nuclear fusion - sami 2010. introduction “every time you look up at the sky, every one of those...
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Nuclear Fusion - SAMI 2010
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Introduction
• “Every time you look up at the sky, every one of those points of light is a reminder that fusion power is extractable from hydrogen and other light elements”
-Carl Sagan, 1991
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Background
Fusion Basics
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Nuclear Power
• Nuclear fission– Where heavy atoms,
such as uranium, are split apart releasing energy that holds the atom together
• Nuclear fusion– Where light atoms, such as
hydrogen, are joined together to release energy
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The fuel of fusion
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Even though the nuclear force is much stronger than the electromagnetic one, the RANGE of the nuclear one is much smaller.
Range of Electromagnetic force
Range of nuclear forcenucleus
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These don’t get close enough to fuse together!
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These get close enough to fuse together!
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States of Matter
• Plasma is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter
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Plasma Atoms
• In plasma the electrons are stripped away from the nucleus
• Like charges repel
– Examples of plasma on earth:
• Fluorescent lights
• Lightning
• Neon signs
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Typical Plasmas
• Neon Signs• Thermonuclear
• Lightning• Fluorescent Lights
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Plasma makes up the sun and the stars
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Characteristics of Typical Plasmas
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HOW FUSION REACTIONS WORK
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P-P Fusion Reaction "P-P": Solar Fusion Chain
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Inexhaustible Energy Supply
• Deuterium– Constitutes a small percentage of the hydrogen in water
• Separated by electrolysis• 1 barrel (42 gallons) water = ¾ oz. D = 32,000 gallons of oil
• Tritium– n + Li T + He– Lithium is plentiful
• Earth’s crust• Oceans
– Savannah, Georgia– Canada, Europe, Japan
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D-T Fusion ReactionsD + T => He-4 + n
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An enormous payoff
• The fraction of “lost” mass when H fuses into He is 38 parts out of 10,000
• This lost mass is converted into energy
• The energy released from 1 gram of DT = the energy from about 2400 gallons of oil
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Energy-Releasing Reactions
Chemical Fission Fusion
Sample Reaction
C + O2 -> CO2 n + U-235 -> Ba-143 + Kr-91 + 2 n H-2 + H-3 -> He-4 + n
Typical Inputs (to Power Plant)
Bituminous Coal
UO2 (3% U-235 + 97% U-238) Deuterium & Lithium
Typical Reaction Temp. (K)
700 1000 108
Energy Released per kg of Fuel (J/kg)
3.3 x 107 2.1 x 1012 3.4 x 1014
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E=mc2
• Einstein’s equation that equates energy and mass– E= energy– M= mass– C= speed of light (3 x 108 m/sec)
– Mass “lost “ in fusion is converted to energy
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Plasma Confinement & Heating
Magnetic•Electromagnetic Waves
•Ohmic Heating (by electric currents)
•Neutral Particle Beams (atomic hydrogen)
•Compression (by magnetic fields)
•Fusion Reactions (primarily D+T)
Tokamak Schematic Laser-beam-driven Fusion
Inertial•Compression (implosion driven by laser or ion beams, or by X-rays from laser or ion beams)
•Fusion Reactions (primarily D+T)
Gravity•Compression (gravity)
•Fusion Reactions (such as the p-p chain)
Stars & Galaxies
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Fusion By Magnetic Confinement
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NOVA Machine- Inertial Confinement
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