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Nuclear Power In Mainland China
Nuclear Power In Mainland China
Advanced Reactors in China--- What Is The Basis For Their Accelerated Development
and Deployment Process?January 29, 2014
Ted QuinnPast President, American Nuclear Society
Longenecker and [email protected]
Unbalanced Energy Supply Structure – 80% fossil, 18% renewables, 2% nuclear
Pressure from GHG Emission
Risks of Oil and Gas Supply
Challenge and Strategy
Sustainable increase of demand on electricity
Rapid Urbanization
China Nuclear Industry OrganizationsChina Nuclear Industry Organizations
The Ohio State UniversityNuclear Engineering Program
Overview of Nuclear R&D in ChinaOverview of Nuclear R&D in China
R&D includes universities and governmental organizations – not the same organizational structure as U.S. National Laboratory model Government R&D institutes (similar to national labs in the US) Universities Nuclear vendor R&D groups
Four major universities that have traditional nuclear engineering programs: Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiao Tong U, Xi'an Jiao Tong U and Harbin Engineering U
Rapid expansion of NE programs in the past 5-7 years: Approximately 60 universities in China have nuclear engineering education in some manner
Major Non-University R&DMajor Non-University R&D
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Major Nuclear Vendors China General Nuclear Power Corporation
(CGNPC): ACPR1000
China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC):
ACP1000, ACP100, China Fast Reactor
Chinese Academy of Science
State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation
(SNPTC): CAP1000, CAP1400
Nuclear Power Institute of China
Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy: China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR)
China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute
Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute
State Nuclear Power Science and Technology Institute
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics: Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs)
Flow Chart for Decision Making of Commercial Nuclear Energy ProjectsFlow Chart for Decision Making of Commercial Nuclear Energy Projects
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Utilities
National Energy Administration (NEA)/National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC)
Note: Currently, NEA is part of (under) NDRC. Mr. Wu Xinxiong, Secretary of NEA is Vice Chairman of NDRC. NEA is the major driver and organizer of all civil nuclear projects in China. NEA is also in charge of nuclear programs in National Science and Technology Major Project, which is to develop Gen-III (or III+) LWR (CAP1400) and Gas Cooled Reactor (Gen-IV) technologies
State Council
Submit project application
Submit to State Council for final approval
Application Process of Commercial Nuclear Reactor Projects
Tianwan
★Beijing
Daya BayLing’ao I,II
Shanghai
Taohuajiang
Xianning
Pengze
24 units under permission
17 units in operation
Fangjiashan
Changjiang
Ningde
Fuqing
YangjiangTaishan (EPR)
Sanmen
Haiyang
Hongyanhe
Fangchenggang
28 units under construction
Jingyu
Luoyang
Peng’an
Fuling
Changde
Baiyin
XudabaoDonggan
Xuyu
Wenzhou
ZhangzhouLufeng
Wuhu
Jiyang
Sanming
Fengdu
More than 80 units proposed
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OverviewNPPs Distribution in mainland China
Flow Chart for Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Energy Projects
Flow Chart for Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Energy Projects
8Note: Currently, NNSA is part of (under) MEP. Mr. Li Ganjie, Secretary of NNSA is Vice Minister of MEP (MEP is similar to AEP in the U.S., but is at the ministry level)
Licensing Process of Commercial Nuclear Reactor
Utilities/Licensees
National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA)/Ministry of Environmental
Protection (MEP)
Construction/Fuel Loading Permit
Project Approval by State Council
Submit PSAR/FSAR
Sanmen site Mar, 2013
Construction and Innovation
AP1000 self-reliance supporting project
浙江三门项目Sanmen AP1000
ProjectZhejiang Province
浙江三门项目Sanmen AP1000
ProjectZhejiang Province
山东海阳项目Haiyang AP1000 Project
Shandong Province
山东海阳项目Haiyang AP1000 Project
Shandong Province
Construction and Innovation
AP1000 CAP1000
Technology licensed by WEC
Standardization: localization construction feedbacksafety enhancement…
Standard design for localized fleet
CAP1400
CAP150
CAP1700
Integrated SMR concept
FCD scheduled in April 2014
Conceptual design
completed
…
Construction and Innovation
CAP1400 Shidaowan site
2010 Conceptual Design
2011 Basic Design
2014 FCP
2018 Connectionto Grid
CAP1400 Demonstration Project Milestone
Construction and Innovation
Gen IV Nuclear Construction in China
Gen IV Nuclear Construction in China
Operation of CEFR 20 MWe Test Reactor• Startup in 2010-2011, power operations start in 2013
• Design of Demonstration Reactor
Construction of demonstration HTGR• 200 MW Pebble Bed design
• Scheduled to start electricity generation by the end of 2017
Design of a small Fluoride Salt Cooled Reactor
First Concrete poured for China’s HTR-PM
CEFR construction
Challenges and Strategy (Cont’d)Challenges and Strategy (Cont’d)
Strategy in Electricity Production In December 2013, China’s National Development and Reform
Commission (NDRC) proposed to speed up the development of hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, and biomass energy
First time proposed by Chinese government to speed up Nuclear Energy installation after the Fukushima NPP Accident
Potential Challenges with Nuclear Rapid increase of Uranium consumption with the rapid nuclear
energy deployment in China Once-thru fuel cycle: Not sustainable
Potential Strategy with Nuclear Fuel Use closed fuel cycle: Reprocessing Breeding: Sodium-fast Breeder Reactors Thorium fuel: Molten Salt Reactors 14
Nuclear R&D Program StructuresNuclear R&D Program Structures
Major Chinese Nuclear Vendors (Govt entities) have their R&D programs China’s National Development and Reform
Commission has a program for developing critical technologies for the next 5 to 10 years in all areas (not just in nuclear): So-called “National Science and Technology Major Projects,” (I think there are 16 currently, including big commercial airplane project). One of which is related to develop next generation (Gen-III+) LWR (CAP1400) and Gas Cooled Reactor (Gen-IV) technologies
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Factors In China’s Acceleration of Gen IV Gas Reactor (HTGR)Factors In China’s Acceleration of Gen IV Gas Reactor (HTGR)
HTGR is one of the Gen-IV reactors and can be used for power generation with high efficiency and for process heat applications;
Tsinghua U successfully demonstrated the technology (HTR-10). This is quite important for the Chinese leaders in making the decision to further develop the technology by constructing the 200-MW demonstration plant since this will put China ahead of anyone else in building the large scale GEN IV SMR;
Govt-Partnership (Like our public-private partnerships in NP2010, NGNP and SMR) with Tsinghua and vendors is critical to the development and licensing experience in deployment of the HTGR.
NNSA (Chinese regulator) licensing of new reactor technology in the former Part 50 two step licensing process --- is allowing the build cycle to move quickly.
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Paper Reactors, Real Reactors
Characteristics of an Academic Plant It is simple It is small It is cheap It is light It can be built very quickly It is very flexible in purpose. Very little development is required. It will use mostly off the shelf components. The reactor is in the study phase – it is not being built now.
Characteristics of a Practical Reactor Plant It is being built now. It is behind schedule. It is requiring an immense amount of development on apparently trivial items. Corrosion, in
particular, is a problem. It is very expensive It takes a long time to build because of the engineering development problems. It is large It is heavy It is complicated(By Admiral Hyman Rickover, 1953)