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NUCLEAR

ENERGY

AUTHOR: HIREN DAVE DIRECTOR: LAKSH CAREER ACADEMY

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NUCLEAR ENERGY • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is known as a cradle of

Indian Nuclear Programme.

• After independence, the govt. established Atomic Energy Commission in

1948.

• Atomic Energy Establishment was established in Trombay. After death of

Dr. Homi Bhabha in 1966, it is renamed as BARC

The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) (Hindi: भाभा परमाणु अनसुन्धान कें द्र Bhābhā Paramānu Anusandhān Kendra) is India's premier

nuclear research facility based in Trombay

• The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and

the Indian government has consistently maintained that the reactors are

used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime

Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov

radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras (Indra's court dancers), CIRUS

(1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from Canada), the

now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice

Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984),

Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990).

• The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came

from CIRUS

Dhruva reactor • The Dhruva reactor is India's largest nuclear research reactor. it is India's

primary generator of weapons-grade plutonium-bearing spent fuel for

its nuclear weapons program. Originally named the R-5, this pool-type

reactor first went critical on 8 August 1985 after 10 years of

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construction. However, the unit did not attain full power until 1988, an

indication that India had problems with its operation. The reactor

experienced at least one serious accident when 4Mt of heavy water

overflowed from the reactor core in 1985 following vibration problems.

• Designed as a larger version of the CIRUS reactor, Dhruva was an

indigenous project built to provide an independent source of weapons-

grade plutonium free from safeguards. The Dhruva project cost 950

million rupees. The reactor uses heavy water (deuterium) as a

moderator and coolant. Aluminum clad fuel rods containing natural

uranium are used to obtain a maximum power output of 100MW.

According to conservative estimates, the reactor produces an average of

16–26 kg of weapons-grade plutonium per year in its spent fuel, while

former Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman P.K. Iyengar

said the unit could produce up to 30 kg of weapons-grade plutonium

each year.

Indian Nuclear Programme • Dr. Homi Bhabha is considered as a father of nuclear programme.

• In our country there is very limited amount of Uranium but vast Thorium

reserve.

• This led to the development of 3 stage nuclear programme.

P.H.W.R. • Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor is using natural uranium (unenriched,

it consists of U238 & 0.72% U235) as fuel & heavy water as coolant &

moderator.

• Heavy water is filled at high pressure so as to raise its boiling point.

• It creates Plutonium-239 as a byproduct.

• A standard 220MW design is prepared. These type of reactors are

installed at many places across the country.

Working of PHWR

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PHWR in India • Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for

designing & building these reactors.

• Narora – UP

• Rawatbhata – Rajasthan

• Kakrapar – Gujarat

• Tarapur – Maharashtra

• Kaiga – Karnataka

• Kalpakkam – T.N.

• Thus the first stage of Indian Nuclear Programme entered the

commercial phase.

F.B.R.

• It uses Mixes Oxide Fuel made from Plutonium 239.

• Plutonium-239 undergoes fission to produce energy, while the uranium-

238 present in the mixed oxide fuel transmutes to additional plutonium-

239. Thus, the Stage II FBRs are designed to "breed" more fuel than they

consume.

• It uses liquid sodium as coolant.

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• The first Prototype Fast Breedor Reactor is built by Indira Gandhi Centre

for Atomic Research with 500MW capacity at Kalpakkam.

• Bhartiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI) is a govt. company, which

will commercialise these reactors.

Thorium Based Reactor

• It will involve a self-sustaining series of thorium-232-uranium-233

fuelled reactors.

• Commercialisation of the third stage will be after 2050.

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor

• It is a new reactor built by BARC, Mumbai.

• This reactor has advanced safety features. A unique feature of this

design is a large tank of water on top of the primary containment vessel,

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called the Gravity Driven Water Pool (GDWP). This reservoir is designed

to perform several passive safety functions.

• 300 MW capacity

• It burns Thorium in its core.

• Boiling light water cooled, and heavy water moderated reactor.

KAMINI

• KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) is a research reactor at Indira Gandhi

Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, India. Its first criticality was on

October 29, 1996. It produces 30 kW of thermal energy at full power.

• KAMINI is cooled and moderated by light water, and fueled with

uranium-233 metal produced by the irradiation of thorium in other

reactors.

• KAMINI was the first reactor in the world designed specifically to use

uranium-233 fuel. Use of the large thorium reserves to produce nuclear

fuel is a key strategy of India's nuclear energy program.

• The govt. plans to increase nuclear power capacity from current

4780MW to 63000MW by 2032.

• 3 nuclear fuel complex will be set up soon.

New 700MW reactor will use slightly enriched uranium ( that is 1.1%

enrichment, low enriched uranium contains 3-5% enrichment

Military Nuclear Programme

• Operation Budhdha : 1974 in Pokhran

• Operation Shakti: 1999 in Pokhran (5 bombs)

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• By now we have tested three type of devices:

• Fission Device

• Low Yield Device

• Thermo Nuclear Device (Successful: ?)

