nuclear energy sop_14
TRANSCRIPT
NUCLEAR ENERGY : A THRUST TO
INDIA’S FUTURE
SOP 14
Sonia Susan Oommen
Kiran P
Anosh Anand
Robin Korah
Jomon Thomas
Davika Vijayan
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power is our gateway to a prosperous future
Every single atom in the universe carries an unimaginable battery in its heart called Nucleus
This form of energy often called Type 1 fuel
NEED FOR NUCLEAR ENERGY
Energy is the most fundamental requirement of every society or nation as it progresses through the ladder of development
Distinct and categorical relation between the energy consumption and income of a nation
HOW NUCLEAR ENERGY IS PRODUCED ?
Nuclear energy is derived from Nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types
FISSION REACTION
FUSION REACTION
FISSION FUSION
NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
If each neutron releases two more neutrons, then the number of fissions doubles each generation. In that case, in 10 generations there are 1,024
fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
WHAT’S A NUCLEAR REACTOR
A nuclear reactor is a device in which
nuclear chain reactions are initiated,
controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as
opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the
chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a
second and is uncontrolled causing an
explosion.
TYPICAL NUCLEAR REACTOR DESIGN
TYPES OF REACTORS
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor ( PHWR)
Light Water Reactor (LWR)
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
Fast Breeder Reactor
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low
amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).
This technology is readily available, it does not have to
be developed first.
It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical
energy in one single plant
The production of electricity is very cost competitive
compared to the other existing energies
Nuclear plants are also very efficient and produce constant energy without interruption for a long lifecycle
DISADVANTAGES
The problem of radioactive waste is still an
unsolved one.
High risks: It is technically impossible to build a
plant with 100% security.
The energy source for nuclear energy is a scarce
resource
INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAMMES - HISTORY
India entered into the nuclear age in 1948 by establishing AEC- Homi Bhabha as chairman.
Later on Dept of Atomic Energy was created under the office of then P.M. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Initially the AEC & DAE received International cooperation
TARAPUR Atomic Power Station-First Nuclear Power Plant -1962
After the defeat with China and China’s nuclear testing , in 1974 India performed a peaceful nuclear explosion ( 15kt)- Western powers considered it nuclear weapons proliferation & cut off all financial & technical help.
India used existing infrastructure to build nuclear power reactors & exploded both fission & fusion devices- May 11 & 13, 1998.
International Community viewed- a serious road block to Non Proliferation Treaty & Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
• In 2008, Ind0-U.S. nuclear deal signed and reinstated all financial & technical help.
1st Stage: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors using Natural Uranium as fuel and producing Plutonium which is recovered in reprocessing plants for initiating the 2nd stage
2nd stage: Fast Breeder Reactors using Pu as fuel and breeding Pu.
3rd Stage: Thorium-233 based reactors
THE THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
INDIA’S NUCLEAR COOPERATION
U.S.A.
Russia
France
Mangolia
Namibia
Argentina
Canada
Kazakhstan
South Korea
NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA
POWER STATION
OPERATOR
STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL CAPACITY
(MW)
Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220*4 880
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220*2 440
Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220*2100*1
440
Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh
PHWR 200*1220*4
1180
Rawatbhata
NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100*1200*1220*4
1180
Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra
BWR(PHWR)
160*2540*2
2400
TOTAL 4780
POWER STATION
OPERATOR
STATE TYPE UNITS TOTAL CAPACIT
Y(MW)
Kudankulm NPCIL Tamil Nadu
VVER-1000 1000*2 2000
Kalpakkam BHAVINI Tamil Nadu
PFBR 500*1 500
Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 700*2 1400
Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400
Banasware NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 700*2 1400
Total 9 6700
NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN INDIA- UNDER CONSTRUCTION
MAJOR INCIDENTS REGARDING NPPSCHERNOBYL THREE MILE
ISLANDKASHIWAZA
KIFUKUSHIMA
Reactors used
•A high-power, boiling water type reactor (RBMK)
•TMI-2 reactor •BWR •Light water reactor
The main causes of the accident
•The operators violated plant procedures and were ignorant of the safety requirements needed by the RBMK design.
•The sequence of certain events - - equipment malfunctions, design related problems and worker errors.
•Earthquake •Tsunami
consequences
•The Ukrainian Ministry of Public Health in April 1995 said 125,000 already dead.•Economically, the consequences have been staggering: at least $300 Billion and more.
•None people died. There were no environment pollution
•None died. No environmental pollution.
•Environmental problems& death toll very high
NUCLEAR RISKS –INDIAN SCENARIO
Radiation Fallout
Nuclear Accidents
Water Temperature Increases
Terrorist Attack
Radioactive Wastes
BENEFITIALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY OVER OTHER ENERGY SOURCES-
INDIAN SCENARIONuclear power can be considered a clean source of energy despite the waste it produces
It does not contribute to global warming as it gives less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Reduction of air pollution is furthered as, unlike other sources of energy, nuclear power has no mercury or smog, acid rain, and soot causing emissions.
Comparing with other energy power plants the CO2 emission per electricity produced is very low
Cost of electricity per unit is comparably very low
Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide diagnostic information about the functioning of a person's specific organs, or to treat them. Diagnostic procedures are now routine.
Radiotherapy can be used to treat some medical conditions, especially cancer, using radiation to weaken or destroy particular targeted cells.
Tens of millions of nuclear medicine procedures are performed each year, and demand for radioisotopes is increasing rapidly.
FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY- INDIAN SCENARIO
Largest Thorium reserve in the World
India’s plan for advanced heavy water reactor (AHW) is an important step to launch early commencement of Thorium utilization in India
INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME TILL 2020
2005-05-27 (Delhi, Petrofed) RKS - India's Energy Security - The Role of Nuclear Energy 23
REACTOR TYPE AND CAPACITIES CAPACITY (MWe)
CUMULATIVE CAPACITY
(MWe)
13 reactors at 6 sites under operation Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora,
Kakrapar and Kaiga
3,260 3,260
5 PHWRs under construction at Tarapur (1x540 MWe),Kaiga (2x220 MWe), RAPS-5&6(2x220 MWe)
1,420 4,680
2 LWRs under construction at Kudankulam(2x1000 MWe)
2,000 6,680
PFBR at Kalpakkam under construction (1 X 500 MWe)
500 7,180
Projects planned till 2020 PHWRs(8x700 MWe), FBRs(4x500 MWe), LWRs(6x1000 MWe), AHWR(1x300 MWe)
13,900 21,080
CONCLUSION
Clean and affordable source of energy
It will enable us to meet the twin challenges of energy security and environmental sustainability
It have major spin offs for the development of our industries
We cant compromise our energy requirements with simple arguments against nuclear power plants
Our safeguard features is as par with international standards.