nuclear physics in stars -...
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Nuclear Physics in Stars
Scientific goal in Nuclear Astrophysics is to explore:
Nuclear Signature in the CosmosThe Nuclear Engine of Stellar Evolution & Stellar ExplosionThe Origin of the ElementsThe Origin of Life ?
Michael WiescherUniversity of Notre Dame
Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics
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time
Nucleosynthesis History
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Each heavy atom in our body was buildand processed through ~40 supernovaexplosions since the beginning of time!
We are made of star stuffCarl Sagan
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Signatures of Nucleosynthesis
0 50 100 150 200A
10-5
100
105
1010
Ab
un
dan
ce
cosmic rays
stellar H-, He, C, O, Si-burning
p-processsite disputed
stars, supernovae
r-process
type II supernovae,merging neutron stars
s-processHe-burning in AGB stars, massive stars
galactic abundance distribution
The origin and formation of the elements is the main signature for nuclear physics in the Universe!
The light emission of stars and stellar explosions reflects the role of stars as nuclear power plants!
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NovaeNovaeSupernovaeSupernovae
Cosmo-Chemistry of Meteorites
AGBAGB--StarsStars
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Spectroscopy surveys of starsin our and far distant galaxies
Observation of nucleosynthesis productsthrough survey and detailed analysis!
ARC 2.5m SDSS Telescope (3 deg FOV)
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Light and Light-Curves
Light curve follows the radioactive decay law 56Ni, 56Co, 44Ti
Light intensity correlates with energy-output
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The (radio) active Universe
1 MeV-30 MeV γ-Radiation in Galactic Survey
44Ti in Supernova Cas-A Location(Half life: 60 years)
(26Al Half life: 700,0000 years)
COMPTELINTEGRAL
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Stars & Stellar Explosions are Cosmic Cauldrons
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the looks
and the engine
Nuclear processes are the engine of the Universe !
Nuke-2007
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Simulation of stellar processesin laboratory environment
Comparison with observational results and interpretation through computer modeling
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12
13N
• generate energy• create new isotopes and elements
p 12C
γ12C(p,γ)13N
reaction probability ⇒ σ: reaction cross section (in unit barns=10-24cm2)
Nuclear Reactions in Stars
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Problem: low energy measurementCross section drops exponentially towardslower energies!
Low energy experiments lastfor many months to obtainone single data point, studiesare handicapped by cosmic rayand beam induced background
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activation
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
pp-1
pp-3
pp-2
Impact on solar neutrino detectorsBorexino
SNO & Superkamiokande
pp-chains in the sun
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Solar Neutrinos from the pp-chains and CNO cycles
High accuracy in measurement of:
1H(p,e-ν)2H (total)3He(3He,2p)4He (pp-I)3He(α,γ)7Be (pp-II7Be(p,γ)8B (pp-III)14N(p,γ)15O (CNO)
Provides better flux predictions for comparison with observations. Data provide information and check on standard solar model and on solar neutrino oscillation characteristics.
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Nuclear burning & stellar evolution
log (time until core collapse) [y]-46 -8-60 -24 2
m/M
❤
Each burning phase is determined by nuclear reactions in terms ofenergy generation,time scalenucleosynthesis
log (ρc)
O-ignition
Ne-ignition
Si-ignition
log
(Tc)
H-ignition
He-ignition
C-ignition
7
8
10
9
0 42 8 104 6
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The last Days of Stellar Burning
Dave Arnett; Santa Barbara, “The last Days of Burning”http://www.jinaweb.org/events/ucsb06/talks_SB06.html
dissolution of burning shells and mixing of matter with as yet unforeseeable consequences!
Burning Zones
Convective Boundary
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Massive Stars Collapsere-bounce and shock
driven by neutrino wind pressure
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r-process production of heavy elements in supernova shock
Abundance distribution in metal-poor (old) galactic halo stars matches solar r-process abundances! ➱ unique r-process site!
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Nucleosynthesis in supernova shock
Production of ~50% of heavy elements
Important model parameter for abundance predictionsmasses, shell closures T1/2, Pn, (n,γ) & ν-processes!
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X-Ray Bursts as Nuclear Laboratory
97-98
2000
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The nuclear trigger of X-ray Bursts15O(α,γ)19Ne, 18Ne(α,p)21Na
upper limit lower limit
He
O
CBe
Mg
Ne
2 810
64
1412
1816
15O(α,γ)19Ne as switch for XRB pattern
Reaction rate determined by single resonance
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HCNO & rp-ProcessReaction rates
Decay rates& masses
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Astrobiology in Astrobiology in Cosmic BombardmentCosmic Bombardment
NASA astrobiology observation program
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Bombardment of asteroid materialBombardment of asteroid materialleads to the formation of complexleads to the formation of complex
““organicorganic”” molecules, the first step tomolecules, the first step toLIFE LIFE -- AstrobiologyAstrobiology
interaction
Accelerators provideAccelerators provide5 MeV Radiation distribution5 MeV Radiation distribution
New Initiatives:New Initiatives:Cosmic Ray SimulationsCosmic Ray Simulations
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Summary & Conclusion“everything in between” is a broad field – impossible to cover within 45 minutes …
SIB nucleosynthesis in stellar evolution
RIB nucleosynthesisin novae & XRBs
RIB-neutron nucleosynthesisfor r-process
pycnonuclear processes in neutron stars
biochemical processes inducedby Cosmic Radiation
But, simulating the multitude of stellar nucleosynthesis processes needs nuclear accelerator facilities from 1keV-100GeV