• Govt. claims that our TN device is successful, but many scientists don’t

agree with this.

• International agencies reports that our TN device was failed, their

perception is based on earthquake data.

• Besides, the radioactive samples which shall be generated by this test is

also not available at the site.

• We don’t possess Hydrogen Bomb. Which is the most powerful bomb.

Other Uses of N. Science

• In Medicine: In BARC, there is special centre to develop medical

applications of nuclear energy.

• Bhabhatron is a device used to give radio therapy to the cancer patients.

• Bhabhatron, the indigenous telecobalt machine, is one of the successful

products developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai for

cancer treatment. A majority of the patients need radiotherapy during

the course of treatment. Being the most cost-effective, teletherapy using

cobalt-60 is the most relevant method of cancer treatment in a

developing country like India.

• Positron Emitting Tomography. A radio active substance called positron

is injected in patient’s body. It is useful to find tumor.

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• In Agriculture: KRUSHAK (Krushi Utpadan SHAnrakshan Kendra) is

located in Lasalgaon (M.H.). This centre gives various radiation doses to

Fruits when they are exported.

Current development

• India’s second Nuclear Fuel Complex will be made at Rawatbhata,

Rajasthan.

• Presently, India has only one plant for uranium enrichment at Ratnahalli,

near Mysore

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)

• It is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation

by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be

applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards

and protection on existing materials.

• It was founded in 1974 in response to the Indian nuclear test earlier in

that year. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific

nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development.

Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

(NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment,

materials or technology.

• It is also called "London Club" because of the series of meetings in

London. It has also been referred to as the London Group, or the London

Suppliers Group.

• It was established in 1978.

• It has 46 members. India will join it soon.

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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

• The IAEA was established as an autonomous organization on 29 July

1957. Though established independently of the United Nations through

its own international treaty, the IAEA Statute,[1] the IAEA reports to both

the UN General Assembly and Security Council.

• It is a global nuclear watchdog.

Partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963

• Limited success was achieved with the signing of the Partial Test Ban

Treaty in 1963, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere,

underwater and in space. Neither France nor China signed the PTBT.

However, the treaty was still ratified by the United States after a 80 to

19 vote in the United States Senate

N.P.T.

• Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty

• The NPT process was launched by Frank Aiken, Irish Minister for External

Affairs, in 1958. It was opened for signature in 1968, with Finland the

first State to sign.

• The treaty came into force on 5 March 1970, and currently there are 189

states party to the treaty, five of which are recognized as nuclear

weapon states: the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France,

and China (also the five permanent members of the United Nations

Security Council).

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• Four non-parties to the treaty are known or believed to possess nuclear

weapons: India, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and

declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while Israel has had a

policy of opacity regarding its own nuclear weapons program. North

Korea acceded to the treaty, violated it, and in 2003 withdrew from it.

C.T.B.T.

• The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear

explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes. It was

adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996

but it has not entered into force

• The Treaty was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10

September 1996. It opened for signature in New York on 24 September

1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including five of the eight then

nuclear-capable states. As of September 2011, 155 states have ratified

the CTBT and another 27 states have signed but not ratified it.

• It allowed Sub critical tests & software simulated tests.

The Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT)

• It is a proposed international treaty to prohibit the further production of

fissile material for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices. The

treaty has not been negotiated and its terms remain to be defined.

According to a proposal by the United States, fissile material includes

high-enriched uranium and plutonium (except plutonium that is over

80% Pu-238). According to a proposal by Russia, fissile material would be

limited to weapons-grade uranium (with more than 90% U-235) and

plutonium (with more than 90% Pu-239). Neither proposal would

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prohibit the production of fissile material for non-weapons purposes,

including use in civil or naval nuclear reactors

• India will also join the discussion.

• There is a lot of ambiguity regarding this treaty. There are different

perceptions from different country like USA, Russia, India etc.

START Treaty

• START (for STrategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty

between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive

Arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5

December 1994. The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more

than 6,000 nuclear warheads atop a total of 1,600 ICBMs, submarine-

launched ballistic missiles, and bombers.

• START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in

history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal

of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence.

Proposed by United States President Ronald Reagan, it was renamed

START I after negotiations began on the second START treaty.

• The START I treaty expired 5 December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the

replacement New START treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. President

Obama and Russian President Medvedev. Following ratification by the

U.S. Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia, it went into force on 26

January 2011.

New START Treaty

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• the number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by

half. The treaty limits the number of deployed strategic nuclear

warheads to 1,550, which is down nearly two-thirds from the original

START treaty, as well as 30% lower than the deployed strategic warhead

limit of the 2002 Moscow Treaty. The total number of deployed

warheads, however, could exceed the 1,550 limit by a few hundred

because per bomber only one warhead is counted regardless of how

many it actually carries.

• It will also limit the number of deployed and non-deployed inter-

continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched

ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for

nuclear armaments to 800.

• It is expected to last till 2021.

