NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY

PRESENT AND PROSPECTSPRESENT AND PROSPECTS

JEAN - CHARLES ABBEJEAN - CHARLES ABBEDirecteur de Recherche CNRSDirecteur de Recherche CNRS

jcabbe@free.fr

Europe Connected Under construction % electricity

Germany 19 30

Armenia 1 40.5

Belgium 7 57

Bulgaria 4 47

Spain 9 26

Finland 4 30

France 59 78

Hungary 4 36

Lituania 2 80

Nederland 1 4

Tchecoslovaquia 6 24.5

Romania 1 1 10

United Kingdom 27 22

Russia 30 3 16

Slovaquia 6 2 65

Slovenia 1 40.5

Sweden 11 45.5

Switzerland 5 39.5

Ukrainia 13 4 45.5

Total EUTotal EU 210210 1010

Number of reactors operated for electricity productionNumber of reactors operated for electricity production

Out of EuropeOut of Europe ConnectedConnected Under constructionUnder construction % electricity% electricity

South Africa 2 6

Argentina 2 1 7

Brasil 2 4

Canada 14 12

China 7 4 1.4

North Corea 1

South Corea 18 2 38.5

USA 104 20

India 14 8 3.5

Iran 2

Japan 54 3 34.5

Mexico 2 4

Pakistan 2 2.5

Taïwan 6 2 23

TotalTotal 227227 2323

Total (world)Total (world) 437437 3333 1616

Civil nuclear reactors in the Civil nuclear reactors in the worldworld

Percentage of nuclear electricityPercentage of nuclear electricity

80%80%

70%70%

60%60%

50%50%

40%40%

30%30%

20%20%

10%10%

0%0%

LITUANIELITUANIEFRANCEFRANCE

BELGIQUEBELGIQUE

SUISSESUISSEJAPONJAPON

ALLEMAGNEALLEMAGNE

USAUSARUSSIERUSSIE

ITALIEITALIE

Bilan énergétique mondial (%)

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

Pétro

le

Charb

on Gaz

Bois e

t Déc

hets

Nucléa

ire

Hydro

élect

ricité

Autre

s

Nuclear electricity / Total electricity : 16 %

The future of (nuclear) energy : a The future of (nuclear) energy : a multiparameter problemmultiparameter problem

• GEO-POLITICAL

• POLITICAL

• ENVIRONNEMENTAL

• TECHNICAL

• ECONOMICAL

• HUMANITAIRIAN

GEO POLITICALGEO POLITICAL : supplying safety

• Rarefaction of fossil fuels

• Concentration of the production of fossil fuels in a few countries

• Uranium well distributed over the world

• Increasing energy demand : demography, way of life

GEO POLITICAL : supplyng safetysupplyng safety

GEO POLITICAL : increasing population and increasing population and urbanisationurbanisation

Increasing energy needs with Increasing energy needs with developmentdevelopment

POLITICAPOLITICALL

•Level of (energy) dependence the country accepts ?

•Concern towards environmental problems ?

•Concern towards a sustainable development ?Energetic independence vs years

TECHNICALTECHNICAL

•Technologies are safe and under perfect control

New types of reactor are in project, safer, with better yields and less wastes (EPR reactor, hybrid reactors, ..)

•Better knowledge of the behaviour of wastes, both in the matrices (concrete, glass) and in the environment

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL : greenhouse effectgreenhouse effect

Combustible

Eau refroidissement

Soufre (SO2)

Oxyde azote (NO2)

27 tonnes.2.3 millions de tonnes

1.5 million de tonnes

Oxygène3.4 milliards m3

4.2 milliards m3

0720 millions m3

950 millions m3

Rejets thermiques

1 100 millions m3

Eau refroidissement : 4 mlliards de kWh Eau refroidissement : 8 milliards de kWh

Cheminée : 2.4 milliards de kWh

Cheminée : 2.5 milliards de kWh

Eau de refroidissement + cheminée : 12.3 milliards de kWh

Activité4.107 Bq

4.109 Bq

4.1014 Bq

Déchets solidesnégligeable

250 000 tonnes

Déchets haute activité : 14 m3

0Gaz carbonique

3 milliards m3

2.4 milliards m3

91 000 tonnes41 000 tonnes

0

3.1 millions m3

9.6 millions m3

0

fuel Charbon Nucléaire

1 000 MW

PRODUCTION of COPRODUCTION of CO22

EMISSION of COEMISSION of CO22, PIB and , PIB and POPULATIONPOPULATION

Countries with reprocessing facilities (France, Great-Britain, Japan, Russia, China)

Countries without national facilities, sending the spent fuels for reprocessing in foreign countries (Germany, Nederland, Switzerland, Belgium)

Countries in which the problem is under discussion (Spain, South Corea, Taïwan)

Countries storing the spent fuels (USA, Sweden, Finland)

What to do with the spent fuels ?What to do with the spent fuels ?

Objectives of the reprocessingObjectives of the reprocessing

Waste volume reduction

Risk reduction by sorting the wastes

Recovering of the non spent fuel

Recovering of Pu for safety reasons and for MOX production

Total volume of wastes produced in France in 2000Total volume of wastes produced in France in 2000

Surface storage of short lived radionuclideSurface storage of short lived radionuclide

Underground storage Underground storage facilityfacility

ECONOMICAL : KWh cost depending on the mode of ECONOMICAL : KWh cost depending on the mode of productionproduction

FossilFossil CoalCoal NuclearNuclear

64%64%79%79% 32%32%FUELFUEL

EXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATION

INVESTMENTINVESTMENT

8%8%

13%13%

13%13%

23%23%

19%19%

49%49%

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• Technologies safe and under perfect control

• Uranium abundant and well distributed over the world

• No rejects of green house gases

DRAWBACKSDRAWBACKS

• Management and future of nuclear wastes

• Nuclear reactors are big installations, not suitable to be dissiminated as small units

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• Technologies safe and under perfect control

• Uranium abundant and well distributed over the world

• No rejects of green house gases

DRAWBACKSDRAWBACKS

• Management and future of nuclear wastes

• Nuclear reactors are big installations, not suitable to be dissiminated as small units

NUCLEAR ENERGY : overall balanceNUCLEAR ENERGY : overall balance

• OBJECTIVE

- The energetic needs will increase all over the world (water purification) while a shortage of fossil energies is foreseen

- The environnemental stakes are crucial.

- Multiple and interconnected factors

- No miraculous solutions

- Major political and courageous decisions are necessary

- Most serious and worrying problem

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

•SUBJECTIVE- Renewable energies are to be developed but they cannot face the demand in terms of quantities and of power ; energy storage is a major concern.

- Energy economies are to be encouraged at all stages and better considered in urbanism, transportation, architecture, etc… within the general concern of sustainability but they will only slow down the increase.

- Fossil energies should be kept available to specific needs and to less developed countries (humanitarian parameter)

- The development of nuclear energy appears as a necessity nowadays to face the demand but it must be kept under severe, both internal and international, control

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONSS

FUSION : ITERFUSION : ITER

INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL REACTORREACTOR