeingwellreadonscienceandliteratureofthepast,presentandcuttingedgeisallrequiredtobeproperlysuccessful
43©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Ifyouareweakinthisarea,developgoodwritinghabitsonyourown,throughcourses,etc.
® Readgoodliterature® Havegoodreferencesonhowtowrite,howtocite,etc.
® Technicalwritingisdifferentfromliterarywriting.Butknowledgeofonegreatlyimprovesone’schancesatdoingwellattheother.
44©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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® Talktolawyers,othersurveyors,evenifyouarenotinvolvedinalawsuit
® Donotacceptasingleopinionor“fact”asrepresentingthetruthaboutwhatyouwillencounter
® Developyourownskillsforassessingsituations,understandingambiguitiesandarrivingatconclusions
® Don’thesitatetoaskforadvicefrom,orhiresomeone,toadvisewhohasmoreexperience
45©2018J.V.R.Paiva
® Self-evaluatehow…® Youcommunicateideas® Explaintechnicalthingstonon-technicalpeople® Simplify,useanalogies,toincreaseclarity,butnotleaveoutimportantinformation
46©2018J.V.R.Paiva
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