Indo-US Nuclear Deal

• This U.S.-India deal took more than three years to come to fruition as it

had to go through several complex stages, including amendment of U.S.

domestic law, specially the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, a civil-military

nuclear Separation Plan in India, an India-IAEA safeguards (inspections)

agreement and the grant of an exemption for India by the Nuclear

Suppliers Group, an export-control cartel that had been formed mainly

in response to India's first nuclear test in 1974.

• In its final shape, the deal places under permanent safeguards those

nuclear facilities that India has identified as "civil" and permits broad

civil nuclear cooperation, while excluding the transfer of "sensitive"

equipment and technologies, including civil enrichment and reprocessing

items even under IAEA safeguards. On August 18, 2008 the IAEA Board

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of Governors approved, and on February 2, 2009, India signed an India-

specific safeguards agreement with the IAEA.

• Once India brings this agreement into force, inspections began in a

phased manner on the 35 civilian nuclear installations India has

identified in its Separation Plan. The deal is seen as a watershed in U.S.-

India relations and introduces a new aspect to international

nonproliferation efforts

New N. Plants coming up in India

• USA =>Mithi Virdi (Gujarat) & Kovvada (A.P.)

• Russia=> Kudankulam (TN) & Haripura (WB)

• France => Jaitapur (M.H.)

Convention on Supplementary Liabilities

The Protocol sets the possible limit of the operator's liability at not less than

300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) (roughly equivalent to 400 million US

dollars). The Convention on Supplementary Compensation defines additional

amounts to be provided through contributions by States Parties on the basis of

installed nuclear capacity and United Nations rate of assessment. The

Convention is an instrument to which all States may adhere regardless of

whether they are parties to any existing nuclear liability conventions or have

nuclear installations on their territories.

GCNEP

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• Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnreship (GCNEP) is under

construction at Kheri Jasaur, near Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India. The

centre will consist of five schools for advance research, study and

training of nuclear systems and facilities.

• School of Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems Studies

• School of Nuclear Security Studies

• School of Radiological Safety Studies

• School for Studies on Application of Radioisotopes

• School for Nuclear Material Characterization Studies (SNMCS)

GICNT

• Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) is an international

partnership of 83 nations and 4 official observers working to improve

capacity on a national and international level.

• The founding 13 nations gathered in Rabat, Morocco, on October 30-31,

2006

Nuclear Security Summit

• The first Nuclear Security Summit was held in Washington D.C. on April

12 and 13, 2010. U.S. President Obama, who proposed the Nuclear

Security Summit in his April 2009 Prague speech, invited 47 heads of

states and three representatives of international organizations.

• 2nd summit in 2012 took place in Seoul, S. Korea

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ITER Project

• International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is 500MW fusion

reactor

• It is also nicknamed ‘Artificial Sun’

• It will take 50MW input power. It will work at 100,000,000k temperature

• It will be constructed at Cadarche in Southern France.

• Duterium & Tritium will fuse to make helium.

• The project is funded and run by seven member entities — the European

Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United

States. The EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing 45% of

the cost, with the other six parties contributing 9% each

• It is expected to be operationalised in 2020.

Institute of Plasma Research, India is participating on behalf on India.

Located near Bhat, Ghandhinagar it is housing India’s only fusion based

reactor ‘Aditya

The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale

(INES)

• It was introduced in 1990 by the International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) in order to enable prompt communication of safety significance

information in case of nuclear accidents.

• The scale is intended to be logarithmic

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The Chernobyl disaster

• The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April

1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Ukrainian SSR (now

Ukraine). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in

history, and it is the only one classified as a level 7 event on the

International Nuclear Event Scale.

• The disaster began during a systems test on 26 April 1986 at reactor

number four of the Chernobyl plant, which is near the town of Pripyat.

There was a sudden power output surge, and when an emergency

shutdown was attempted, a more extreme spike in power output

occurred, which led to a reactor vessel rupture and a series of

explosions. This event exposed the graphite moderator components of

the reactor to air, causing them to ignite. The resulting fire sent a plume

of radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive

geographical area, including Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts

of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and

Northern Europe. Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were

evacuated, and over 336,000 people were resettled. According to official

post-Soviet data, about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus.

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• More than fifty deaths are directly attributed to the accident, all among

the reactor staff and emergency workers. Estimates of the total number

of deaths attributable to the accident vary enormously, from possibly

4,000 to close to a million.

New Safe Confinement at charnobyl

Three Mile Island accident

• The Three Mile Island accident was a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 (a

pressurized water reactor manufactured by Babcock & Wilcox) of the

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Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County,

Pennsylvania near Harrisburg, United States in 1979

• It ranked 5 on International Nuclear Event Scale

Fukushima Disaster

• 8.9 magnitude earth-quake occurred near Japan.

• It lead to shutdown nuclear reactors. Control roads were raised thus the

chain reaction was closed.

• But Tsunami lead to disruption of the power supply. It led to LOCA(Loss

Of Coolant Accident)

• Thus the core was meltdown. It ranked 6 on the scale.